Final Exam- Part 2 Minerals

Question 1

H20

Answer 1

Represents 60% of body weight
Cell membranes r permeable to water
Blood pressure affects h20 movement
Cross the membrane by osmosis

Question 2

Regulating h20 loss; the kidneys

Answer 2

H20 and small dissolved substances move from the blood into kidney tubules

Blood cells and larger substances, like proteins, are too big to pass threw and remain in the blood

Need substances r reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules

Unneed substances r excreted in urine

Question 3

Functions of h20

Answer 3

Facilitates metabolic reactions
Helps regulate acid-base balance
Transports nutrients and wastes
Provides protection
Regulates body temperature

Question 4

Hyponatremia

Answer 4

Concentration of sodium in the blood is too low, which happens due to an excess of h20

Question 5

Dehydration

Answer 5

Not enough h20 is present to meet the body needs

Causes a reduction in blood volume
Impairs the body ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products

Early symptoms— thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry mouth, dark-colored urine

Become severe or even fatal

Question 6

Men 3.7liters
Women 2.7liters

Answer 6

Water needs

Question 7

Minerals

Answer 7

At least 20 needed

-help maintain body structures
-regulate chemical reactions and body processes

Question 8

Major minerals

Answer 8

Need over 100 milligrams per day

Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur

Question 9

Trace miineral

Answer 9

Less than 100milligrams per day

Iron, copper, zinc, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum

Question 10

Minerals
Major

Answer 10

Electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, chloride

Bone health
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur

Question 11

Minerals trace

Answer 11

Iron, copper, zinc, selenium, chromium, fluoride, manganese, and molybdenum

Question 12

Minerals in our food

Answer 12

Obtained from plant and animal sources

Content in food is affected by

Amount in soil
Handling and processing
-add…fortification
-removal…by cooking or removing skins, bran, or germ

Absorption And bioavailability
Inhibited by substances in plants, other minerals, or amount in body

Question 13

Minerals functions

Answer 13

Contribute to body structures
Regulate body processes
Regulate blood pressure
Regulate h20 balance
Regulate energy metabolism
Affect growth and development threw their role in the expression of certain genes
Act as cofactors needed for enzyme activity

Question 14

Electrolytes

Answer 14

+,-, charged ion that conducted an electrical current in solution

Ions= charged atoms
- charge; gain a - electron
+ charge; lost a - electron

Fluid balance maintenance, nerve impulses conduction, cellular signaling

Question 15

Electrolytes in the body

Sodium

Answer 15

+ charge; lost a - electron
Extra cellular; outside of cells

Question 16

Electrolytes in the body

\potassium

Answer 16

+ charge; lost a negative electron
Intracelular; inside of cells

Question 17

Electrolytes in the body
Chloride

Answer 17

• charge; gained a negative electron
  Extra cellular; outside of cells

Question 18

Electrolyte deficiency

Answer 18

Lead to electrolyte imbalances which cause

Poor appetite
Muscle cramps
Confusion
Apathy
Constipation
Disturbances in acid-base balance
Disturbances in fluid balance

Question 19

Electrolyte toxicity

Answer 19

Negarlo impossible for a healthy individual to consume too much potassium from food, however…

Excess potassium from supplements can cause a heart attack,

Excess sodium can result from consumption or dehydration

Question 20

Sodium al

Answer 20

1500 mg day

Question 21

Bones

Answer 21

Hardest, strongest structure in the body

Protein matrix- mostly collagen, requires vitamin c

Hardened by minerals

-ca
-phosphorus
-vitamin d needed to maintain ca and phosphorus levels
Mag
Na
Fluoride

Question 22

Bone

Answer 22

Living tissue
Constantly broken down and reformed during bone remodeling

Peak bone mass- Max bone density attained in life, usually in young adulthood

Osteoporosis- more bone loss than formation, w can result in fractures

Question 23

Osteoporosis

Answer 23

More bone loss than formation
Results in fractures
Risk
-level of peak bone mass and rate at which bone is lost; affected by genetics, gender, age, hormones, low body weight, and lifestyle (smoke, alcohol use, exercise, diet)
-women have more age-related bone loss than men when estrogen levels decrease after menopause

Question 24

Ca

Answer 24

99% body ca is found in bones and teeth

In body cells and fluids, needed for
-muscle contraction
-neurotransmitter release
-blood pressure regulation
-cell communication
-blood clotting

Levels regulated by hormones
-too high- calcitonin inhibits the release
Of ca from bones into the blood

-too low- parathyroid hormone (pth) acts to increase blood ca levels

Question 25

Ca needs sources and deficiency

Answer 25

Dairy products, dark green vegetables, fish w bones, food processed and fortified w ca Vitamin d is important for absorption when intake is low to moderate Osteoporosis

Question 26

Phosphorus

Answer 26

Found w ca in bones and teeth In soft tissues, needed for - phospholipid, dna, rna, and atp Regulates enzyme activity Maintains appropriate acidity in cells

Question 27

Phosphorus sources

Answer 27

Dairy products, meat, cereal, bran, eggs, nuts, fish, cheese, processed meats, soft drinks, food additives used in baked goods

Question 28

Phosphorus deficiency

Answer 28

Rare- due to chronic diarrhea or poor absorption due to overuse of aluminum-containing antacids, cause bone loss, weakness, loss of appetite

