Final Exam

Question 1

The nervous system mediates _______ ___________ across the body.

Answer 1

rapid communication

Question 2

The central nervous system contains the….

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

The peripheral nervous system contains….

Answer 3

all other nervous tissue outside the CNS

Question 4

responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating actions

Answer 4

central nervous system

Question 5

relays information to and from the CNS and can be divided into the afferent and efferent divisions

Answer 5

peripheral nervous system

Question 6

collects sensory information and sends that information to the CNS

Answer 6

afferent

Question 7

relays command information from the CNS to effectors such as muscles to bring about a response by the body

Answer 7

efferent

Question 8

What are the two divisions of the efferent peripheral nervous system

Answer 8

somatic and autonomic

Question 9

relays commands to skeletal muscles

Answer 9

somatic nervous system

Question 10

relays involuntary commands to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Answer 10

autonomic nervous system

Question 11

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 11

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 12

sends commands to bring about a “fight or flight” state

Answer 12

sympathetic nervous system

Question 13

sends commands to bring about a “rest and digest” state

Answer 13

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 14

information and commands are sent in the form of ______ ________ throughout the nervous system

Answer 14

action potentials

Question 15

What types of cells are action potentials located in

Answer 15

neurons

Question 16

_________ receive information through dendrites and send information via axons

Answer 16

neurons

Question 17

Neurons can be what three things

Answer 17

multipolar, bipolar, or unipolar

Question 18

transmit sensory information from receptors

Answer 18

sensory neurons

Question 19

transmit commands to effectors

Answer 19

motor neurons

Question 20

relay information between other neurons

Answer 20

interneurons

Question 21

cells that support neurons

Answer 21

neuroglia

Question 22

Where are oligodendrocytes located

Answer 22

CNS

Question 23

Where are Schwann cells located

Answer 23

PNS

Question 24

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells both wrap around neuron axons forming an insulating ______ ______

Answer 24

myelin sheath

Question 25

Where do axons carry action potentials to

Answer 25

synapses with other neurons or effector cells

Question 26

_________ _________ are propagated changes in membrane potential

Answer 26

action potentials

Question 27

refers to the distribution of charges across a cell membrane

Answer 27

membrane potential

Question 28

If there are more positive charges outside of a cell, membrane potential is....

Answer 28

negative

Question 29

If there are more positive charges inside the cell, membrane potential is.....

Answer 29

positive

Question 30

Neurons have a resting membrane potential of...

Answer 30

-70 mV

Question 31

if a sodium channel in the membrane opens, sodium will move into the cell causing membrane potential to increase

Answer 31

depolarization

Question 32

What ways can channels be opened

Answer 32

ligands, mechanical stimulus, and a change in membrane potential

Question 33

What can lead to an action potential if neighboring voltage-gated channels in the are are open

Answer 33

depolarization

Question 34

For an action potential to start, the membrane potential must be depolarized to...

Answer 34

-55mV

Question 35

What is the voltage at which voltage-gated sodium channels open and is known as the action potential threshold

Answer 35

-55mV

Question 36

What kind of response are action potentials

Answer 36

all or nothing

Question 37

The presence of what will increase action potential speed

Answer 37

myelin sheath

Question 38

the junction between the axon terminal and the other cell

Answer 38

synapse

Question 39

at chemical synapses, ________ are released at the axon terminal when an action potential arrives

Answer 39

neurotransmitters

Question 40

muscle tissue is specialized for ________

Answer 40

contraction

Question 41

muscle cell contraction is driven by interaction between ______ and ________

Answer 41

actin and myosin

Question 42

What are the three types of muscle tissue

Answer 42

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 43

What type of muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled

Answer 43

skeletal

Question 44

What type of muscle tissue is involuntarily controlled

Answer 44

smooth and cardiac

Question 45

What type of muscle tissue is the most abundant

Answer 45

skeletal

Question 46

the cells in skeletal muscle tissue are called.....

