Final exam Flashcards
(337 cards)
1
Q
what method perspective is this?
stresses the basic elements of experience and the combination in which these elements occur.
A
structuralism
2
Q
what method perspective is this?
concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment
A
functionalism
3
Q
what method perspective is this?
studies only observable and measurable behavior
A
behaviorism
4
Q
what method perspective is this?
maintains that hidden motives and unconscious desires govern much of our behavior
A
psychoanalysis
5
Q
what method perspective is this?
concerned with alienation and meaningless in modern life and resulting in psychological problems
A
existential psychology
6
Q
what method perspective is this?
emphasizes nonverbal experience and altered states in consciously realizing one’s potential
A
humanistic psychology
7
Q
what method perspective is this?
stresses the whole character of perception
A
gestalt psychology
8
Q
what method perspective is this?
studies mental processes in the broadest sense
A
cognitive psychology
9
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
the “father of psychology”
A
Wilhelm Wundt
10
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
founder of structuralism
A
E.B. Titchener
11
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
founder of functionalism
A
William James
12
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
A
Sigmund Freud
13
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
founder of behaviorism
A
John B. Watson
14
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
focused on learning through rewards and observation
A
B.F. Skinner
15
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
studied learning in animals; a famous experiment involving dogs
A
Ivan Pavlov
16
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
developmental and cognitive psychologist known for studies of children’s thought processes
A
Jean Piaget
17
Q
which psychologist is this describing?
prominent humanist
A
Abraham Maslow
18
Q
A _____ psychologist would study brain activity to determine why a person is depressed.
A
biological
19
Q
A _____ psychologist would say that Frank refuses to use profanity as an adult because he was punished for it in the past.
A
behavioral
20
Q
A _______ psychologist would say that much of what shapes our personality takes place in our thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that operate below our level of consciousness.
A
psychoanalytical
21
Q
A ______ psychologist would ask, What thoughts lead up to episodes of heavy drinking?
A
cognitive
22
Q
A ______ psychologist would say that people act differently because of the different groups they are associated with.
A
sociocultural
23
Q
Psychology is the study of behavior and ________________.
A
mental processes
24
Q
Which of the following would be the best procedure for obtaining a representative sample of the students at a school?
A
sampling randomly from a list of all the students enrolled in the school
25
When you watch children play at a daycare center to gather information about the difference in aggression between boys and girls, you are using the ________________ research method.
naturalistic observation
26
A research method that studies a person in-depth for some time through the use of observation, interviews, and writing is the ________________ method.
case study
27
A control measure in an experiment in which neither the experimenters nor the participants know which participants are in the experimental and control groups is called ________________.
double-blind
28
When one variable increases and the other variable increases, ________________ correlation is said to be found.
positive
29
When one variable increases and the other variable decreases, ________________ correlation is said to be found.
negative
30
Height and weight are ________________ correlated; elevation and temperature are ________________ correlated.
positively; negatively
31
Manipulate is to measure as ________________ is to ________________.
independent variable; dependent variable
32
Which of the following types of scatterplots depicts a weak, negative correlation?
a lot of scatter with data points going from the top left to the bottom right
33
A social psychologist does an experiment to discover whether men or women give lower ratings of discomfort when six people are crowded in a telephone booth. The independent variable is ________________.
gender
34
Psychologists want to determine the effects of caffeine on high school students. Specifically, they want to examine the rise in energy drinks to determine if it is affecting behavior in the classroom. The experimenters have decided to study students who drink no caffeine at all, one can of soda, and one energy drink in a day. The dependent variable is ________________.
the behavior in the classroom
35
In an experiment to find out if taking Ginseng increases IQ scores, the IQ scores would be ____________________.
the dependent variable
36
A _____ psychologist would study brain activity to determine why a person is depressed.
biological
37
A ______ psychologist would say that Tony refuses to use profanity as an adult because he was punished for it in the past.
behavioral
38
A ______ psychologist would say that much of what shapes our personality takes place in our thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that operate below our level of consciousness.
psychoanalytical
39
A _____ psychologist would say each of us is like a perfect seed, if we get the right amount of water, nutrients, and sunlight from the environment, we will become the perfect flower.
humanistic
40
A _____ psychologist would say that humans are thinking creatures able to compare the past with the present and make judgments.
cognitive
41
A ______ psychologist would look at racial prejudice and fairness of IQ testing for different groups.
sociocultural
42
A ______ psychologist would say that although a person's personal growth has been slowed, it can recover with guidance.
behavioral
43
A _______ psychologist would say that a person's memory problem is a result of a physical malfunction resulting from trouble at work.
biological
44
A ______ psychologist would say that a person learned to fight when confronted because they were rewarded for it by their father in the past.
behavioral
45
A ______ psychologist would say that people act differently because of the different groups they are associated with.
sociocultural
46
A ______ psychologist would ask, Is heavy drinking an indication of some deeper problem or conflict raging in the unconscious?
psychoanalytical
47
A ______ psychologist would ask, How does alcoholism differ from one culture to another?
sociocultural
48
A _____ psychologist would ask, Is alcoholism learned?
behavioral
49
A _______ psychologist would ask, How does alcohol affect the brain?
biological
50
A ______ psychologist would ask, What thoughts lead up to episodes of heavy drinking?
cognitive
51
what is the ind. and dep. variable?
Individuals will respond more to a person in uniform than to a person not in uniform.
Ind: the person in uniform/whether they are in uniform.
Dep: the # of individuals that respond better to a person in uniform compared to a person not in uniform.
52
what is the ind. and dep. variable?
Violent behavior observed in early childhood will cause individuals to become violent as adults.
Ind: whether the child observed violent behavior.
Dep: whether the child grows up to become violent or not as an adult.
