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VIBS 243 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Two types of immunity

A

Innate: non-specific, first line of defense; barriers such as skin; immune cells such as neutrophils

Acquired: Must be developed; requires exposure to antigens

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

They are structures that are present on the outside of cells. They have an amino acid sequence on the surface called epitopes (the part of an antigen to which the antibody attaches)

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3
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Eosinophil

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4
Q

What is the black arrow pointing to?

What is the navy arrow pointing to?

A

Black: Neutrophil

Navy: Lymphocyte

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5
Q

How are macrophages made?

A

Monocytes leave the blood and go into tissues to become macrophages (Monocytes in blood, Macrophages in tissues!)

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6
Q

What do macrophages do and where are they found?

A

They ingest and destroy foreign particles such as bacteria. They are found in organs such as the lymph node, intestines, and wandering in connective tissue

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7
Q

What is the arrow pointing to in the lymph node?

A

A macrophages

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8
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

They are tissue bound and they release granules filled with histamines. They cause allergy symptoms and cause inflammation which attracts more immune cells to reach the site of infection

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9
Q

What type of immune cell is this?

A

Mast cell

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10
Q

How are plasma cells made?

A

B cells get activated by antigens and differentiate into plasma cells

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11
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

They produce antibodies and will attach to specific antigens causing more effective removal of the antigen

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12
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Plasma cell

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13
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Lymph nodes are found throughout the body and filter lymph fluid

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14
Q

Label the parts

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Cortex
  3. Medulla
  4. Hilus
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15
Q

What part of the lymph node is shown and what are its pink extensions called?

A

The capsule and the extensions are called trabeculae

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16
Q

What is this part of the lymph node and explain the parts

A

The Cortex

Lymphatic nodules: made mainly of B lymphocytes

Diffuse lymphoid tissue: mainly T lymphocytes

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17
Q

What is the paracortex?

A

An area deep in the cortex of a lymph node where lymphocytes leave the blood stream to enter the lymph node

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18
Q

What part of the lymph node is this and label and explain the parts

A

The Medulla

Medullary Sinuses (red)

Medullary Cords (light green): diffuse lymphatic tissue. Mainly lymphocytes

Trabeculea (dark green): this is apart of the capsule

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19
Q

Flow of lymph fluid through the lymph node

A

Tissue Fluid-> Lymphatic Capillary-> Afferent Lymphatic vessel-> Subcapsular Sinus-> Trabecular Sinus-> Medullary Sinus-> Efferent Lymphatics

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20
Q

What happens to your lymph nodes when you are introduced to a new antigen?

A

The lymph nodes will enlarge and there will be an increase in B lymphocytes in the nodules. These will then leave and become plasma cells and will go to the medullary cords

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21
Q

Which lymph module is responding to an antigen

A

The bottom one. In the bottom one you will see more mitosis figures and the medullary cords will contain mainly plasma cells as opposed to normally having mainly lymphocytes

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22
Q

What is function of the Thymus?

A

It is the primary lymphoid organ and is the site of T cell maturation, the process of making T cells and deciding which type they will be. It is very vascular

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23
Q

Two types of T cells

A

T helper cells and T killer cells

T helper cells: assist other lymphocytes to mature and active. CD4+ receptor

T killer cells: destroy virus infected cells and tumor cells. CD8+ receptor

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24
Q

What are the darker regions and lighter pink regions of the thymus?

