Final Exam Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 categories of production
A
voicing, manner, place
2
Q
what are the categories of voicing production
A
voiced and voiceless
3
Q
what are voiced consonants
A
vibration of the adducted vocal folds
4
Q
what are voiceless consonants
A
noise generated by positions of articulators
/s/ or /p/
5
Q
what are the two manners of production
A
obstruents and sonorants
6
Q
what is an obstruent
A
block or partial block of airiflow
7
Q
what are the obstruents
A
stops
fricatives
affricates
8
Q
what is a sonorant
A
continuing resonant sound
9
Q
what are the sonorants
A
nasals and approximants (liquids and glides)
10
Q
what is a cognate
A
voiced/voiceless counterpart
p/b t/d etc.
11
Q
what is a stop (obstruent)
A
complete stoppage of airflow through the vocal tract
12
Q
what are examples of stops
A
/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /ʔ/
13
Q
what is a fricative (obstruent)
A
partial constriction of airflow causing air turbulence or friction
14
Q
what are examples of fricatives
A
f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /∫/, /ʒ/, /h/
15
Q
what is an affricate
A
begins as stop and released as fricative
16
Q
what are examples of affricates
A
/t∫/, /dʒ/
17
Q
what are nasals (sonorant)
A
breath directed through nasal cavity
open vp
18
Q
what are examples of nasals
A
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/
19
Q
what are approximates
A
articulators approch each other but no turbulence is produced
can be syllabic (liquids)
partway between a vowel and a consonant
liquids and glides
20
Q
what are liquids and glides
A
sonorants
approximants
21
Q
what are the liquids
A
/l/ and /r/
22
Q
what are the glides
A
/w/ and /j/
23
Q
what are the place of production classifications
A
labials
interdentals
alveolars
palatals
velars
glottals
24
Q
what are labials
A
one or both lips
bilabials and labiodentals
25
what are the bilabials
/p/, /b/, /m/, /w/
26
what are the labiodentals
/f/, /v/
27
what are interdentals
tongue between upper and lower teeth
28
what are the interdentals
/θ/, /ð/
29
what are alveolars
tongue contacts or approximates alveolar ridge
30
what are the alveolars
/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/,
Sometimes /r/, /∫/, /ʒ/
31
what are palatals
tongue contacts or approximates hard palate
32
what are the palatals
/∫/, /ʒ/, /t∫/, /dʒ/, /j/
Sometimes /r/
33
what is a velar
tongue contacts or approximates velum
34
what are the velars
/k/, /g/, /ŋ/
35
what are glottals
partially adducting vocal folds
36
what are the glottals
/h/ and glottal stop /ʔ/
37
Which cognate is easier/harder for someone with hearing loss to hear?
harder is voiceless because it is quieter
38
longer VOT
voiceless consonants
39
shorter VOT
voiced consonants
40
lid
hymn
gym
give
built
business
what is the front vowel?
/I/
41
wrap
plaid
have
black
travel
latch
what is the front vowel
/æ/
42
toothache
stimulate
operate
mediate
meditate
renovate
what is the front vowel
/e/
43
evil
seam
bee
eat
these
ski
what is the front vowel
/i/
44
push
should
wool
book
good
wolf
full
what is the back vowel
ʊ
45
owner
slow
over
oak
pole
croak
load
what is the back vowel
oʊ
46
romantic
cooperate
sailboat
exponential
introduce
oscilloscope
microphone
what is the back vowel
o
47
awning
audio
naught
saw
caught
thought
loss
what is the back vowel
ɔ
48
turn
fair
birch
work
earth
part
which have the same vowel? what is the vowel?
turn birch work earth
ɝ
49
done
fuss
gone
bush
upper
wonder
which have the same vowel? what is the vowel?
done fuss upper wonder
ʌ
50
Which IPA symbols are the same as written in English (referred to as grapheme or orthography)?
p b t d k g f v s m n
51
Which symbols are different?
ʧ ʃ,θ,ŋ,ɹ
52
Reverse the sounds in the words
bag
niece
ouch
gnome
dumb
knife
caught
sigh
gab
scene
chow
moan
mud
fine
talk
ice
53
Place cues tend to be found in what frequency region?
high frequency
54
Manner cues tend to be found in what frequency region
mid frequency
55
Voicing cues tend to be found in what frequency region?
low frequency
56
Given the above, it follows that which types of cues would be most difficult for someone with high frequency hearing loss? What kind of error in understanding might be made as a result?
Place cues. Confusing /s/ with /ʃ/, /p/ with /t/ or /k/, /m/ with /n/, for example
57
What is the general range for F1 for vowels? What is the general range for F2? For F3?