53
what is the ind. and dep. variable?
Tylenol will improve lower back pain in individuals more than a placebo.
Ind: Tylenol
Dep: lower back pain response
54
what is the ind. and dep. variable?
Men who lift weights are less likely to suffer sports-related injuries than those who do not.
Ind: If the men lifted weights or not
Dep: the amount who suffer sports-related injuries
55
what is the ind. and dep. variable?
Females who take a multivitamin are less likely to have children with birth defects than females who do not take a multivitamin.
Ind: If females take vitamins or not.
Dep: Amount of women who have children with birth defects.
56
what is the ind. and dep. variable?
A social psychologist does an experiment to discover whether men or women give lower ratings of discomfort when six people are crowded into a telephone booth.
Ind: men or women
Dep: response to the experiment survey
57
what is the ind. and dep. variable?
Psychologists want to determine the effects of caffeine on high school students. Specifically, they want to examine the rise in energy drinks to determine if it is affecting behavior in the classroom. The experimenters have decided to study students who drink no caffeine at all, one can of soda, and one energy drink in a day.
Ind: students who drink caffeine vs. no caffeine
Dep: the behavior response from caffeine
58
what is the ind. and dep. variable?
Researchers want to investigate the stereotype that women talk more than men. They outfit a large sample of college students with recording devices that automatically record them at random intervals throughout the day. The recorders collect a sample from each individual for the researchers to compare.
Ind: women and men
Dep: the amount of words
59
which neuron part is described?
contain small sacs called synaptic vesicles that play an important role in transmitting signals from one cell to the next
axon terminals
60
which neuron part is described?
carry signals to other nerve cells
axon
61
which neuron part is described?
receive signals from other nerve cells
dendrite
62
which neuron part is described?
contains the nucleus, which controls the function of the entire cell
cell body
63
what does the pancreas do?
regulates the level of blood sugar
64
what does the gonads do?
helps to stimulate sex development
65
what does the thyroid do?
releases a hormone that helps regulates the body's metabolism
66
what does the adrenal gland do?
releases hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
67
what does the pituitary gland do?
known as the "master gland" because it triggers the action of other endocrine glands
68
An axon transmits messages ______ the cell body and a dendrite transmits messages ______ the cell body.
away from; toward
69
Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure are controlled by the ______.
medulla
70
Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and temperature control are regulated by the _____.
hypothalamus
71
The main function of the _______________ is to alert and arouse the higher parts of the brain.
reticular formation
72
The part of the limbic system that is involved in learning and forming new memories.
hippocampus
73
The limbic system includes all of the following except ______.
corpus collusum
74
Analysis and problem-solving are handled in the ______.
cerebral cortex
75
What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain and coordinates their activities?
corpus collusum
76
The occipital lobe receives and interprets __________________ information.
visual
77
________________ plays an important role in language comprehension.
Wernicke's area
78
______________ plays an important role in the production of speech.
Broca's area
79
The ____________ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central
80
Which region of the brain appears to have the oldest evolutionary history?
brainstem
81
Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments?
frontal lobes
82
Split-brain patients have had surgery to cut the _____.
corpus collusum
83
If a split-brain research participant is blindfolded and a fork is placed in his or her right hand, how would that person respond?
they would be able to name the object
84
Following the damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by ____.
irrability
85
Gestalt psychology stresses ____________________.
stress the whole character of perception
86
The process of sensation is ____________________.
the stimulation of senses
87
The process by which we create meaningful experiences out of the jumble of sensory information is called ____________________.
perception
88
Sensation is to ____________________ as perception is to ____________________.
stimulation; interpretation
89
what are the cones?
receptor cell responsible for color vision
90
The place on the retina where axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the ____________________
blind spot
91
Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called ____________________.
binocular cues
92
The hue (or color) of light depends on its ____________________.
wavelength
93
The eye is sensitive to only a very small segment of the spectrum known as ____________________.
visible light
94
Red wavelengths of light are ____________________, and violet wavelengths of light are ____________________.
long; short
95
The rods in the retina are responsible for ____________________ vision, and the cones are responsible for ____________________ vision.
dim light; color
96
When mixing paints, red, blue, and yellow make ____________________ paint.
black
97
When mixing lights, red, green, and blue make ____________________ light.
white
98
The most common form of colorblindness is a(n) ____________________ color deficiency.
red/green
99
match the pairs of the Opponent-Process theory:
red: ______
yellow: ______
black: ______
green
blue
white
100
The theory of color that best explains color after-images is ____________________.
opponent-process theory
101
Human hearing goes from ____________________ Hz.
20-20,000
102
Prolonged exposure above ____________________ dB produces hearing loss.
85
103
As a sound wave moves from the outer ear to the inner ear, what is the order that the sound wave would reach them?
auditory canal, anvil, oval window cochlea, auditory nerve
104
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the ____________________.
bones in the middle ear
105
Frequency determines ____________________.
pitch
106
As compared to long objects, short objects vibrate ____________________ and produce sound waves of ____________________ frequency.
faster; higher
107
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tastes?
- salty
- sour
- bland
- sweet
bland
108
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic skin senses?
- tingling
- cold
- warmth
- pressure
tingling
109
what is similarity?
the tendency to place items that look simular in a group
110
what is continuity?
the tendency to perceive items that continue a pattern or direction tend to be grouped together as part of the pattern.
