Final Exam Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
How did malaria first enter into the Americas?
A
during the beginning of European exploration
2
Q
Why is the sickle cell trait beneficial to people living in areas of endemic malaria?
A
the sickle cell trait gives you immunity to malaria
3
Q
the malaria organism reproduces in which tissue or organ?
A
liver and red blood cells
4
Q
what kind of causative agent causes malaria? (ex: bacteria, virus,protozoa etc)
A
protozoa
5
Q
the social stigma and shunning of those with leprosy took what rights away?
A
work, move freely and see loved ones, and vote
6
Q
what is the scientific name of the causative agent for leprosy
A
mycobacterium leprae
7
Q
leprosy is transmitted through aerosol droplets (T/F)
A
true
8
Q
95% of human population has natural immunity to leprosy (T/F)
A
true
9
Q
a patient stops transmitting leprosy once they begin treatment (T/F)
A
true
10
Q
leprosy can be transmitted by casual contact such as shaking hands or hugging (t/f)
A
false
11
Q
what animal can be infected with leprosy
A
armadillos
12
Q
is leprosy a very contagious disease
A
no
13
Q
what factors contributed to the spread of tuberculosis in the US in the past few decades (3)
A
HIV epidemic, increased immigration of people from endemic areas, and increased homelessness with drug abuse
14
Q
Is tuberculosis curable and preventable
A
yes
15
Q
is tuberculosis treated with a single antibiotic
A
no
16
Q
what is the causative agent called that causes tuberculosis
A
mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium Bovis
17
Q
WASH infrastructure has no impact on the prevention of cholera in endemic countries (T/F)
A
false it has a major impact
18
Q
SARS CoV 2 vaccines in the US use which technologies
A
mRNA, adenovirus vector, and adjuvants sub unit protein
19
Q
coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV1 have been found in what animals
A
bats, palm civets and raccoon dogs
20
Q
the first SARS outbreak was in what country
A
china
21
Q
is MERS a zoonotic diseases
A
yes
22
Q
is MERS transmitted by mosquitoes
A
no
23
Q
is MERS associated with bats and camels
A
yes
24
Q
mers is an emerging diseases caused by a new corona virus identified in what year
A
2012
25
what can someone in Texas do to lower the chances of being infected with an arbovirus
reduce contact with vector
26
are arboviruses transmitted by arthropods
yes
27
what is the natural host for Lassa fever
rodents
28
is Lassa fever a vector borne disease
no
29
do hemorrhagic viral diseases cause multi organ failure and death
yes
30
can ebola be transmitted by mosquitoes
no
31
how is ebola transmitted
infected animals, infected bodily fluids, infected fruit or bushmeat
32
Ebola is a hemorrhagic disease caused by a bacterium of the family filoviruses
false it is a virus
33
what is the only ANIMAL disease that has been eradicated
rinderpest
34
the Irish potato famine was caused by what 2 major things
peoples food coming from a monoculture and a fungus attacking their staple food
35
vaccination aims to induce an innate immune response to a pathogen (T?F)
false it is an acquired response
36
is the number of people vaccinated in order to reach herd immunity the same for all pathogens
no it varies on how contagious a pathogen is
37
what was variolation
inoculation of scabs from smallpox virus patients to protect against pox viruses
38
which is stronger and faster a primary (antibodies) or a secondary immune response
a secondary response is more rapid and stronger
39
immunoglobulins produced by B cells that bind to antigens are also called....
antibodies
40
do all bacteria causes disease
no
41
what are Koch's postulates
criteria for establishing the relation of a microbe to the cause of disease
42
give the size of pathogens in order from smallest to largest
viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths
43
the germ theory was started by who
pasteur
44
what percent of all diseases are zoonotic
60%
45
what percent of emerging diseases are zoonotic
75%
46
arboviruses include what 4 diseases
dengue, Chikungunya, yellow fever and zika
47
arthropod borne viruses are called what
arboviruses
48
what animal is the reservoir for monkeypox
grass cutters/ cane rats
49
what disease is an arenavirus
lassa fever
50
what 2 diseases are filoviruses
ebola and marbug
51
what 4 diseases are flaviviruses
dengue, yellow fever, west nile, and zika
52
what do the hemorragic fever viruses have in common
- rna viruses
- all covered in lipid coat
- all need natural reservoirs
- geographically restricted
53
what is the mortality rate of ebola
50-100%
54
when and where was ebola first seen
in 1976 Sudan
55
what is the reservoir for ebola
fruit bats and pigs
56
where and when was marbug first seen
1967 marbug germany
57
ebola can stay in semen for 9 months (T/F)
true
58
when and where was Lassa fever first described
Nigeria in 1960s
59
is lassa fever vector borne
no it is transmitted by contact with rodent urine and feces
60
what is biological warfare
using a living organism to harm others but on a larger scale by use of military
61
what is biological terrorism
a smaller scale of biological warfare
62
arrows dipped in manure were used by who in 400BC
the sythians
63
who put blood from lepers in wine of French in 1495
spaniards
64
what did mongal army use in the siege of Caffa in 1346 as biological weapons
plague infected cadavers
65
the interval between the time of infection and when an infected individual becomes infectious is called...