F1: 250-850
F2: 850-2800
F3: 1700-3300
58
transcribe
dash
pit
dodge
yell
these
catch
edge
sing
/dæʃ/
/pɪt/
/dɑʤ/
/jɛl/
/ðiz/
/kæʧ/
/ɛʤ/
/sɪŋ/
59
Define and give examples of intrinsic redundancy in speech perception
Redundancy is an excess of what is needed for identification or understanding of speech signal.
Intrinsic redundancy- within the listener’s auditory system
Ex: tonotopic organization
60
define extrinsic redundancy in speech and examples
present inthe speech signal
Multiple acoustic cues
Voice/voiceless
Manner
Place
Suprasegmentals/
prosodic features
61
How does the amount of redundancy in a signal affect the extent to which hearing loss impacts accurate speech perception?
High redundancy: less of an impact on hearing loss
Low redundancy: more impact on hearing loss
62
what are the 6 suprasegmental features
speaking rate
rhythm
vocal pitch
intonation
stress
juncture
63
what cue and is conveyed by speaking rate
temporal
emotion
Syllables per second
64
what cue and is conveyed by rhythm
temporal
poetry, public speaking
Stress, timing, quantity of syllables
65
what cue and is conveyed by vocal pitch
spectral
express questions, identify talkers
based on F0
66
what cue and is conveyed by intonation
spectral
conversational speech
pitch changes while vocalizing
67
what cue and is conveyed by stress
all 3
importance of meaning
68
what cue and is conveyed by juncture
all 3
differentiate otherwise identical sounds
ex: I scream vs ice cream
69
For suprasegmentals with a spectral element, is the cue low or high frequency?
low frequency
70
Name the 7 dimensions in which emotion is conveyed acoustically
Speech rate, pitch average, pitch range, intensity, voice quality, pitch changes
71
Why is emotion perception important in children and adults?
Children: it can help them develop their own emotional maturity and development
Adults: provides context of how a person is feeling and how you can respond appropriately, relationships
72
How is emotion perception affected in older adults with hearing loss, cochlear implant users, and children, at least according to the three studies reviewed in class?
Older adults
Show increased difficulty identifying the emotion of a talker
Hearing loss also impacts ability to recognize emotions
Age and hearing loss shows compounding affects
CI users: Vocal emotion recognition is impaired for adults with severe hearing loss who use cochlear implants
CI speech representation has a narrower intensity range
Poor representation of pitch
Children:
73
What does “amplitude modulated” mean?
means that it varies in amplitude
a lot of modulation depth in speech and is a cue to the listener
74
Does speech show a constant or a varying modulation depth?
speech shows a varying modulation depth
the depth is the cue to a listener
75
Thought question: what would happen if you weren’t able to perceive modulation depth of a speech signal? What would it sound like?
it would sound like noise
76
Why is it important for hearing aids and implantable devices to maintain intensity differences in running speech?
so you can make out the speech ad the cues are there to the brain (intensity cues for perception) especially in quiet
77
Describe the short-term characteristics of speech
describing characteristics of a single talker
fluctuates moment by moment
amp is cues to types of sounds being uttered and temporal cues
78
describe the long term characteristics of speech
average over time
multiple talkers
use this average to understand what it is that our listeners are getting (PTs with HL)
79
What is the LTASS? What does it represent? How is it derived?
represents amount of sound energy at each frequency with speech avg over time with multiple talkers
informative because sound energy is not all the same, there is less sound energy at high frequencies and as people talk louder, the sound energy shifts to the higher frequencies around 1000 Hz
80
If you wanted to demonstrate soft and average speech to your patient, what presentation levels would you choose (using inserts)?
40, 50
81
What is the average dB level in dB HL for shouted speech?
70
82
What are average levels for speech, in dB HL (inserts)?
40 50 70
83
What is RETSPL for speech for supra-aurals and for inserts
20, 13
84
What two questions are addressed by the Speech Intelligibility Index?
Are all speech frequencies equally important to speech recognition? no
Does the entire speech signal need to be audible for maximum speech recognition? no
85
Which frequency bands are the most important for speech discrimination? What does it mean if a person has hearing loss in a frequency region that is important for speech discrimination?
they are going to be working harder to understand speech
low = if removed it doesn’t affect the score
higher = if they remove it from the signal it affects the score
86
What is the speech intelligibility index? How good is it at predicting speech performance in quiet? How good is it at predicting speech intelligibility in noise?
based on hearing loss and how much of the speech is audible to the person with the hl
it is good at predicting it in quiet but not in noise
87
what is amplitude
amount of displacement or change
88
what is sound intensity
power per unit area
how fast the sound is going from the source to its destination
89
what is sound pressure
force per unit area
90
what is the temporal envelope and when is it an important cue?