111
what is proximity?
the tendency to place objects that are physically close to each other in a group
112
what is closure?
the tendency to look at a whole by filling in the gaps in a perceptual field
113
Messages that are supposedly sent to people which motivate them to buy a produce without them being aware of the messages are called ____________________.
subliminal messages
114
Perceiving either a vase or two facial silhouettes looking at each other was used to illustrate the Gestalt principle of ____________________.
figure and ground
115
Perceiving two ambiguous characters numerically as 13 or alphabetically as the letter B was used to illustrate ____________________.
contextual effects
116
The process of learning is defined as experience resulting in a ________________________________.
relatively permanent behavior change
117
By pairing the ringing of the bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the ________________________________.
unconditioned stimulus
118
You have a dog that runs to the sound of a ziploc bag opening. The sound of the ziploc bag opening is the ________________________________.
conditioned stimulus
119
In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was ________________________________.
the loud noise
120
In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned response was ________________________________.
the fear of the rat
121
Which of the following is NOT an example of operantly learned behavior?
- a rat pressing a bar to avoid a shock for this behavior
- a child studying in order to get a teacher's approval
- a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for his behavior
- eye blinking after a flash of light is presented
eye blinking after a flash of light is presented
122
Operant conditioning is based on the principle that behaviors occur more often when they are ________________________________.
reinforced
123
Any stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a ________________________________.
reinforcer
124
Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a ________________________________.
punisher
125
A reinforcer that adds something rewarding is a ________________________________.
positive reinforcer
126
A reinforcer that eliminates something unpleasant is a ________________________________.
negative reinforcer
127
A dolphin learns to swim toward a blue platform but not toward a red platform. This shows the concept of ________________________________.
discrimination
128
The result of the Bandura's Bobo doll studies illustrates ________________________________.
observational learning
129
If you work a job where you get paid a salary every 2 weeks, you are being reinforced on a ________________________________ schedule.
fixed-interval
130
Piecework in a factory is an example of a ________________________________ schedule of reinforcement; a slot machine is an example of a ________________________________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
131
Continuing to take Advil because it alleviates headlines is an example of ________________________________, and no longer parking in "No Parking" zones because you lost money in fines for doing so is an example of ________________________________.
negative reinforcement; negative punishment
132
Which of the following types of memory holds sensory input until we can attend to and recognize it?
sensory memory
133
The primacy and recency effects in free recall demonstrate that we have the greatest difficulty recalling the words _____________ of a list.
in the middle
134
Our short-term memory capacity is ________ +/- 2 chunks.
7
135
An essay test measures ___________, and a multiple-choice test measures ___________.
recall; recognition
136
The tendency to think of only the most typical uses of objects in a problem setting is called _____________.
functional fixedness
137
The intelligence test scores for __________ are most strongly correlated.
identical twins reared apart
138
Which of the following intelligence theorists emphasized the g factor?
Spearman
139
Which of the following intelligence theorists proposed three types of intelligence -- analytical, practical, and creative.
Sternburg
140
Which of the following intelligence theorists defined intelligence as eight independent intelligences?
Gardner
141
which type of memory is represented?
words to the school song
semantic memory
142
which type of memory is represented?
what you ate for dinner Sunday night
episodic memory
143
which type of memory is represented?
figuring out a tip for your hairdresser
working memory
144
which type of memory is represented?
riding a bike
procedural memory
145
which type of memory is represented?
remembering you need to buy a present for your teacher next week
prospective
146
what is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
Kim is a Fieldcrest High School senior. She is pretty typical in that she has great difficulty getting up in the morning. Still, she forces herself out of bed and into the shower when her alarm goes off. Sometimes the water will turn scalding hot and Kim will begin screaming in pain. The reason for this is that her little brother, Tim, will flush the toilet. The pipes are connected which causes the change in water temperature. After enough occurrences of this happening, Kim has learned to quickly jump out of the shower when she hears the toilet flush.
UCS: hot water
UCR: pain sensation
CS: sound of toilet flush
CR: jump out of shower
147
what is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
Tommy has gotten into the habit of yelling "Bye, Dad!" and then slamming the door very loudly in his hurry to leave for school in the morning. The door slam causes his father to flinch. After several days of the procedure, Tommy's dad begins to flinch at the sound of his son's words, "Bye, Dad!"
UCS: slamming door
UCR: flinching
CS: "bye dad!"
CR: flinching
148
what is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
Mr. Oppenheimer goes to the humane society and adopts a brand new kitten named Pepper. He takes his wonderful fur ball home and presents her a delicious dish of yellowfin tuna and shrimp, which Mr. Oppenheimer caught fresh from the sea with his bare hands. Upon presentation of her meal, Pepper begins salivating. For the next week, Mr. Oppenheimer whistles right before he presents Pepper with her food. Eventually, Pepper begins salivating just from hearing Mr. Oppenheimer's whistle alone.
UCS: cat food
UCR: salvation
CS: whistling sound
CR: salvation
149
what is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
When a mother strokes her infant's skin, the stroking creates pleasure responses in the baby. After this goes on for many days, the baby begins to show pleasure responses simply at the sight of the mother (before even being touched).
UCS: stroking skin
UCR: baby shows pleasure
CS: mother
CR: baby shows pleasure
150
what is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
It's another lunch day at Fieldcrest High School, which means chicken is on the menu. Aaron loves chicken, though, so he's a happy kid. As he's devouring "nuggets" of dead bird, he suddenly gets sick and projectile vomits everywhere. it turns out the chicken wasn't cooked long enough. From that day on, just hearing that chicken is on the lunch menu during the daily announcements starts to make Aaron feel sick.
UCS: undercooked chicken
UCR: getting sick
CS: mention of chicken
CR: getting sick
151
what form of operant conditioning is described?
Jamie spanks his child for playing in the street.
positive punishment
152
what form of operant conditioning is described?
A teenager loses his cell phone for talking back to his mom.
negative punishment
153
what form of operant conditioning is described?
Tasting bitter nail chemicals when you try to bite your nails.
positive punishment
154
what form of operant conditioning is described?