latent period
66
what is an epidemic
a disease outbreak in a specific community
67
what is an endemic
a disease that usually takes place
68
what is a pandemic
worldwide spread of disease
69
The epidemiologic triad model of disease causation includes what three things
agent, host, environment
70
the development of agriculture resulted in what
emergence of zoonotic diseases
71
are a pathogens infectivity and virulence always directly correlated
no
72
early human societies were sedentary hunter gatherers (t/f)
false
73
our human ancestors first migrated out of Africa how many years ago
100,000 years ago
74
what is the germ theory
pathogens or germs can cause disease
75
what are cytokines
small glycoprotiens secreted by cells of the innate immune system
76
what is the R0 or R naught value
the number of people a single infected person is likely to infect
77
what diseases have been eradicated
smallpox and rinderpest
78
cell-mediated immunity is important for protection against infections with intercellular bacteria (T/F)
true `
79
what organs are responsible for producing immune responses
spleen, thymus, and lymph node
80
The number of people who must be vaccinated to reach “herd immunity” is the same for all pathogens. (T/F)
false
81
what 4 tests are used for diagnosis of tuberculosis
chest x-ray. interferon-gamma release assay, sputum smear test, tuberculin skin test
82
what are the 3 forms of plague
pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic
83
what is the most common form of plague
bubonic
84
what are buboes of plague
swollen painful lymph nodes
85
how can people get plague
aerosal, direct contact with rodents, flea bites
86
what 8 countries were responsible for 2/3rds of worlds tuberculosis cases
India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and the democratic republic of the Congo
87
how was yersinia pestis (plague) brought to North America
in early 1900s by ships from hong Kong to San Francisco
88
what does treatment for tuberculosis require
long term therapy with a combination of antibiotics
89
What was Sanatoria
established by Germans to treat tuberculosis
90
This bacterial agent that causes tuberculosis is transmitted to humans through the milk of infected cows:
mycobacterium bovis
91
does the US have the highest incidence for tuberculosis
no
92
why do cholera patients become dehydrated
profuse diarrhea
93
is cholera spread through direct contact
no
94
is it possible to eradicate cholera with vaccines
no
95
what country is most affected by cholera
Bangladesh
96
what is cholera caused by
a toxin from a bacteria vibrio cholerae
97
is vibrio cholerae resistant to stomach acid
no
98
where did cholera originate from
the Ganges river in India
99
how many cholera pandemics have occurred
7
100
who discovered malaria and where
Ronald Ross in India
101
what contains the first reference of malaria
the New Ching
102
what is the vector for malaria
female anopheles mosquito
103
when do the clinical signs of malaria occur
when the red blood cells burst
104
is the vector of malaria in Texas
yes!!!`
105
is malaria species specific
yes
106
how did malaria enter the americas
European exploration
107
what is the name of the causative agent for malaria
plasmodium
108
is the measles virus a single stranded DNA virus
no
109
why is measles eradication possible
infection and vaccination provide lifelong immunity, safe vaccine, it does not have an animal reservoir
110
does leprosy cause a chronic viral disease that damages the peripheral nerves and skin
no
111
where do meals origins trace back to
neolithic period when agricultural societies started domesticating cows
112
what is the most infectious disease
measles
113
Which percent of nonimmune people exposed to a single positive person can get infected?
