Final Exam

Question 1

increase in size of an organism

Answer 1

growth

Question 2

orderly sequence of events where the fetus progresses to an adaptable adult capable of surviving its environment

Answer 2

development

Question 3

sum of characteristics biologically transmitted from parents to offspring that determines physical traits

Answer 3

heredity

Question 4

What are the two cell types

Answer 4

somatic or reproductive

Question 5

What type of cells is heredity concerned with

Answer 5

germ or reproductive

Question 6

How many pairs of chromosomes are in each cell

Answer 6

23 pairs

Question 7

a very long strand of DNA and contains many genes

Answer 7

chromosome

Question 8

What is the location of a gene called

Answer 8

locus

Question 9

a segment of DNA containing the code used to synthesize a protein

Answer 9

gene

Question 10

person’s unique combination of genes or genetic makeup

Answer 10

genotype

Question 11

the actual structure and function of a person’s body

Answer 11

phenotype

Question 12

full set of chromosomes in a person’s cells

Answer 12

karyotype

Question 13

What do a person’s 46 chromosomes contain

Answer 13

individual’s phenotype

Question 14

What is the most common chromosomal birth defect

Answer 14

down syndrome

Question 15

What are the factors that are responsible for regulation of development

Answer 15

genetic, hormonal, and environmental

Question 16

cell division and subsequent increase in cell number

Answer 16

hyperplasia

Question 17

increased cell size with no further increase in cell number

Answer 17

hypertrophy

Question 18

What is hyperplasia measured by

Answer 18

DNA weight of tissue

Question 19

What is hypertrophy measured by

Answer 19

amount of protein or DNA

Question 20

What happens if you are ascorbic acid defincient

Answer 20

odontoblastic atrophy or lacking dentin

Question 21

What happens if you are vitamin a deficient

Answer 21

ameloblasts affected, enamel hypoplasia, odontoblastic disarrangement, salivary gland atrophy, and increased dental caries

Question 22

What happens if you are iron deficinet

Answer 22

slow growth, anemia, absence of normal pigmentation of incisors, decreased salivary flow, increased caries

Question 23

What happens if you have protein malnutrition

Answer 23

slow growth, overall smaller size, delayed molar eruption, impaired salivary function, and increased caries

Question 24

What causes cleft lip and palate

Answer 24

folic acid

Question 25

foods or beverages that readily cause a drop in plaque pH to less than 5.5 within 30 minutes

Answer 25

acidogenic

Question 26

What amino acids are oxidized into sulfuric acid

Answer 26

methionine and cysteine

Question 27

food or beverages that contain fermentable carbs that can be metabolized by oral bacteria to cause a decrease in plaque pH to less than 5.5 and result in demineralization of tooth enamel and ultimately caries

Answer 27

cariogenic

Question 28

foods or beverages that can prevent cariogenic activity when eaten before an acidogenic product

Answer 28

anticariogenic

Question 29

foods or beverages that cannot be metabolized by dental plaque bacteria within 30 minutes and do not cause a drop in salivary pH to critical level of less than 5.5

Answer 29

cariostatic

Question 30

- directly effects plaque metabolism - reduces carbs availability as a source of energy - increases salivary urea levels - in general, cariostatic

Answer 30

proteins

Question 31

- change the surface property of enamel - interfere with sugar solubility - directly inhibit bacterial growth - replaces carbs as a source of energy - in genera, cariostatic

Answer 31

lipids

Question 32

What vitamin is considered to be cariogenic

Answer 32

niacin

Question 33

What vitamin is considered to be cariostatic

Answer 33

pyridoxine

Question 34

associated with low caries

Answer 34

fluoride

Question 35

What are the beneficial trace minerals

Answer 35

strontium, vanadium, lithium, zinc, iron, molybdenum

Question 36

What trace minerals are associated with increased caries

Answer 36

selenium, copper, lead, and cadmium

Question 37

What sugars are monosaccharides

Answer 37

glucose fructose and galactose

Question 38

What sugars are disaccharides

Answer 38

sucrose lactose and maltose

Question 39

What are the fiber sugar alcohols

Answer 39

saccharin aspartame and sucralose

Question 40

most important substrate in synthesis of adhesive and storage polysaccharides

Answer 40

sucrose

Question 41

How much sweeter is aspartame compred to sucrose

Answer 41

180 x

Question 42

What are the food cariogenicity tests

Answer 42

chemical analysis of foods, physical-chemical properties, acid production in saliva, plaque studies, in vitro caries, in vivo caries, animal models

Question 43

What nutrients may modulate perio disease

Answer 43

vitamin c, vitamin d, and calcium

Question 44

a complex biological process that aims to restore the damaged tissues

Answer 44

wound healing

Question 45

What types of cells are involved in wound healing

Answer 45

platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelia cells

Question 46

What is wound healing controlled by

Answer 46

cytokines and chemokines

Question 47

What are the four phases of wound healing

Answer 47

hemostasis, inflammation, repair, and remodeling

Question 48

activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from vascular system

Answer 48

extrinsic

Question 49

Is the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway quicker

Answer 49

extrinsic

Question 50

activated by trauma inside vascular system

Answer 50

intrinsic pathway

Question 51

What is new tissue comprised of

Answer 51

collagen and extracellular matrix

Question 52

net work of blood vessels

Answer 52

angiogenesis

Question 53

final phase of cellular remodeling and occurs once the wound has closed

Answer 53

maturation

Question 54

What type of collagen does type III collagen turn into during maturation

Answer 54

type I

Question 55

What can delay wound healing

Answer 55

protein energy malnutrition

Question 56

What percent of total caloric intake should be carbs

Answer 56

55-60 %

Question 57

What percent of the caloric intake should be proteins

Answer 57

20-25 %

Question 58

What percent of the caloric intake should be fats

Answer 58

20-25 %