Giving your child dessert because he ate his vegetables.
positive reinforcement
155
what form of operant conditioning is described?
Receiving a hug from your parents after throwing a temper tantrum.
positive reinforcement
156
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
You get a paycheck every Tuesday.
fixed-interval
157
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
A psychologist gives a rat a food pellet each time it pushes a lever in its cage.
fixed-ratio
158
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
You go fishing on Lake Minocqua every weekend. Sometimes it takes 1 hour to catch a crappie, sometimes 15 minutes, sometimes 45 minutes.
variable-interval
159
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
A college student's mother sends her a box of fudge every Thursday.
fixed-interval
160
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Mrs. Bartman used to work in the garment factory in Toluca. She would get paid $2 for every pant that she sent through the line.
fixed-ratio
161
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
You go to Atlantic City and play the slot machines. Sometimes you win money after putting in 3 quarters, sometimes after 15 quarters, sometimes after putting in 7.
variable-ratio
162
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Michael's mother gives him an M&M for each toy he puts away in his toy box.
fixed-ratio
163
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Teri collects empty soda cans. The recycling center gives her $1 for every 30 cans.
fixed-ratio
164
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Tom delivers newspapers in his neighborhood. Sometimes Mrs. Lewis pays him every 2 weeks at a time, sometimes she pays for 1 week, and sometimes she pays for a month.
variable-interval
165
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
You start playing the lottery. You win $10 the first time you play. You play 12 more times before you win again and then 3 more times after that before you win.
variable-ratio
166
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
For every ten words spelled correctly, a child gets a star by their name on the bulletin board.
fixed-ratio
167
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
A child is rewarded if they are sitting correctly after every two minutes goes by.
fixed-interval
168
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Selling cookies door to door.
variable-interval
169
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Slot machines are based on this schedule.
variable-ratio
170
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Frequent flyer program in which one gets a free flight after a specific number of miles are flown.
fixed-ratio
171
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Waiting for an elevator to arrive.
172
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
A dolphin is given a fish after it jumps through a hoop six times.
fixed-ratio
173
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
Checking your mailbox for mail which comes daily at 3 PM
fixed-interval
174
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
A fisherman turns over rocks looking for worms.
variable-ratio
175
which schedule of reinforcement is being described?
A rat is rewarded for the first correct response after every 30 seconds.
fixed-interval
176
which stage of Erikson is described?
children learn to be competent by mastering new intellectual, social, and physical skills or feel inferior if they fail to develop these skills.
Industry vs. Inferiority
177
which stage of Erikson is described?
infants learn that they can or cannot trust others to take care of their basic needs
Trust vs. Mistrust
178
which stage of Erikson is described?
middle-aged adults feel that they are helping the next generation through their work or child-rearing, or they stagnate because they feel like they are not helping
Generativity vs. Stagnation
179
which stage of Erikson is described?
young adults form intimate relationships with others or are isolated because of a failure to do so
Intimacy vs. Isolation
180
which stage of Erikson is described?
adolescents develop a sense of identity by experimenting with different roles. no role experimentation may result in role confusion
Identity vs. Role Confusion
181
which stage of Erikson is described?
children learn to become self-sufficient in many activities such as toilet training, walking, and exploring. if restrained too much, they learn to doubt their abilities and feel shame.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
182
which stage of Erikson is described?
children learn to assume more responsibility by taking initiative but will feel guilt if they overstep limits set by parents.
Initiative vs. Guilt
183
which stage of Erikson is described?
older adults assess their lives and develop a sense of integrity if they find their lives have been meaningful and a sense of despair if their lives do not seem meaningful
Integrity vs. Despair
184
According to Kohlberg, ______ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules, _______ morality focuses on self-interest, and _______ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles.
conventional; pre-conventional; post-conventional
185
According to Piaget, ______ is the interpretation of new experiences in terms of present schemas, and _______ is the modification of present schemas to fit with new experiences.
assimilation; accommodation
186
which stage of Piaget is described?
Develops Object Permanence
sensorimotor
187
which stage of Piaget is described?
Masters Conservation
concrete observational
188
which stage of Piaget is described?
Understands Abstract Logic
formal observational
189
which stage of Piaget is described?
Egocentrism
pre-operational
190
which stage of Piaget is described?
A student is able to discuss the question, "What would the world be like if Martin Luther King Jr. had not been assassinated?"
formal operational
191
which stage of Piaget is described?
Jordan wants more cookies. His mother breaks the cookie in half that Jordan already has and he is satisfied.
pre-operational
192
which stage of Piaget is described?
(A child talking to his friend) "The moon follows my Dad and me when we drive."
pre-operational
193
which stage of Piaget is described?
When given a set of cards picturing the steps in baking a cake, Samantha can put them in proper order.
concrete operational
194
which stage of Piaget is described?
If Charlie wants his pacifier, he can reach for it and pick it up.
sensorimotor
195
which stage of Piaget is described?
Jo Ellen can predict the movement of a body, taking into account several influences simultaneously.
formal operational
196
which stage of Piaget is described?
A child at this stage might appreciate the cultural custom of Santa. They enjoy Santa as a symbol of seasonal celebration in keeping with their ability to understand abstract ideas.
formal operational
197
which stage of Erikson is described?
Savannah built a boat out of cardboard and wood. When Savannah decided to sail her boat in the lake, her parents gave the launching of her boat the same fanfare and attention that they gave to the launching of the model boat her father built.
industry v. inferiority
198
which stage of Erikson is described?
Mr. Hand allows his seniors in government class the opportunity to discuss not only the current events of the day but also their views and opinions regarding those current events.
identity v. role confusion
199
which stage of Erikson is described?
When the baby is hungry and cries, his mother feeds him.
trust v. mistrust
200
which stage of Kohlberg is described?