90%
114
The origins of the measles virus have been traced back to Rinderpest, a virus that affected cows and that has been eradicated.
true
115
In the worst cases of Hansen’s disease, the infection damages the skin and nerves, leaving patients numb and susceptible to injury, and affected body parts can become gangrenous.(t/f)
true
116
influenza vaccines are produced in
mammalian cells, embryonate chicken eggs, and insects cells
117
Influenza A is further subdivided into subtypes based on what gene criteria
neuraminidase and hemagglutinin
118
HIV originated from what animal species
chimpanzee and gorilla
119
what viral proteins do antiviral drugs target to treat influenza
virus polymerase complex and neuraminidase
120
were vaccines used to control the 1918 flu pandemic
no
121
is AIDS caused by HIV a retrovirus
yes
122
what is antigenic shift
emergence of new strains of influenza by exchange of genome segments (genes) from two different viruses
123
what is antigenic drift
emergence of new strains of influenza by point mutations or mistakes during viral replication
124
why is developing a vaccine for HIV AIDS hard
it is always mutating
125
cna HIV be transmitted through casual contact
no
126
what are the 3 stages for HIV
fever and sickness, asymptomatic, and terminal illness
127
food security is based on having what
a reliable and nutritious food supply
128
how many people died during the Irish potato famine
2.5M
129
was rinderpest once considered a biological weapon
yes
130
what year was rinderpest eradicated
2011
131
the potato blight is caused by what type of agent
fungus
132
how is the modern smallpox disease given
inoculating vaccinia virus with a bifurcated needle
133
what year was smallpox eradicated
1980
134
where are the Variola virus repositories located today
Russia and Atlanta Georgia
135
what are the most important staples for human diet
rice and wheat
136
what is variolation
inoculation with scabs from smallpox patients
137
what two viruses have transovarial transmission in Aedes mosquito
yellow fever and rift valley fever
138
what disease cause frequent deaths in Texas in the 1800s and 1900a
yellow fever
139
Zika virus infections in pregnant women can result in what one condition?
microencephaly in fetuses
140
is there a vaccine for yellow fever
yes
141
Poliovirus attacks which area of the nervous system:
the spinal cord and anterior horn neuron cells
142
Zika virus was first isolated from what animal in the Zika forest of Uganda?
monkeys
143
what two countries have circulating wild type polio virus
alfghanistan and Pakistan
144
what factors complicate the WHO polio vaccine campaign:
rumor that it will sterilize women, virus circulating in areas of poor sanitation, difficulty reaching some populations
145
what ways can people become infected with ebola
contact with diarrhea and vomit, aerosol in hospitals, direct contact with corpses, lab accidents
146
did the army give men in WW1 condoms and education
no
147
The British Anthrax experiments at Gruinard Island proved that ...
an anthrax attack can make land uninhabitable
148
Why would a terrorist use biological terror agents instead of bombs
biological agents don't destroy property
149
The Japanese Military Physicians experimented on humans at Unit 731 to
improve health of their army, better understand the disease process, invade and conquer Manchuria
150
The Soviet Biological Weapons Program was the largest in the world and...
they stockpiles more anthrax spores than anyone else, included animal diseases too, and stopped after fall of Soviet Union
151
Spiroketa palladium is the cause of syphilis. (t/f)
false
152
texas has the highest rate of congenital syphilis in the US (t/f)
true
153
what type of causative agent causes syphilis
bacteria
154
what percent of biowarfare agents are zoonotic
90%
155
what does the ISIS laptop contain
19 pg document in Arabic on how to develop biological weapons and how to weaponize the bubonic plague
156
who invented the germ theory
Louis pasteur
157
what is incubation period
time from infection until the first clinical signs
158
159
what is infectivity
ability to produce or transmit infection
160
what is pathogenicity
ability of an organism to cause disease
161
what is virulence
degree of harm a pathogen can cause
162
who is the father of vaccinology
Edward jenner
163
what is the name of the causative agent for plague
yersinia pestis a bacteria
164
what disease has killed more people
tuberculosis
165
what was Potts disease
tuberculosis of the spine
166
Characteristics of Mycobacteria
- Complex cell walls rich in glycolipids
- Resists phagocytosis, attachment of antibody, and entry of antimicrobials
- Slow growth rates: generation time of 12-36 hours
167
what is the name and type of causative agent for cholera
vibrio cholerae bacteria
168
what did John snow do in importance to cholera