A

Dark blue: Cortex

Light pink: Medulla

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25
What is this a picture of in the thymus and what does it do?
Epithelial reticular cells and they provide structure, promote lymphocyte proliferation and maturation, blood thymus barrier, and have a MAJOR ROLE IN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SELECTION (Small blue cells are T cells/thymocytes, larger cell in middle is ER cells)
26
How does the epithelial reticular cells in the thymus decide which thymocytes are good enough to become T cells?
If they recognize self as self they can become T cells, if they react strongly to self antigens they are not able to because they would attack self
27
What part of the thymus is this?
The cortex. 1 is Thymocytes/T cells and 2 is a macrophage which is cleaning up rejected thymocytes that aren’t good enough to become T cells
28
What part of the thymus is this?
The medulla T cells that are selected go to the medulla to decide if they will be helper (CD4) or killer (CD8) cells
29
What structure is this within the thymus?
Thymic (Hassall’s) Corpuscles They are concentric layers of epithelial reticular cells in various stages of degeneration, some of which are keratinized. This is in the medulla
30
Light passes through what three main structures of the eye?
The cornea, the lens, the retina
31
What three structures of eye influence the image?
The Iris, the ciliary bodies, the trabecular meshwork
32
Be able to label this slide
33
Function of the cornea and where does it get its nutrition
Protects the eye, filters out undesirable light rays, focuses image on retina, avascular Gets nutrition from aqueous humor, limbus,
34
5 layers of cornea
1. Corneal Epithelium (nonkeratinized stratified squamous) 2. Bowman’s Layer 3. Stroma (dense collagenous connective tissue) 4. Descemet’s Layer (Basement membrane) 5. Corneal Endothelium
35
What does the lens of the eye do?
Focus image on photosensitive portion of photoreceptor cells
36
Parts of the lens
Lens capsule, lens epithelium, lens fibrous region
37
Function of the retina
Photoreception of image processing by neurons prevent backscatter of light
38
Function of the iris
Regulate amount of light that reaches retina
39
Function of the ciliary bodies
Contraction of muscle changes lens through changing tension on he zonules, and therefore changing the focus from near the far objects
40
What type of skin is the epidermis?
Keratinized stratified squamous
41
5 layers of epidermis
1) Corneum 2) lucidum 3) granulosum 4) spinosum 5) basale
42
3 layers of skin
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous region
43
Stratum Basale
Single layer of cells between dermis and epidermis. Constant renewal of keratinocytes
44
Stratum Spinosum
Spiny appearance caused by desmosomes (intercellular bridges)
45
Stratum Spinosum
Spiny appearance caused by desmosomes (intercellular bridges)
46
Stratum Granulosum
Named for the little granules seen around each cell
47
Stratum Corneum
Most superficial layer, no nuclei, dead
48
What layer of skin is melanocytes found in?
The stratum basale
49
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer (top layer) Reticular layer (bottom layer)
50
What is the papillary layer of the dermis responsible for?
Supplying the epidermis with nutrition and blood, and lots of nerve endings
51
Meissner’s corpuscles
Nerve responsible for detecting light touch. Look like little tornados
52
Pacinian corpuscle
Nerve ending used for more intense pressure. Looks like onion
53
What is the reticular layer of the dermis responsible for?
Is is the deeper main portion of the dermis and is dense connective tissue and has a lot of the adnexa (skin structures)
54
Hair follicle
The base of the hair bulb is called the dermal papilla and it has a capillary network that sustains the hair follicle
55
How do hairs move?
Arrector Pili Muscles. They are smooth muscles that attach to the base of the hair follicle
56
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands that are around hair follicles that help water proof the hair and secrete sebum which is what makes hair oily
57
Sweat glands
Apocrine: duct opens into hair follicle Eccrine: duct opens directly to skin
58
What are the two portions of the respiratory system?
Conducting Portion: direct conduit to the environment Respiratory Portion: brings air close to the blood for gas exchange
59
What is the function of Nasal fossae?
Nassau fossae is in the conduction portion. There are 3 types Superior conchae- olfactory epithelium (used to transmit smells to the brain) Middle conchae- respiratory epithelium Inferior conchae- respiratory epithelium
60
What do swell bodies do?
They direct air, swell during allergic reaction, and warm air
61
Function of the larynx
Made of cartilage
62
Trachea function
Thin walled tube, made of smooth muscle and allows for regulation of size of lumen for cough reflex
63
Bronchus
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar w goblet cells, change from cartilage rings to cartilage plates
64
Bronchioles
Ciliated columnar, no cartilage plates or glands, well organized muscle layers
65
Respiratory Bronchiole
Cuboidal epithelium, gas exchange occurs across simple squamous
66
Alveolar Duct and Sac
Wall lined with simple squamous
67
Alveolus (singular for alveoli)
Allows for gas exchange, made of simple squamous
68
Type I vs Type II pneumocytes
Type I: simple squamous Type II: pneumocytes make and secrete surfactant (helps lower surface tension and prevent collapse of alveoli)
69
Arrangement of Tubular Organs
1. Tunica Muscularis 2. Submucosa 3. Mucosa
70
Parts of the small intestine
Plica circularis- series of permanent folds consisting of mucosa and submucosa Villi- small outgrowths of mucosa projecting into the lumen Microvili- aka brush border. Tiny vili around individual cells
71
Plica circularis vs Villi
72
Close up look of vili
73
What do Central Lacteals do?
They are lined lymph vessels and they run the length of the vili and feed into underlying lymphatic vessels. They are important in transporting lymph and absorbing lipids
74
Function of intestinal crypts
There are a lot of mitotic figures in the crypts, and their job is to replace epithelial cells in the vili
75
Function of small intestine vs function of large intestine
Small intestine: to absorb nutrients Large intestine: to absorb water
76
Why is there more goblet cells in the large intestine compared to the small?
They have to secrete jucos to protect mucosa and to help bind fecal material
77
Why do the liminal surfaces of the small and large intestines look different?
Small has villi, large does not (THEY BOTH HAVE MICROVILLI) the holes r just the crypts
78
Endocrine vs Exocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands secrete enzymes into duct systems Endocrine Glands secrete hormones directly into blood
79
Exocrine organs
Liver, pancreas, salivary glands
80
Endocrine organs
Pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas
81
Function of the Pituitary Gland
-Endocrine -controls most other hormone secreting glands
82
Function of the thyroid gland
-Endocrine -regulates metabolism
83
Function of the Liver
production/secretion of bile and synthesis of substances released into bloodstream
84
What type of cells are these in the liver?
The purple spots are Hepatocytes and the red are “cords” and and they are very active cells with abundant RER
85
Glycogen vs Lipid storage in the liver
86
Exocrine vs Endocrine Pancreas
Endocrine: secretes insulin and glucagon and made of Islet of Langerhans Exocrine: secreted digestive enzymes. Made of acini and ducts
87
What type of pancreas is this and what does it do?
Exocrine Secretes digestive enzymes
88
What type of pancreas is this and what does it do?
Endocrine Makes insulin and glucagon
89
Name the functions of each part
Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin Colloids store thyroglobuline
90
What do the following cells produce in the endocrine pancreas? (Made by the islet of langerhans) -Beta -Alpha -Delta
Beta- insulin Alpha- glucagon Delta- somatostatin

VIBS 243 (2 decks)

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