Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pubh:350 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic that contain carbon
Essential in small amounts
Needed from the diet
Not sources of calories
Classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamins water soluble

A

B and c

Thiamin b1
Riboflavin b2
Niacin b3
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
B6
Folate
B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vitamins- fat soluble

A

A
D
E
K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fortification

A

+ of nutrients to foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vitamin loss

A

Damage due to exposure to light or o2
Removal during washing and preparation
Destruction during cooking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic molecules (not proteins) that bind to enzymes to promote enzyme function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Coenzyme examples

A

Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Biotin
Pantothenic acid

Not present enough, creates atp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thiamin b1

A

Coenzyme needed to break down glucose to produce atp - energy

Important in the metabolism of sugars and some amino acids

Important for synthesis of ribose and deoxyribose sugars needed to make rna and dna

Important for nerve function b/c

Glucose is nerve cell energy source
 Required for the synthesis of           neurotransmitters that are used in chemical signaling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thiamin- vitamin b1

Source

A

Bran layer of whole grain, enriched grains, pork, legumes, and seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thiamin- vitamin b1 deficiency

A

Beriberi- weakness, nerve degeneration, heart changes

Wernicke-korsakoff sydrome- mental confusion, psychosis, memory disturbances, coma; most common in individuals with alcohol addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Riboflavin b2

A

Forms 2 active coenzymes needed to produce atp from carbs, fat, protein

Involved in converting folate, niacin, vitamin b6, and k into their active forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Riboflavin b2
Sources

A

Dairy products, red meat, poultry, fish, whole grains, enriched grains, asparagus, broccoli, mushrooms, leafy greens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamin b2
Deficiency

A

Injuries heal poorly, cracking of lips and corners of mouth; sensitivity to ligh; eye burning, tearing, itching; skin flaking around nose, eyebrows, earlobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Riboflavin bad

A

Exposure to uv light can lead losses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Niacin

A

Acts as a coenzyme in glucose metabolism and the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Niacin b3
Sources

A

Meats, fish, peanuts, whole and enriched grains, legumes, wheat bran, synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Niacin b3
Deficiency

A

Pellagra* fatigue, decreased appetite, indigestion, 4ds= dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Biotin

A

Acts as a coenzyme in energy production and glucose synthesis

Important in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biotin sources

A

Cooked eggs, liver, yogurt, nuts, synthesized by gastrointestinal bacteria (fruit and meat are poor sources)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Biotin deficiency

A

With malabsorption; taking certain meds for long periods; eating raw eggs; causes nausea, thinning hair, loss of hair color, tingling in hands and feet, red skin rash, depression, lethargy, hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pantothenic acid functions

A

Part of coenzyme A (CoA), which is needed for:

Carbs, fatty acid, and amino acid breakdown
Modifying of proteins
Synthesis of neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin

Also needed to form a molecule essential for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pantothenic acid
Sources

A

Widely distributed in foods, abundant in meat, eggs, whole grains, legumes (lesser amounts in milk, vegetables, fruits)

23
Q

Pantothenic acid
Deficiency

A

Rare due to wide distribution

24
Q

B6 functions

A

Amino acid and protein metabolism
Synthesis of nonessential amino acids, neurotransmitters hemoglobin
Conversion of tryptophan into niacin
Glucose and amino acid breakdown

3 diff. Forms
Converted into an active coenzyme that is needed for activity of > 100 enzymes in carbs, fat, protein metabolism