Question 29

Magnesium

Answer 29

50-60% in nones In cells and fluids needed for Ca regulation Blood pressure regulation Atp structure stabilization, which is important for Energy release from carbs, fat, and protein Nerve and muscle functioning Dna, rna, and protein synthesis

Question 30

Magnesium sources

Answer 30

Leafy greens, nuts, seeds, legumes, bananas, germ, and bran of whole grains

Question 31

Magnesium deficiency

Answer 31

Rare- causes nausea, muscle weakness and cramping, irritability changes in mental status; also affects blood pressure and heartbeat

Question 32

Fluoride

Answer 32

Incorporated into crystals in tooth enamel, w protects a/g cavity-causing acids produced by bacteria In saliva, decease bacterial acid production, inhibits dissolution of tooth enamel by acid, and increases enamel re-mineralization after acid exposure Unincorporated into crystals in bone and teeth in children up to age 13 years

Question 33

Fluoride sources and deficiency

Answer 33

Small amounts in almost all soil, water, plant, and animals; toothpaste, tea, marine fish w bones, fluoridated water Tooth decay

Question 34

Iron- blood

Answer 34

Hemoglobin- w transports o2 to body cells and aids in carrying carbon dioxide away for elimination by the lungs

Question 35

Iron

Answer 35

Need for other iron-containing proteins, myoglobin, a muscle protein that increases the amount of o2 available For contraction Essential for atp production

Question 36

Iron

Answer 36

Heme iron in proteins is absorbed more than twice as efficiently as the nonheme iron in plant sources

Question 37

Iron sources

Answer 37

Legumes, leafy greens, red meat, whole and enriched grains

Question 38

Iron deficiency

Answer 38

Iron deficiency anemia; causing fatigue, weakness, headache, decreased work capacity, body temperature problems, behavior changes, increased infection, impaired development, lead poisoning

Question 39

Copper

Answer 39

Contain protein is need for iron transport from intestinal cells Componente of proteins and enzymes involved in -connective tissue synthesis -lipid metabolism -heart muscle maintenance -immune and central nervous system functions

Question 40

Copper sources

Answer 40

Nuts, seeds, seafood, organ meats, whole-grain breads and cereals, chocolate

Question 41

Copper deficiency

Answer 41

Iron-deficiency anemia, decreased collagen, high blood cholesterol, impaired growth, heart and nervous system degeneration, hair color and structure changes, increased infections, decreased antioxidants

Question 42

Antioxidant minerals Selenium

Answer 42

Incorporated into the structure of certain proteins -glutathione peroxidase w decrease oxidative damage -part of a protein needed to make thyroid hormones

Question 43

Antioxidant minerals Selenium sources

Answer 43

Seafood, kidney, liver, eggs, grains, nuts, seeds

Question 44

Selenium deficiency

Answer 44

Individuals in r regions w low selenium intake have a increase cancer risk, but studies have not found any benefits to supplementation and supplementation may increase risk in individual w adequate intake; selenium supplementation may be beneficial for those w a deficiency

Question 45

Zinc

Answer 45

Function many enzymes, including enzymes involved in -dna and rna synthesis -carbs metabolism -maintain acid-base balance Absorbing of folate from food In other process -storage and release of insulin -mobilization of vitamin a from liver -stabilization of cell membranes -influencing hormonal regulation of cell division -scavenging free radicals

Question 46

Zinc sources

Answer 46

Red meat, liver, eggs, dairy products, vegetables, sea food

Question 47

Zinc deficiency

Answer 47

Decreased growth, development and immunity; skin rashes; diarrhea

Question 48

Manganese

Answer 48

Constituent of some enzymes and activator of others involved -carbs and cholesterol metabolism -bone formation -urea synthesis -oxidative damage prevention

Question 49

Manganese source

Answer 49

Whole grains, nuts, legumes, leafy green vegetables

Question 50

Sulfur

Answer 50

Amino acids and proteins Glutathione- need for detoxify B vitamins thiamin and biotin

Question 51

Sulfur sources

Answer 51

Part of dietary proteins and sulfur-containing vitamins, found in some food preservatives

Question 52

Sulfur

Answer 52

NONE KNOWN

Question 53

Molybdenum

Answer 53

Need to activate enzymes function in -metabolism of sulfur-contain amino acids and nitrogen contain compounds in dna and rna -production of urine acid- waste product -oxidation and detoxification of other compounds Ready absorbed from foods Regulated by excretion in the urine and bile

Question 54

Molybdenum sources

Answer 54

Milk, and milk products, organ meats, breads, cereals, legumes

Question 55

Minerals and energy metabolism Iodine

Answer 55

3/4 of iodine in the body is in the thyroid gland Component of thyroid hormones, w regulate metabolic rate, growth, and development and promote protein synthesis

Question 56

Iodine sources

Answer 56

Seafood, iodized salt, food contaminants and additives

Question 57

Iodine deficiency

Answer 57

Decrease thyroid hormones cause decreased metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain, goiter(enlarged thyroid); during pregnancy causes spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, cretinism (a disorder of impaired brain development)

Question 58

Chromium

Answer 58

Require too maintain normal blood glucose levels

Question 59

Chromium sources

Answer 59

Liver, brewer’s yeast, nuts, whole grains

Question 60

Chromium deficiency

Answer 60

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