Lauren doesn't steal from department stores because she wouldn't want her friends to think of her as a thief.
conventional
201
which stage of Kohlberg is described?
In order to avoid "time outs" in nursery school, Kevin does not steal toys from the other kids.
pre-conventional
202
which stage of Kohlberg is described?
Sari feels it is her duty to vote in elections.
post-conventional
203
which stage of Kohlberg is described?
Brycen does not drive faster than the speed limit because he would feel bad if he was caught BUT more importantly, it's the law.
conventional
204
which stage of Kohlberg is described?
Gretchen volunteers to help in the soup kitchen because she knows her name will be read at her church service the next week.
conventional
205
which stage of Kohlberg is described?
Alex has personal doubts about the existing marijuana law; as an activist for the legalization of marijuana, she continues to smoke it.
post-conventional
206
which stage of Kohlberg is described?
Ellie's Aunt Beth brought candy for her; in return, she gives her a big hug.
conventional
207
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage would observe the consistency in the Easter Bunny's clothing (pastel suit, big ears) and his demeanor (happy).
pre-operational
208
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage might feel frightened or curious. He/she might cry at this oddly dressed hairy guy with a funny voice or he/she might reach out and want to touch the ears and white fur.
sensorimotor
209
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage might feel frightened or curious. He/she might cry at this oddly dressed hairy guy with a funny voice or he/she might reach out and want to touch the ears and white fur.
concrete operational
210
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage might appreciate the cultural custom of the Easter Bunny. They enjoy the Easter Bunny as a symbol of seasonal celebration in keeping with their ability to understand abstract ideas. They recognize the importance of shared customs as a means of promoting closeness in their families and culture.
formal operational
211
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage would observe a mass of pastel colors, a soft lap, and tickly whiskers.
sensorimotor
212
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage would begin to think and question:
How can the Easter Bunny get to kids' homes/yards all over the world in one night? Why does the Easter Bunny leave eggs?
concrete operational
213
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage would believe in the physical reality of the Easter Bunny--that he travels the world hiding eggs and delivering baskets filled with candy to everyone's homes.
pre-operational
214
what stage of Piaget is being described?
For a child at this stage, belief in the Easter Bunny's existence is not an issue because they have no existing organizing schema in which to put him in.
sensorimotor
215
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage will feel disappointed at realizing that the Easter Bunny doesn’t exist; however, they may experience new fun in assisting younger siblings in continuing their belief in the Easter Bunny.
concrete operational
216
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage thinks that an Easter Bunny has the ability to watch over them and determine who is naughty and nice—this encourages a child at this stage to behave. A child at this stage is excited about encounters with Easter Bunnies and may create obnoxiously long lists of wishes that he/she expects a Easter Bunny to fulfill via his or her Easter basket.
pre-operational
217
what stage of Piaget is being described?
A child at this stage will no longer believe in Easter Bunnies, but may think it is important to continue the tradition because having developed conservation abilities will realize that the amount of chocolate and jelly beans will decrease if there is no “Easter Bunny” presents left in a basket.
concrete operational
218
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Jill refuses to pay income taxes because she does not believe they are fair.
post-conventional
219
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Linda feels it is her duty to vote in elections.
post-conventional
220
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Karen doesn't steal from department stores because she wouldn't want her friends to think of her as a thief.
conventional
221
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Hank does not drive faster than the speed limit because he would feel bad if he was caught BUT more importantly, it is the law.
conventional
222
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
In order to avoid "time outs" in nursery school, Jim does not steal snacks from the other kids.
pre-conventional
223
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Although Susie wants to hit her younger brother, she doesn't because she knows her parents will yell at her and she doesn't want that to happen.
pre-conventional
224
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Jack's Aunt Brenda brought candy for him; in return, he gives her a big hug.
conventional
225
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Will rakes his neighbor's leaves because he wants to be a helpful neighbor and he knows that they appreciate him doing it.
conventional
226
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Cathy has personal doubts about the existing law, she doesn't believe smoking marijuana should be illegal; as an activist for the legalization of this drug, she continues to smoke marijuana.
post-conventional
227
which stage of Kohlberg is being described?
Haley volunteers to help in the soup kitchen because she knows her name will be read at her church service the next week. Haley desperately wants to feel accepted by her church group and believes her actions and acknowledgment will help.
conventional
228
which stage of Erikson is being described?
Daniel doesn’t want to wear the pajamas his mother chose for him. Instead, he STRONGLY prefers last night’s (dirty) PJs! Daniel’s mom agrees and dresses him in his (dirty) PJ selection.
autonomy v. doubt
229
which stage of Erikson is being described?
Samuel is tired of meeting women at parties, and bars, and dating lots of different people. Sure, it’s fun sometimes, but now he’d rather have one special person to settle down with and share his life.
intimacy v. isolation
230
which stage of Erikson is being described?
Annie’s parents are doctors. Her grandparents are doctors. In fact, Annie’s parents have told her that after her high school graduation, they are looking forward to her entering the same college and medical school they attended. Annie waits for just the right time to announce her plans to travel to Europe after high school to pursue her interest in drawing and painting and to learn Italian.
identity v. role confusion
231
which stage of Erikson is being described?
It’s Little League season and third-grader, Jonathan, can’t wait! Last spring he was on Junior Little League and every time he was at bat, he made a hit. He also caught three fly balls, and won the game for the team! Jonathan’s coaches, friends and parents are looking forward to Jonathan playing on the Little League team this season.
industry v. inferiority
232
which stage of Erikson is being described?
Timmy’s mom pours him a bowl of Cheerios and milk. She directs him to go sit at the kitchen table. Timmy reaches for the bowl of Cheerios, announcing, “I carry it!” On the way to the table, lots of milk and cereal spill on the floor. Mom quietly cleans up the mess and thanks Timmy for his “help.”
initiative v. guilt
233
which stage of Erikson is being described?
Baby Christopher’s mom feeds him every 3 or 4 hours, burps him, walks with him when he is fussy and makes sure he is dressed warmly every time he goes outside for a walk with her.
trust v. mistrust
234
which stage of Erikson is being described?
Rosemary loves when her grandchildren visit. She proudly tells them of the great times she had with raising her family and making a nice home for everyone she loves. Sometimes, she wishes she went to college and worked outside the home as her husband did, but Rosemary says, “If I did that, I probably wouldn’t have had the time to enjoy such a beautiful family!”
integrity v. despair
235
which stage of Erikson is being described?
Martin has been a very successful business man for nearly 25 years. His 3 children are reaching adulthood. Martin decides to start a small business that provides financial advising to young people who are just starting their careers.
generativity v. stagnation
236
which stage of Erikson is being described?
Martin has been a very successful businessman for nearly 25 years. His 3 children are reaching adulthood. Martin decides to start a small business that provides financial advice to young people who are just starting their careers.
generativity v. stagnation
237
what is the id?
operates on the pleasure principle. makes us do things for our benefit.
238
what is the ego?
operates on the reality principle. makes us do things that are realistic and socially-acceptable. uses terms like however.
239
what is the superego?
operates on a morality principle. uses defense mechanisms.
240
the unconscious mind is...
not accessible
241
On Black Friday, customers were so obsessed with getting a good deal that they shoved others out of their way and trampled them, not thinking twice about hurting people if it meant they could get what they wanted. What type of ego?
id
242
The cashier only charged the couple for one meal even though they had eaten two. They could have gotten away with only paying for one, but they pointed out the cashier’s mistake and offered to pay for both meals. They wanted to be honest and they knew that the restaurant owner and employees needed to make a living. what type of ego?
superego
243
Even though Michael needed money, he decided not to steal the money from the cash register because he didn’t want to get in trouble. what type of ego?
ego
244
On the playground, two kids were making fun of Joseph because he wore glasses. John was tempted to join in so that he could make himself look good, but when he thought about how bad Joseph must already feel he knew that he couldn’t. what type of ego?
superego
245
Hillary was so sweaty after her workout that she wanted to change her clothes right there by the car. However, she knew the other people around her would not approve, so she waited until she was in the restroom to change. what type of ego?
ego
246
Bart was stuck in traffic. He just wanted his vehicle to move! Enraged at the situation, Bart pulled his car onto the shoulder and sped forward, not caring that he was clipping people’s side mirrors as he tried to get ahead of the cars in front of him. what type of ego?
id
247
In line at the salad bar, Amy really wanted to shove a handful of croutons into her mouth. However, since her boss was there, she decided to wait another minute or two until she sat down to eat. what type of ego?
ego
248
In line at the salad bar, Amy was so hungry that she shoved a handful of croutons in her mouth as she waited for the line to move. what type of ego?
id
249
Tim really wanted to slug Mark for what he had just said. However, Tim knew if he hit Mark, he would be kicked off the baseball team, and since he loved baseball, he unclenched his fists and walked away. what type of ego?
ego
250
Michael saw a $5 bill fall out of Nick’s backpack as he pulled his books out of his locker. As Nick walked away, Michael bent over, picked up the money, and slipped it into his pocket, glancing around to make sure no one was looking. what type of ego?
ego
251
Mary really wanted to borrow her mom’s necklace but knew her mom would be angry if she took it without asking, so she asked her mom if she could wear it. what type of ego?
ego
252
Maggie couldn’t remember the answer to test question #12, even though she had studied. Nate was the smartest kid in the class, and from where Maggie sat, she could see his answers if she turned her head slightly. When Mrs. Archer turned her back, Maggie almost cheated, but her conscience stopped her because she knew it was wrong. Instead, Maggie took a guess at the answer and then turned in her paper. what type of ego?
superego
253
While away on business, Tom had many opportunities to be unfaithful to his wife. However, he knew the damage such behavior would have on his family, so made the decision to avoid the women who had expressed interest in him. what type of ego?
ego
254
Will had worked hard all season to break the school record in cross-country. During his last race, he had the opportunity to cut a corner and therefore lower his time, because no officials were watching that part of the course. As much as he wanted to break the school record, Will knew he wouldn’t feel good about himself if he cheated, so he stuck to the course and ran as fast as he could. what type of ego?
superego
255
Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to refill her glass of water, she reached across the table and drank from Mr. Smith’s water glass, much to his surprise. what type of ego?
id
256
what is repression?
unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious
257
what is regression?
reverting back to immature behavior from an earlier stage of development
258
what is denial?
refusing to acknowledge anxiety-provoking realities
259
what is displacement?
redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target
260
what is sublimation?
replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior
261
what is reaction formation?
acting in exactly the opposite way to one’s unacceptable impulses
262
what is projection?
attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself
263
what is rationalization?
creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behavior.
264
what is this an example of?
not remembering a traumatic incident in which you witnessed a crime.
repression
265
what is this an example of?
throwing temper tantrums as an adult when you don’t get your way
regression
266
what is this an example of?
refusing to accept evidence that your spouse is having an affair
denial
267
what is this an example of?
taking your anger toward your boss out on your spouse or children by yelling at them and not your boss
displacement
268
what is this an example of?
channeling aggressive drives into playing football or inappropriate sexual desires into art
sublimation
269
what is this an example of?
being overprotective of and lavishing attention on an unwanted child
reaction formation
270
what is this an example of?
accusing your boyfriend of cheating on you because you have felt like cheating on him
projection
271
what is this an example of?
justifying cheating on an exam by saying that everyone else cheats
rationalization
272
what is this an example of?