25
B6 sources
Chicken Fish Pork Organ meats Whole grains Legumes Sunflower seeds Banana Broccoli Spinach Some fortified cereals (refined grains are not good sources)
26
B6 deficiency
Poor growth, skin lesions, decreased immunity, anemia, neurological symptoms
27
Folate (folic acid) functions
Folate coenzymes needed for dna syntheses (especially important in radially-dividing tissues) and some amino acid metabolism Important in early pregnancy for formation of the neural tube formation, which develops into the brain and spinal cord Helps to prevent homocysteine levels from rising Elevated homocysteine levels are associated with having higher risk of developing heart disease In studies, supplementation has not affected cardio risk
28
Folate sources
Enriched grains, leafy greens, asparagus, legumes, nuts,organes, liver, yeast
29
Folic acid deficiency
Neural tube defects including spina bífida and anencephaly, macrocyclic or megaloblastic anemia, poor growth, nerve development and function problems, diarrhea, tongue inflammation, increased risk of heart disease and some cancers
30
Vitamin b12 Cobalamin functions
Atp production from certain fatty acids Conversion of homocysteine to methionine Maintenance of myelin coating on nerves Amino acid and protein metabolism
31
Cobalamin sources
Found naturally only in animal products Fortified products and few plant foods
32
B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia, increased homocysteine , decreased folate activation, numbness and tingling, gait abnormalities, memory loss, disorientation, paralysis, death
33
B12 plant sources
Tempeh-fermented soy Nori-type of dried seaweed Purple laver-type of dried seaweed Shiitake mushrooms Spiraling-an edible algae But ritmo al yeast Other fermented foods, seaweeds, and algae’s Fortify foods- breakfast cereals
34
K functions
Production of clotting factors Synthesis of proteins involved in bone formation and breakdown Inhibit blood vessel calcification Regulate cell growth Mild deficiency may + Risk of fracture due to osteoporosis Risk of atherosclerosis and cancer
35
K sources
Leafy-green vegetables, some vegetable oils
36
K deficiency
Abnormal blood clotting causing bruising and uncontrolled bleeding, reduced bone density causing fractures
37
Antioxidants vitamins
Reduce oxidative stress by reducing oxidation caused by free radicals and other reactive oxygen species During normal aerobic metabolic reactions, potentially damaging reactive oxygen species are produced Environmental factors such as cigarette smoke can also generate reactive oxygen species Free radicals are molecules with one or more unpaired electrons- stable molecules have an even number of electrons
38
Antioxidants
React w free radicals and other reactive oxygen species and neutralize them Help to reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species Damage caused by oxidative stress is related to everything from aging to heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease
39
C- ascórbico acid
Involved in synthesis and maintenance of collagen - essential for connective tissue formation Needed for synthesis of neurotransmitters, hormones, bile acids, and Caritina (needed for fatty acid breakdown) Act as an antioxidant in blood and other body fluids Regenerates the active antioxidant form of vitamin e Enchanted iron absorption in the small intestine
40
Ascórbico acid sources
Citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwis, cantaloupe, cabbage-family and dark green vegetables, green and red peppers, okra, tomatoes, potatoes
41
C deficiency
Scurvy- gum and tooth problems, joint pain, bleeding, poor wound healing, fatigue, depression, hysteria
42
E- tocopherol functions
Antioxidant Protect lipids including those in membranes of red blood cells, white blood cells, lung cells as well as lipids in lipoproteins Role in modulating immune response, reducing inflammation, allowing cells to communicate, regulation of genes, and inhibiting an early step in blood clot formation
43
E sources
Seeds, nuts, plant oils, leafy-green vegetables, wheat germ, fortified cereals
44
E deficiency
Hemolytic anemia in infants; rare in adults causing poor muscle coordination, weakness, impaired vision
45
Vitamins A and D Gene expression
Regulating gene expression, allowing them to affect the production of proteins w important functions Gene expression: the events of protein synthesis in which the info coded in a gene is used to synthesize protein or a molecule of rna By affecting gene expression, these vitamins contribute to cell differentiation (in which immature cells develop to specialize in diff. Ways( Vitamin a contributes to eye health Vitamin d important to bone health
46
Vitamin a
Retiñoids- chemical forms of preformed vitamin a Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid Carotenoids- yellow-orange pigments found in plants Some r vitamin a precursors converted to retinoids Example- beta-carotene, provitamin converted into vit. A
47
Vitamin a sources
Animal products, eggs, dairy, liver, fish, retinol in fruits and vegetables, beta-carotene in orange, yellow, and dark green vegetables
48
Vitamin a deficiency
Xerophthalmia- night blindness progressing to permanent blindness Abnormal jawbone growth in children, increased infections
49
Vitamin a functions
Necessary for maintenance of epithelial tissue Retinal, a retinoid, is part of the visual pigment rhodopsin Light striking rhodopsin Produces a series of events that leads to a nerve signal being transmitted to the brain This allows us to see:) Carotenoids may function as antioxidants
50
Vitamin d
Need to be label- requirement Made in skin w exposure to uv light Inactive unti modified in liver and kidneys B/c d, can be synthesized, it is only essential in the diet if an individual has insufficient sun exposure or a reduced ability to synthesize it
51
D sources
Widespread in diet, liver, egg yolks, oily fish (salmon), fortified foods
52
D deficiency
Low calcium absorption leading to rickets in children (pigeon breast and bowed legs) and osteomalacia
53
Vitamin d functions
Maintains normal levels of mineral calcium and phosphorus in the blood Calcium is need for bone health and function of nerves, muscles, glands, and other tissues Low blood calcium stimulates parathyroid hormone-path release, which stimulates vitamin d activation Changes gene expression: Intestine- turns on genes for calcium absorption Bone- turns on genes for bone breakdown Kidneys- turns on genes to produce proteins that reduce calcium loss in urine
54
Herb
Non-woody, seed producing plant that dies at the end of the growing season Refer any botanical or plant derived substance

Pubh:350 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions