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VIBS 243 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between magnification and resolution?

A

Magnification: increase in image size

Resolution: smallest distance that can be distinguished between two points

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2
Q

What type of epithelium is pictured below and where is it usually found?

A

Simple Columnar: tall column cells in one layer. Found lining the intestines

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3
Q

What type of tissue is pictured below and what is it’s function?

A

Unilocular Adipose Tissue (White Fat) : connective tissue that is used to store energy and for thermoregulation

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4
Q

What muscle type is pictured below?

A

Skeletal muscle: has nuclei on the periphery and is striated. Voluntary muscle

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5
Q

What makes up a reflex?

A

A sensory pathway to the spinal cord and a motor pathway back out to the muscle

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6
Q

What is plasma?

A

Water and proteins that provide nutrients and hormones to tissues and removed waste

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7
Q

What are the major classes of cytoplasmic structures and what is an example of each?

A

Membranous organelles: used for metabolic functions (ER, Golgi, Mitochondria, etc)

Non-membranous organelles: (cytoskeleton, free ribosomes)

Inclusions: nutrients, pigments, secretions

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is pictured below and where is it commonly found?

A

Transitional epithelium found in the Urinary system

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9
Q

What is the name of the structure marked with a yellow star in the image below?

A

Ground substance: part of the extracellular matrix that contains water and molecules

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10
Q

What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

Motor end plate/neuromuscular junction: junction of a nerve axon with a skeletal muscle cell

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11
Q

What connective tissue layers are pictured below?

A

A: Epineurium (surrounds whole nerve)

B: Perineurium (surrounds fascicle)

C: Endoneurium (surrounds individual axons)

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12
Q

What blood cells are pictured below?

A

A: Monocyte

B: Eosinophil

C: Basophil

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13
Q

What type of microscopy are pictured below and what are they used for?

A

1: Conventional EM- used for viewing cellular details

2: Toluidine blue- helps view tissues and cells

3: H&E- helps view acidic (blue-structures) Vs basic (red-cytoplasm) structures

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14
Q

What is the structure marked with the arrow below and what is it’s function?

A

Basement membrane: holds cells onto the underlying connective tissue

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15
Q

What type of cartilages are pictured below?

A

A: Hyaline cartilage (glassy looking, in trachea and joints)

B: Elastic cartilage (lots of elastic fibers)

C: Fibrocartilage (lots of collagen bundles)

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16
Q

What type of muscle is pictured below and what are some characteristics of it?

A

Cardiac muscle: involuntary contractions. Has branches connected by intercalcated discs that allow for increased communication, has abundant mitochondria, has striations

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17
Q

How do platelets form and enter the bloodstream?

A

They pinch off from the projections of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and squeeze through gaps in the endothelium to enter the bloodstream

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18
Q

What structures are labeled by the arrows below?

A

A: Fascicles of nerve axons

B: Myelinated axons

C: Motor end plate/neuromuscular junction

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19
Q

What are the functions of the cells pictured below?

A

A: Red Blood Cell-Transportation of oxygen

B: White Blood Cell-Immune defense

C: Platelet- prevent loss of transportation of blood

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20
Q

What types of microscopy is used on the following images?

A

1: Carbon Replica Electron Microscope

2 & 3: Scanning Electron Microscope

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21
Q

What is the function of the structure indicated by the arrow in the image below and what type of epithelium is pictured?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: the arrow is pointing to cilia that function to move debris out of the air in respiratory system

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22
Q

Label the following image

A
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23
Q

What are some characteristics of the muscle pictures below?

A

Smooth muscle: involuntary. Few extracellular fibers. Non striated.

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24
Q

What structures are labeled by arrows in the image below?

A

A: Cell body of ganglion neurons (dark due to granularity of Nissl substance)