Even a top baseball player will sometimes strike out on an easy pitch. When this happens, his next action may be to throw his bat or kick the water cooler with all his might.
displacement
273
what is this an example of?
Soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in concentration camps during wartime sometimes had amnesia and were unable to recall any part of their ordeal.
repression
274
what is this an example of?
The mother of an unwanted child may feel guilty about not welcoming her child. As a result, she may try to prove her love by becoming overindulgent and overprotective of the child.
reaction formation
275
what is this an example of?
Mrs. Brown often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading rumors. It is rather obvious to those who know her that she is revealing her own inclinations in that area.
projection
276
what is this an example of?
The habitual drinker may insist that he really doesn’t care much for the taste of alcohol but feels that he is obliged to drink with friends “just to be sociable.”
rationalization
277
what is this an example of?
Mike is always trying to impress his pals with how strong and independent he has become. However, when Mike has social or emotional problems, he still wants his dad to figure out the solution.
regression
278
what is this an example of?
A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry was scheduled for Friday. This seemed unusual as the date of the exam had been marked on his calendar for several weeks.
denial
279
what is this an example of?
The individual who actually likes to have others do things for him may be quick to criticize other people for being dependent and lazy.
projection
280
what is this an example of?
Tory is apt to become annoyed when he recalls his earlier conviction as a Peeping Tom. Tory has left his sordid past behind and now is a busy photographer for Playboy magazine.
sublimation
281
what is this an example of?
The principal criticized the high school teacher for having a disruptive class. When the teacher got home that night, he argued with his wife and kicked the dog.
displacement
282
what is this an example of?
A 6-year-old child, who gave up bed-wetting at the age of 3, moves with his parents to a new neighborhood. During the stressful period of adjusting to his new home, he again wets the bed for several nights.
regression
283
what is this an example of?
Mr. Andrews carried around a letter in his coat pocket for weeks. The note that he somehow neglected to mail was an invitation to his mother-in-law to visit the family for several months.
denial
284
what is this an example of?
Reformers may conduct campaigns against pornographic literature in order to fight their own erotic interest in such material. They campaign to convince others of their own purity and goodness.
reaction formation
285
what is this an example of?
Margaret is convinced that she received a “C” in her chemistry class instead of an “A” because of widespread cheating by her fellow students. She is sure that she must be as capable in the chemistry course as in her other subjects.
rationalization
286
what is this an example of?
The majority group of a culture may blame all the various ills of society on a small minority group. This is a process termed “scapegoating” and is a factor in racial and religious prejudice.
projection
287
what is this an example of?
Sam’s girlfriend just broke up with him over Snapchat, making him very angry. Sam reacts by yelling at his dog.
displacement
288
what is this an example of?
Julie has just failed her psychology class. She tells her friend, “I only failed because this is an impossibly difficult class.”
rationalization
289
what is this an example of?
Mary walks into work in a very grumpy mood. The first person she meets is Jan, who looks up and says, “Hi.” Mary replies, “Boy you are in a lousy mood this morning.”
projection
290
what is this an example of?
Sarah has just had a child she really did not want to have. She feels guilty about this and reacts by being overprotective of the child.
reaction formation
291
what is this an example of?
Larry, a 50-year-old successful business executive, still calls his mother for consolation when things go wrong in order to feel better.
regression
292
1st stage of Freud’s psychosexual development:
oral, from birth to 1 1/2 years old.
erogenous zone: mouth, lips, tongue
activity: biting, sucking, chewing
293
2nd stage of Freud’s psychosexual development:
anal, from 1 1/2 to 3 years old.
erogenous zone: anus
activity: bowel retention and elimination
294
3rd stage of Freud’s psychosexual development:
phallic, from 3 to 6 years.
erogenous zone: genitals
activity: genital stimulation, attraction to opposite-sex parent, and later identifying with the same-sex parent.
295
4th stage of Freud’s psychosexual development:
latency, from 6 years to puberty
erogenous zone: none
activity: cognitive and social development.
296
5th stage of Freud’s psychosexual development:
genital, puberty through adulthood
erogenous zone: genitals
activity: development of sexual relationships.
297
what is the 1st (bottom) level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
physiological needs: need to satisfy hunger and thirst
298
what is the 2nd level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
safety needs: need to feel safe, secure, and stable.
299
what is the 3rd level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
belongingness and love needs: need to love and to be loved, to belong and be accepted.
300
what is the 4th level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
esteem needs: need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence.
301
what is the 5th level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
self-actualization needs: need to live up to one’s fullest unique potential
302
according to Freud, the ____, the executive of the personality, is located ____.
ego; in all three levels of awareness
303
a woman has unacceptable feelings of hatred toward her mother but lavishes attention and love on her. Freud would say this is an example of _____.
reaction formation
304
which of the following non-Freudian theorists proposed “striving for superiority as the primary motivation for personality development?
Alfred Adler
305
in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, ____ needs are at the bottom of the hierarchy, and _____ needs are at the top.
physiological; self-actualization
306
in Roger’s self-theory, which of the following contributes greatly to one’s self-actualization?
unconditional positive regard
307
which theoretical approach uses factor analysis to determine the number of factors necessary to describe human personality?
the trait approach
308
what is one of Eysenck’s three personality factors that is not one of the “big 5”?
psychoticism
309
which personality test uses true-false items and generates a profile of the test taker on 10 clinical scales?
MMPI-2
310
according to social-cognitive personality theorists, what is least likely to lead to depression?
self-serving bias
311
which is a trait dimension is one of the “big 5” personality dimension labels.
openness
312
inferiority complex is to basic anxiety as _____ is to ______.
