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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Erikson build on Freuds theory?

A

Broadened psychosexual stages - they describe the general modes of interaction between the developing individual and the social + physical world

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2
Q

What are the eight different stages of Erikson’s psychosexual theory?

A

Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs shame
Initiative Vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs self absorbtion
Ego integrity vs dispare

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3
Q

What is Trust vs Mistrust in Eriksons theory?

A

-infancy
-development of trust if parent is dependable
-Ego strength = hope

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4
Q

What is Autonomy vs Shame, Doubt in Eriksons theory?

A

-Toddler
-retention and elimination, but not just for anal area
-ego strength = will

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5
Q

What is Initiative vs Guilt in Eriksons theory?

A

-early childhood
-realization that biggest plans are doomed for failure
-ego strength = purpose

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6
Q

What is Industry vs Inferiority in Eriksons theory?

A

-Danger = feeling of inadequacy
-ego strength = competence

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7
Q

What is Identity vs Role confusion in Eriksons theory

A

Fidelity

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8
Q

What is Intimacy vs isolation in eriksons theory?

A

Love

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9
Q

What is Generatively vs self absorption, stagnation in Eriksons theory?

A

Care

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10
Q

What is ego integrity vs dispare in Eriksons theory?

A

Wisdom

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11
Q

What are the 2 designs used by developmental psychologists? Advantages and disadvantages?

A

Cross sectional: groups of different people of different ages tested at one point in time
-short in length which is good, subject attrition doesn’t apply
-disadvantage is cohort effect- hard to say intraindividual differences

Longitudinal: same person or group of people followed over a long period of time
-higher levels of research validity, data is more unique and specific
-disadvantages are its more expensive, few controls, requires a lot of time

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12
Q

What are cohort effects?

A

Difference between age groups is due to peculiarity in one of the groups being studied rather than to a general developmental difference.

*A cohort is a group of people who are born at roughly the same period in a particular society. Cohorts share histories and contexts for living. Members of a cohort have experienced the same historic events and cultural climates which have an impact on the values, priorities, and goals that may guide their lives.

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13
Q

What are the three major stages of prenatal development? What ages do they occur? What are the major physical and behavioural changes during each stage?

A

Zygote/Germinal: 1-2 weeks
-zygote begins to divide and is implanted
Embryo: 3-8 weeks
-develops central nervous system, heart, eyes, arms, legs, teeth, ears
Fetus: 9-38 weeks
-brain and external genital development

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14
Q

What is a scheme according to piaget?

A

general (psychological) structure

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15
Q

What is accommodation according to piaget?

A

adjustment, change, modification of existing scheme

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16
Q

What is assimilation according to piaget?

A

incorporation of new info into schemes, gives meaning to content

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17
Q

What are the general features of Piaget’s stage of sensorimotor development?

A

-here and now; pre-symbolic
-Practical intelligence
-Differentiation and coordination of action schemas
-Practical concepts
-6 substages

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18
Q

What are the basic concepts of Bowlby’s theory of attachment?

A

Internal working model of attachment and Secure base

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19
Q

What is Bowlby’s internal working model of attatchment?

A

Expectations of the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and the self’s worthiness of support.

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20
Q

What is a secure base according to Bowlby?

A

Familiar caregiver is used as a point from whom to venture out to explore the environment and to whom to return to seek emotional support.

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21
Q

What is the Strange Situation? What is it used for?

A

-assesses how children react when they’re in an unfamiliar environment with mother to identify attachment style

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22
Q

What are the four main patterns of attachment and what are the key characteristics of these patterns in the Strange Situation?

A

Secure: play happily with mother, upset when she leaves, run to her when returns

Avoidant: indifferent to mother being present, plays alone, avoids whem mother returns

Resistant: stay close to mother, generally anxious. Very upset when she leaves but cant be comforted when she returns

Disorganized/Disoriented: act in unpredictable ways, sudden outbursts. Don’t know how to handle stress from separation and may appear dazed and disoriented

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23
Q

What are the general characteristics of the preoperational stage of Piaget’s theory?

A

-Children learn to use symbolic representations and develop some ability to think and reason, however generally in this stage their thinking is often not logical
-Centration: the tendency to consider only one piece of info/dimension when multiple pieces/dimensions need to be processed

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24
Q

What are the specific characteristics of the pre-operational stage?

A

-Egocentrism: inability to take the perspective of another person
-Animalistic thinking - belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
-Lack of conservation: the thing with the water glasses and which is fuller
-Failure to understand that a superordinate class always contains more objects than a subordinate class (class inclusion)

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25
How is conservation defined and how is it measured in different areas or dimensions?
-The idea that the amount of something remains the same despite changes in it's form, shape, or appearance -measured in number (coins) -Length (which straw is longer) -Mass (two equal balls of clay, flatten one, ask if its still the same) -liquid (water cup example) -weight
26
What are the main characteristics of the stage of concrete operations?
-Operations are internalized mental actions that fit into a logical system. This allows children to combine, order, and transform objects in their minds. -Called concrete bc they relate directly to tangible objects and thoughts about objects, not to abstract propositions. -Indicators of concrete-operational thought: success in conservation tasks, class inclusion, seriation, translative inference
27
What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?
Difference between two types of performance: a) solitary performance - what child can do alone b) assisted performance - what child can do with help *every child has their own unique zone of proximal development and you should cater to that
28
What are the four parenting styles according to Diana Baumrind?
Authoritative Authoritarian Indulgent Neglectful
29
Explain the main features of Authoritative parenting
-warm parents -encourage independence -also set firm limits where autonomy is negotiated -most "well-adjusted" children -positive mood, good self-control, good academic achievement, sociable, cope well with stress
30
Explain the features of Authoritarian parents
-not very warm parents -very controlling -restrictive and punitive -expect a lot form kids, don't give much in return -kids are usually withdrawn -high anxiety, poor peer relations, unhappy, show little initiative
31
Explain the features of Indulgent parents
-very warm parents -set few limits on kids -children rarely respect others -problems with impulse control, rebellious, poor peer relations
32
Explain the features of Neglectful parents
-not warm -don't set limits for kids -may have something like divorce/single parent impairing their ability to parent -less well adjusted children w low self esteem -kids may have serious problems with development -lower level: still very poor social skills, antisocial behaviour, probs w emotion regulation
33
What are major characteristics of the stage of formal operations?
-Subordination of the real to the possible ^Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: the ability to think of hypothetical solutions to a problem and formulate a systematic plan for deducing which of these solutions is correct -Systematic combinatorial thinking -Second-order operations (abstract + reflective, "thinking abt thinking")
34
What are two things that measure formal operational thinking?
Stargame < measures formal operational thinking Pendulum < indicates behaviour in formal operations
35
What are the main criticisms of Piaget's stage of formal operations? What was his response?
-not universal among adults -bound to a certain culture + formal schooling Response: -socio-political conditions influence emergence of formal-operations -formal operations only in the area of expertise
36
What is adolescent egocentrism and what are it's two key components?
It is a heightened self-consciousness in adolescence Key components: -Imaginary audience: "everyone looks at me" -Personal fable: "I am unique"
37
What is service learning?
Form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to community.
38
What are the different components underlying Marcia identity statuses and the different identity statuses of Marcia's theory?
-identity diffusion -identity moratorium -identity foreclosure -identity achievement
39
What is the narrative approach to identity?
Ask participants to tell their life story
40
Which domain of identity is most dominant in college students?
Identity achievenemt
41
What factors have been linked to identity struggles and suicide in Indigenous youth?
-struggle to form identity -struggle with fostering cultural identity
42
When do key changes in identity development take place? When are most peoples identity achieved?
idk this is in the textbook
43
What does Twenge's research show with respect to cohort-effects of various indicators of adolescent independence?
Adolescents are becoming less independent - studies show that likelyhood of having a drivers liscence, trying alcohol, dating, and working are all going down Cohort effect - more sheltered kids?
44
What are the characteristics of adolescent-parent conflict?