he found that the Broadstreet pump was connected to infections and it came from water
169
what did Filippo panini do in relation to cholera
he discovered comma shaped bacteria in intestines
170
what did Robert koch do in relation to cholera
isolated the bacteria and suggested it produced toxins
171
who advocated the miasma theory for cholera
max von petterkofer
172
who advocated the poison theory for choler
John snow
173
who advocated the germ theory for cholera
Robert koch
174
who isolated the cholera bacteria
Robert koch
175
what is plasmodium malariae
malaria of the subtropics
176
what is the R0 for measles
12-18
177
what kind of virus is measles
single stranded RNA
178
what did Rhazes do
determined difference between measles and smallpox
179
what year was measles eliminated from USA
2000
180
tuberculosis can cause immunity for what other disease
leprosy
181
what is the reservoir host for COVID
horseshoe bats
182
what was operation warp speed
mass production of vaccines
183
where did SARS originate from
Guangdong China
184
where was the first SARS superspreader event
metropolis motel ong Kông
185
where was the largest outbreak of MERS outside of the peninsula
Republic of Korea 2015
186
what is the intermediate host for MERS
dromedary camals
187
how long does vaccine manufacturing take for the flue
6 months
188
what develops slower smallpox or chicken pox
smallpox
189
is the Texas zebra chip disease vector borne
yes
190
cane rats are reservoirs for what disease
monkeypox
191
lassa fever is what type of virus
arena virus
192
ebola and marbug are what types of viruses
filoviruses
193
dengue, yellow, west nile, and zika are what kind of virus
flaviviruses
194
where did ebola originate
South Sudan
195
where did marbug originate
Marburg germany
196
where was Lassa fever first described
nigeria 1960s
197
what does the mastomys rat carry
lassa fever
198
is lassa fever vector borne
no
199
what transmits yellow fever
aedes mosquito
200
who was the first to propose that mosquitoes transmitted yellow fever
Carlos Juan Finlay
201
who eliminated yellow fever in CUBA
Crawford Vargas
202
what is it called when yellow fever is passed from monkeys to humans
syllabic yellow fever
203
who isolated the yellow fever virus
max theiller
204
who isolated the dengue fever virus and where
Ren Kimura and Susumu Hotta in Japan
205
where id dengue fever endemic
Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands
206
where was the West Nile virus first identified
Uganda 1937
207
what animals are primary reservoirs for west nile
birds
208
where is the white nile
lake Victoria in Uganda
209
where is the blue nile
lake tana in Ethiopia
210
where does the nile river empty into
Mediterranean Sea
211
what is the vector for zika
aedes mosquito
212
where was the Chikungunya virus identified
1952 Tanzania
213
where was rift valley fever first identified
rift valley of Kenya
214
what disease causes abortion in sheep
rift valley fever
215
where does polio replicate
pharynx and GI tract
216
by what day is the antibody for polio in serum
day 10
217
who managed to induce polio in old world monkeys by injecting them with extracts of the spinal cord of a boy who died from polio work in Vienna.
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper
218
Maize
Tomato
potato
vanilla
Para (rubber tree)
Cacao
Tobacco
are old or new world plans
new
219
Citrus
Apple
Banana
Mango
Onion
Coffee
Wheat
Rice
are new or old world plants
old
220
who coined the name syphilis
Girolamo Fracastoro who had a poem
221
what was a grand gore.
large sore
222
causative agent of syphilis
bacteria treponema pallidum
223
how many stages of syphilis are there
4
224
Sore throat
Weight loss
Skin rashes
Joint pain
Fever
Fatigue
Stiff neck meningitis
Happens 1-6 months after primary infection
Symmetrical reddish pink not itchy rashes on body
Become flat white lesions called condylomata lata
All of them are infectious
what stage is this
secondary stage
225
who showed that gonorrhea and syphilis were distinct
Benjamin Bell
226
what were 3 advances in 1900s for syphilis
The spirochete Treponema pallidum was identified
Serological diagnostic test for syphilis developed
Advances in therapy
227
Vaugirard Hospital in Paris (1780)
was important because
is was the first time syphilis was treated as a medical problem and not a moral problem
228
who has a 5 point plan to eradicate syphilis
Thomas Parra
229
Guaiacum Wood Treatment
was used for what
to treat syphilis
230
mercury therapy caused what
produced saliva a sign of mercury poisoning
231
what was fever therapy
using malaria to give fever and treat syphilis
232
who invented fever therapy
Julius Van Wagner
233
Arsphenamine was a form of what
arsenic
234
who invited penicillin
Alexander Fleming
235
what were the Tuskegee studies
plan to help improve healthcare for African Americans in the south but they just lied to them
236