Adler; Horney
313
Glenn’s room looks like a tornado hit it. he is incredibly messy. his car is filled with old pizza boxes, last month’s newspapers, and dirty laundry. According to Freud, Glenn is most likely fixated at the ______ stage.
anal
314
what does OCEAN stand for?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
315
A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test takers must respond about their perceptions of the stimuli is called _____.
projective test
316
what is the foot-in-the-door compliance technique?
1st request: small
2nd request: larger
the major reason for compliance: consistency
317
what is the door-in-the-face compliance technique?
1st request: large
2nd request: smaller
the major reason for compliance: reciprocity
318
what is the low-ball compliance technique?
1st request: attractive
2nd request: less attractive
the major reason for compliance: consistency
319
what is the that's-not-all compliance technique?
1st request: attractive
2nd request: more attractive
the major reason for compliance: reciprocity
320
define the psychological disorder:
After weeks of feeling dejected, despondent, and dissatisfied with his life, Fred has suddenly become euphoric and energetic. He talks constantly about his far-fetched plans for making huge amounts of money.
bipolar disorder
321
define the psychological disorder:
Alanna worries about everything and can never relax. She is very jumpy, has trouble sleeping at night, and has a poor appetite. For the last few months, her anxiety has become so extreme that she is unable to concentrate at work and is in danger of losing her job.
generalized anxiety disorder
322
define the psychological disorder:
Amy was admitted to the hospital after she appeared in an emergency room complaining that she was going to kill herself. She stated that her husband was killed in front of her 3 months ago during a holdup. Since then, Amy claims that she experiences flashbacks and is unable to sleep or concentrate. Unable to get Amy to discuss the details of her husband’s death, the social worker spoke to her sister. Amy sister informed the social worker that Amy had never been married, nor had she ever witnessed a murder. When confronted with this information, Amy became angry and left the hospital.
factitious disorder
323
define the psychological disorder:
Bianca, a nineteen-year-old college student, has missed almost all her classes during the last month. She sleeps fourteen hours a day, has withdrawn from friends and family, feels worthless, and cries for no apparent reason.
major depressive disorder
324
define the psychological disorder:
Carl cannot bear to be in small enclosed places, such as elevators, and goes to great lengths to avoid them. Recently he turned down a high-paying job with an air conditioning repair company because it involves working in crawl spaces.
claustrophobia
325
define the psychological disorder:
Marcie believes that others are talking about her and actively plotting against her. She hears voices that tell her to carry a bow in her purse to protect herself.
paranoid schizophrenia
326
define the psychological disorder:
Ever since going through a very painful divorce, Kayla has experienced a number of terrifying “spells” that seem to come out of nowhere. Her heart suddenly starts to pound, she begins to sweat and tremble, and she has trouble breathing.
panic disorder
327
define the psychological disorder:
For as long as she can remember, Mary has felt negative about life. Although good things occasionally happen in Mary’s life, they have little impact on her gloomy mood. Mary functions adequately, but she has few friends because she is so pessimistic.
persistent depressive disorder
328
define the psychological disorder:
Nancy speaks slowly and monotonously and has reduced emotional responsiveness and few expressive gestures. Her speech is limited to brief empty comments.
catatonic schizophrenia
329
define the psychological disorder:
Harry disinfects his shoes, clothing, floor, and doorknobs with bleach several times a day. Nevertheless, he is tormented by worries that his apartment may be contaminated by germs from the outside. He doesn’t allow anyone to come into his apartment for fear they will contaminate his furniture and belongings.
obsessive-convulsive disorder
330
define the psychological disorder:
Tyler said to his psychiatrist, “Today is infinity’s horseman,” and acted surprised that his therapist did not understand him completely. When a friend told him that he was sad because of a death in the family, Tyler responded by laughing hysterically.
disorganized schizophrenia
331
define the psychological disorder:
Jay, a high school physics teacher in NYC, disappeared three days after his wife unexpectedly left him for another man. Six months later, he was discovered tending bar in Miami Beach. Calling himself Martin, he claimed to have no recollection of his past life and insisted that he had never been married.
dissociative fugue
332
define the psychological disorder:
Marian and her brother were recently involved in an automobile accident. Marian was not seriously injured, but her brother was killed. Marian is unable to recall any details from the time of the accident until four days later.
dissociative amnesia
333
define the psychological disorder:
Norma has frequent memory gaps and cannot account for her whereabouts during certain periods of time. After she expressed suicidal thoughts, her husband brought her to a community mental center. While being interviewed by a clinical psychologist, she began speaking in a childlike voice. She claimed that her name was Donna and that she was only six years old. Moments later, she seemed to revert to her adult voice and had no recollection of speaking in a childlike voice or claiming that her name was Donna.
dissociative identity disorder
334
define the psychological disorder:
Sadie was brought into the hospital emergency room by her family who reported that she experienced a sudden onset of blindness. The family explained that Sadie had just discovered that her husband had been having an affair. She was arguing with her husband when she suddenly announced that she couldn’t see.
conversion disorder
335
define the psychological disorder:
Since moving to Fairbanks, Alaska, five years ago, Joan has experienced episodes of depression during the fall and winter months.
seasonal affective disorder
336
define the psychological disorder:
Thuan, a Vietnamese refugee, cannot stop thinking about the horrors he experienced while fleeing his country by boat. He sleeps poorly and is often awakened by terrifying nightmares.
post-traumatic stress disorder
337
define the psychological disorder:
Walt has been chronically worried about his health for years. During his last doctor’s appointment, his blood pressure was slightly elevated, and the doctor suggested that he make an appointment to check it again in a month, but that he did not need medication. Despite the reassurance, Walt became convinced that he had hypertension and began to complain of vague chest pain.
hypochondriasis