-increases in early adolescence, but tends to be about mundane, everyday issues -these issues may serve an important developmental function
45
How does adolescent-parent conflict change in the course of adolescence? What are the outcomes?
-decrease of conflict in late adolescence -relationships become more positive when kids go to college -intense prolonged conflict = negative outcomes -special dynamic of parent-adolescent conflict in immigrant families (values and norms)
46
How do friendships change in adolescence?
-quality of friendships changes (intimacy, disclosure), fewer close friends, important for emotional well being -conformity to standards of peer groups increases + peaks grades 8-9
47
How does peer pressure change in adolescence? What are the characteristics of crowds, and cliques in adolescence?
Cliques = 5-6 people, same gender and age They become more important - based on reputation, not necessarily spent time together.
48
What are the 3 stages in dating and romantic relationships? ** memorize these
1. Entering into romantic attractions and affiliations (11-13) -"Crush" 2. Exploring romantic relationships (14-16) -Caual dating, dating in groups 3. Consolidating dyadic romantic binds (17-19) -Serious romantic relationship
49
What are the benefits of social media use for teens?
-help teens socialize + communicate w peers -learning opportunities -outlet for creativity and identity development -become engaged in causes they care abt -wealth of info and resources they can use to maintain own health + relationshps
50
What are the risks of social media use for teens?
-Cyberbullying -Sexting -20% of teens do this, related to substance abuse and mental health -Exposure to inappropriate content (risk of imitation) -Exposure to predators - online grooming -private info available publicly -frequent social media use may be linked to depression + other mental health issues -may affect social skills -affects sleep significantly
51
What does the study by Przybylski and Weinstein show re. the relationship between screen time and health?
It shows that sometimes screen time is good and educational, but after about an hour of usage mental wellbeing declines
52
What is the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking?
Differential timing of the cognitive control system and the incentive-processing system -Prefrontal cortex matures later -Lymbic system matures earlier ^ these two are imbalanced for a while, causing an increase in risk taking
53
What is bullying?
Repeated use of strength to intimidate another person; feelings of power and powerlessness
54
What are the effects of bullying on the victim?
depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted scuicide
55
What are effective interventions to prevent bullying?
Bystander training WITS program for anti-bullying
56
How is the stage of emerging adulthood defined?
Transition from adolescence to adulthood that involves experimentation and exploration
57
What are the 5 key features of emerging adulthood?
1.Identity exploration: love, work, world views 2.Instability, demographically distinct 3.Self-focused: few social obligations 4.Subjective feeling of being "in between" 5.Age of possibilities: opportunity to transform their lives
58
Why are emerging adults neither adolescence nor adults?
Not adolescence bc they do not experience puberty anymore, and are not attending secondary school Not adults bc still in the process of obtaining education and training for an enduring adult occupation -also unmarried, childless etc.
59
What are the criticisms raised with respect to considering emerging adulthood as a separate stage?
-culturally not universal -may only apply to young adults from middle and upper class -not a stage at all: development is domain-specific and plastic -only applies to a certain demographic from certain countries with particular socioeconomic status
60
What similar function does attachment serve for infants and romantic partners?
-Secure attachment as infant is linked to secure and more stable romantic relationships
61
How did Hazan and Shaver measure adult attachment?
People read 3 self descriptions about romantic relationships and place a tick beside the one that best describes them
62
How do they define secure attachment? (Hazan and Shaver)
Positive views about relationships, closeness is easy, not overly concerned or stressed about their romantic relationships
63
How do they define avoidant attachment? (Hazan and Shaver)
Hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships, once they are involved, they distance themselves from partner
64
How do they define Anxious (resistant) attachment? (Hazan and Shaver)
Demand closeness, and less trusting, more emotional, jealous and possessive
65
What are the three different dimensions of love according to Sternberg's triangle of love?
1.Passion: physical and sexual attraction 2.Intimacy: feelings of closeness, warmth and sharing 3. Commitment: cognitive appraisal of relationship and commitment to continue relationship in face of difficulties **see photo of diagram on phone**
66
What kind of consequences do falls have for physical and psychological health on old people?
Often leads to hospitalization (ex. hip fracture); often linked to decline of mental health
67
How does vision change with aging?
-eyesight declines between 40-59 -darkness adaptation declines in late adulthood -visual field/peripheral vision declines in late adulthood -cataracts (thickening of lens) -glaucoma (damage to optic nerve due to buildup of fluid in eye) -Macular degradation (focal centre of visual field)