Answer 46

skeletal muscle fibers

Question 47

skeletal muscle fibers contain _____ and _______ arranged in sarcomeres, which are joined end to end to form _______

Answer 47

actin and myosin, myofibrils

Question 48

When skeletal muscle fibers contract where do action potentials travel across

Answer 48

sarcolemma > t-tubules > sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 49

What stops troponin and tropmyosin blocking access to actin

Answer 49

calcium

Question 50

myosin heads bind to _____ and pull it to the center of the sarcomere

Answer 50

actin

Question 51

muscle fibers in skeletal muscles are surrounded by connective tissue and bundled into......

Answer 51

fascicles

Question 52

sheets of connective tissue within a muscle come together at each end of a skeletal muscle to form a ______ or an _______

Answer 52

tendon or an aponeurosis

Question 53

more moveable, origin of muscle less moveable

Answer 53

insertion of muscle

Question 54

What type of connective tissue is blood

Answer 54

fluid connective tissue

Question 55

What do the formed elements of blood originate from

Answer 55

red bone marrow

Question 56

99.9% of formed elements

Answer 56

red blood cells

Question 57

red blood cells are involved in what

Answer 57

O2 and CO2 transport

Question 58

make up the rest of the formed elements in fluid connective tissue

Answer 58

white blood cells and platelets

Question 59

What activates the common pathway

Answer 59

extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

Question 60

What activates prothrombin to thrombin

Answer 60

Factor Xa

Question 61

What do prothrombin and thrombin convert to

Answer 61

fibrinogen and fibrin

Question 62

are essential for blood clotting

Answer 62

calcium and vitamin k

Question 63

facilitates repair

Answer 63

clot retraction

Question 64

dissolves the clot

Answer 64

fibrinolysis

Question 65

What are the goals of immunity

Answer 65

prevent pathogens entering body, distinguish self from nonself, and remove foreign particles, pathogens, and abnormal cells from the body

Question 66

Innate immunity is....

Answer 66

present at birth non-specific faster no memory

Question 67

adaptive immunity is...

Answer 67

not fully functional at birth specific slower has memory

Question 68

innate immunity consists of...

Answer 68

physical barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation, immune surveillance, interferons, complement system, and fever

Question 69

skin, hair, sebaceous glands and sweat glands, mucous membranes, tears and saliva, and stomach acid are all what

Answer 69

physical barriers

Question 70

macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, and dendritic cells are all what

Answer 70

phagocytosis

Question 71

in response to damage they stimulate increased blood flow and attract white blood cells

Answer 71

mast cells

Question 72

vasodilation = blood to area = plasma and white blood cells to area

Answer 72

histamine

Question 73

inhibition of blood clotting = clotting occurs around damaged area but not within it, temporarily sealing off the are from neighboring healthy tissue

Answer 73

hepatin

Question 74

medicated by natural killer cells

Answer 74

immune surveillance

Question 75

a type of cytokine released by tissue cells infected with viruses

Answer 75

interferons

Question 76

substances that can stimulate a rise in body temperate by signaling to thermoregulatory center in brain

Answer 76

pyrogens

Question 77

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

Answer 77

integumentary system

Question 78

What is cutaneous membrane made of

Answer 78

epidermis and dermis

Question 79

superficial papillary layer and deep reticular layer

Answer 79

dermis

Question 80

secrete into hair follicles

Answer 80

apocrine

Question 81

sweat glands can be....

Answer 81

apocrine or eccrine

Question 82

secrete directly onto skin to help with cooling body

Answer 82

eccrine

Question 83

release oily sebum into hair follicles by holocrine secretion

Answer 83

sebaceous glands

Question 84

release oil directly onto skin surface

Answer 84

sebaceous follicles

Question 85

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting of several layers

Answer 85

epidermis

Question 86

What are the layers of the epidermis

Answer 86

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Question 87

blood flow in dermis and production of ______ by melanocytes in epidermis determine skin color

Answer 87

melanin