B: Myelinated axon

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25
What type of WBCs are pictured below and what type of infection do they most likely target?
A: Eosinophil- Parasitic infection B: Neutrophil- Bacterial infection C: Basophil- Allergic reactions
26
What organelles would need to be abundant in the following cell types? 1: Muscle cells that contract a lot 2: Leydig cells that produce testosterone 3: Neurons that produce lots of protein
1: mitochondria’s to make lots of ATP for energy 2: Smoot Ear to make lipids that are used in hormones 3: Ribosomes for abundant protein synthesis
27
What type of epithelium are pictured below and where are they found?
A: simple squamous- endothelium lining blood vessels B: stratified cuboidal- lining sweat ducts C: stratified squamous- lining the epidermis of the skin
28
Hematoxylin stains what color?
Blue
29
What type of microscopy is this?
Conventional Transmission
30
What type of microscopy is this?
Carbon Replica
31
What type of microscopy is this?
Scanning Electron Microscopy
32
What is the extracellular matrix?
Non cellular structures including fibers and grind substance, regulates cell function
33
4 types of tissue
Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue
34
Is epithelium vascular or avascular?
Avascular, it relies on underlying connective tissue for support
35
Naming epithelial structures
36
simple squamous cells
Single layer of flat cells Blood vessels, covering organs
37
simple cuboidal cells
Single layer of cubed cells Kidney tubules, liver cells, thyroid gland
38
Simple columnar cells
Single layer of tall, thin cells Intestines
39
Stratified squamous cells
multiple layers of cells with flat ones at the surface Skin, esophagus
40
Non-Keratinized Vs Keratinized Stratified squamous
Nuclei present in all layers of cells Vs surface level without nuclei
41
Stratified cuboidial and columnar
Found in duct systems
42
Pseudostratified columnar
single layer of tall, thin cells packed together in such a jumble that they seem to be in layers, although all of the cells reach the basement membrane Respiratory passage
43
Transitional
multiple layers; apical cells are rounded but can look more flattened when wall is stretched. Apical cells are larger than basal cells
44
What are some functions of connective tissue?
The histological glue which binds the other tissues together to form organs Mechanical support - stroma in organs, skeleton/bone Metabolite exchange - vascular beds Energy storage - adipose tissue Inflammation - site of action for blood borne immune cells
45
What are the proper connective tissues?
1. Collagenous 2. Reticular 3. Elastic 4. Mucous
46
Types of Adipose Tissue
1. Unilocular adipose tissue (white fat) 2. Multilocular adipose tissue (brown fat)
47
Types of Specialized Connective Tissue
Cartilage, bone, blood
48
Collagenous CT
Provides framework for most organs Made of collagen
49
Unilocular Adipose Tissue (White Fat)
Found pretty much everywhere in body
50
Multilocular Adipose Tissue (Brown Fat)
Found in hibernating animals, babies Generates body heat
51
Types of cartilage
1. Hyaline (most common) 2. Elastic (ear) 3. Fibrous (scarcest, attaches tendon to bone)
52
General arrangement of cartilage
Perichondrium, cells, matrix
53
Perichondrium
Capsule-like sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
54
Two type of cartilage cells
1. Chondroblasts - inner layer of perichondrium 2. Chondrocytes - cells of mature cartilage, produce protein
55
What is the matrix of cartilage?
Extracellular products between groups of chondrocytes
56
General arrangement of bones
Periosteum, cells, matrix
57
Compact bone Vs Cancellous bone
1. Found along collar of long bones 2. Makes up interior of bone along with bone marrow
58
Types of bone cells
1. Osteocytes 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteoclasts
59
Osteocytes
-Cells of formed bone -Osteocytes reside in lacunae within the bone -Secrete substances necessary for bone maintenance
60
Osteoblasts
-found on surface of bone - expand bone by appositional growth
61
Osteoclasts
- Large, multinucleated cells - On bone surface - responsible for bone resorption/remodeling
62
Periosteum
Lining outside of bone
63
Endosteum
Lining inside bone and lining spongy bone
64
3 types of muscle
1. Skeletal muscle (voluntary, large and multinucleated cells, striated) 2. Cardiac muscle (involuntary, mononucleated and branched cells, striated) 3. Smooth muscle (involuntary, mononucleated, non striated)
65
Skeletal muscle
- Voluntary Control - Multinucleated - Nucleus on periphery of cell - Striations
66
Muscle arrangement
1. Epimysium- outside CCT covering 2. Perimysium- CCT around fascicles 3. Endomysium- delicate CCT around muscle fibers
67
Smooth Muscle
- Involuntary Control - Mononucleated - Nucleus centrally placed - No Striations
68
Cardiac Muscle
- Involuntary - Branched cells - Has Striations - Nuclei centrally located - Has intercalated discs (Connect adjacent cells, Functions to synchronize contractions among cells)
69
Two divisions of nervous system
1. Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord) 2. Peripheral Nervous System (nerves, ganglia)
70
Types of neurons
1. Bipolar (sight) 2. Pseudounipolar (sensory) 3. Multipolar (motor)
71
Types of neuroglia
1. Satellite cells aka Astrocytes 2. Neurolemmocyte aka Schwann cells
72
Satellite cells/Astrocytes
Surround cell bodies, function in ion exchange
73
Neurolemmocyte (Schwann cell in PNS) or Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
- surround axons - contributes to myelin production
74
Node of Ranvier
75
Myelin Sheath
76
Organization of nerve
Epineurum - surrounding entire nerve Perineurum - surrounding fascicles Endoneurum - between individual axons
77
Function division of nervous system
1. Somatic (Voluntary) 2. Autonomic (Involuntary) a. Sympathetic (fight or flight) b. Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
78
How does signals travel in nerves?
Signal picked up by dendrites -> travel down axon -> go across synapse
79
Where do signals meet muscle?
motor end plates
80
Two main parts of blood
Fluid: plasma Formed elements: – Erythrocytes or RBCs – Leukocytes or WBCs – Platelets (mammalian)
81
What is plasma made out of?
Water and proteins
82
Erythrocytes
CO2 and O2 transport
83
Neutrophils
Fights off bacteria
84
Eosinophils
parasitic infections, inflammatory processes, allergy
85
Basophils
release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators
86
Monocytes
become macrophages
87
lymphocytes
Kills virus infected cells and antibody producing plasma cells (Smaller than neutrophils so look for this to compare)
88
Platelets
Clotting of blood

VIBS 243 (2 decks)

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