68
What is fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Fluid: ability to reason abstractly Crystallized: accumulated info and verbal skills
69
What did Horn find with respect to the age related changes of crystallized and fluid intelligence?
Fluid intelligence declines from middle adulthood onward, crystallized increases
70
What are the main findings of the Seattle longitudinal study?
-verbal memory, spatial skills, inductive reasoning, and vocabulary peak in middle and late adulthood -peak performance in middle adulthood for some aspects of crystalyzed and fluid intelligence -numerical computation and perceptual speen decline in middle and late adulthood -declines after 60 years for most skills except verbal comprehension
71
What explanations have been offered for the different findings that emerge when using a cross sectional vs. a longitudinal design in aging studies?
-Cohort effects due to educational attainment, ocupational structures, changes in health careand lifestyles, immigration, social programs to fight poverty -Longitudinal design might result in practice effects that inflate scores and cover up cognitive decline in middle adulthood
72
How do working memory, implicit memory, and explicit memory change in older adults?
-Working memory declines -Implicit memory and semantic (form of explicit) stay largely intact -Episodic memory(form of explicit) declines with age, especially older memories
73
What reasons have been given for the decline of working memory in old age?
-less efficient interference control -decreases in info-proccessing (perceptual) speed
74
What is the textbook definition of wisdom?
Expert knowledge abt the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important things such as how to cope with difficult life problems
75
What were the major findings of Baltes et al.'s study on wisdom? (2006)
-high levels of wisdom are rare factors other than age are critical for wisdom to emerge (ex. training as a clinical psychologist) -personality variables such as openness to experience, generativity, and creativity were better predictors of wisdom than cognitive factors **western perspective
76
How is wisdom viewed from an Indigenous perspective?
Elders and grandmothers are wisdom and knowledge keepers -characterized by emotional wellbeing, community engagement, spirituality, and physical health
77
What are the different stress responses that men vs women experience?
Women: -vulnerable to social stressors (romance, family, work) -depression stress -cope with stress by seeking others -tend-and-befriend response ^ -stress leads to production of oxytocin, linked to nurturance Men: -more likely to become aggressive -withdraw from social contact -drink alcohol -fight or flight response
78
What does Socioemotional Selectivity Theory propose in regards to the social life of older people?
-become more selective about their social networks -place high value on emotional satisfaction -prefer to spend time with familiar individuals they have rewarding relationships with
79
What kind of priorities do older people vs. younger people set with respect to their social life?
-withdraw from unimportant/periferal people, spend more time with family members + close friends -max positive emotional experiences, min emotional risk
80
What are the three main factors of the Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory?
1. Selection of meaningful goals 2. Optimization of developmental potential by acquiring, applying, and refining goal-relevant means through practice, and investment of time and effort 3. Compensation for losses by acquiring new resources or activating unused internal or external resources for alternative means of pursuing goals
81
What are the reasons for the increase in grey divorce?
-changing attitudes towards divorce now -women more educated -any years of life they have left are too precious to spend with the wrong person
82
What is empty nest syndrome?
Decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave home
83
What is successful aging?
Physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development is maintained longer than for most people and declines later than for most people
84
What factors have been linked to successful aging?
-proper lifestyle, mental stimulation and flexibility, positive coping skills, good social relationships and support, and absence of disease -self-efficacy
85
What is a hospice?
A program committed to making end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible -increasingly home based or blends home and institutional care
86
What is palliative care?
Reduced pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity -emphasized with hospice care
87
What are the main features of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying? (5 stages)
1. Denial and isolation - eventually denial cannot be maintained 2. Anger: "why me?" -person at this stage is difficult to care for 3. Bargaining: hope that death can be postponed 4. Depression: accept certainty of death, period of depression or preparatory grief may appear 5. Acceptance: sense of peace; acceptance of death, often desire to be left alone **order is not definitive, may skip or do all of them in different order or not at all

Lifespan Final (1 decks)

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