relative slow changes in amplitude, slowly fluctuating changes in intensity
traces the peak and valleys of entire speech signal
syllable
important for speech in quiet
91
what is the temporal fine structure & when is it an important cue
fast changes in amplitude, rapidly fluctuating changes in intensity (individual structures)
pitch, melody cues
important for speech in noise
92
what is modulation depth? why is it an important cue for speech? How is it affected by background noise
amplitude modulated - means that it varies in amplitude
a lot of modulation in speech is a cue to the listener
noise fills in the gaps and makes speech a less modulated signal, making it harder to understand
93
what does the ltass do
represents the amount of sound energy at each frequency w/ speech averaged over time w/ multiple speakers
94
why is the LTASS informative
because sound energy is not all the same, there is less energy at high frequencies and as people talk louder, the energy shifts to the higher frequencies around 1000 Hz
95
What are average levels for speech, in dB HL (inserts)?
Soft, average, shouted
Approximately 40, 50, 70 dB HL (inserts)
96
What is RETSPL for speech for supra-aurals and for inserts?
20
13
97
What two questions are addressed by the Speech Intelligibility Index?
Are all speech frequencies equally important to speech recognition? no
Does the entire speech signal need to be audible for maximum speech recognition? no
98
What does the SII represent?
How much (%) of speech is audible to the person
based on listeners with typical hearing thresholds
in quiet
99
which frequency bands are important in AI/SII
high - if removed from the signal it will affect the score
low - if removed it does not affect the score
100
what is missing in nonsense syllables
context
101
which freq are important for understanding nonsense syllables? (based on AI/SII)
above 1000Hz
high frequencies are important in order to identify these
102
which freq are important for understanding short passage? (based on AI/SII)
mid frequencies
around 6-700
103
are all frequencies important to understand speech? (based on AI/SII)
no if they were there would be a flat line
diff kinds of hl affect people differently
SII tells us that different frequency bands have different importance
104
Which one is easier to differentiate from a signal that is not amplitude modulated?
easier to differentiate a signal that is highly modulated
105
Does speech show constant or varying modulation depth?
varies
106
what would happen if you weren’t able to perceive modulation depth of a speech signal? What would it sound like?
It would sound like noise that never changes, you wouldn’t hear the softer sounds
107
Why is it important for hearing aids and implantable devices to maintain sound level differences in running speech?
because they rely on the cues
108
If you wanted to demonstrate soft and average speech to your patient, what presentation levels would you choose (using inserts)?
40 and 50 dB HL
109
What is the average dB level in dB HL for shouted speech?
70 dB HL
110
What is the LTASS? What does it represent? How is it derived?
Long-term average speech spectrum
LTASS represents difference in sound energy at each frequency
It is derived using speech from multiple talkers averaged over a period of time.
111
Which frequency bands are the most important for speech discrimination? What does it mean if a person has hearing loss in a frequency region that is important for speech discrimination?
around 1000-3000 Hz.
Speech understanding will be difficult
112
What is the speech intelligibility index? How good is it at predicting speech performance in quiet? How good is it at predicting speech intelligibility in noise?
The SII is the estimated amount of speech that is audible to a listener. It predicts speech performance in quiet
113
What is the glottis
space bw the vocal folds
114
Describe the process of phonation. Additionally, explain the position of the vocal folds when a person takes a breath in the middle of talking.
Phonation is the vocal fold vibration.
1. vocal folds are adducted
2. air pressure from the lungs forces the vocal folds to be forced apart, or abducted
3. the bernoiully affect causes them to come back together
4. this process continues until the brain tells the articulators to stop
When a person breathes while talking, the vocal folds are abducted, or apart.
115
The source-filter theory of speech production includes a power, a source, and a filter. Explain the source-filter theory of speech production (for vowels). What is the power? What is the source? What is the filter? What makes vowel sounds different from each other? Your response should be 3-4 sentences in length.
The source-filter theory of speech production is the compartmentilization of sounds where the source is the vocal folds, the power is the lungs and the filter is the vocal tract.
The process of the lungs sending the air through the vocal folds, then the vocal folds vibrating, and the tract shaping it allows the sound wave to be audible for us to be able to hear and interpret. Without these, it would not be. Vowel sounds are different from each other based on whether they are voiced or voiceless and where in the mouth are tongue is located. With a voiced vowel, the vocal folds are vibrating. With a voiceless vowel, the vocal folds are not vibrating. When the tongue is placed in different places in our mouth, like tongue height and tongue position, that is how we get the different vowel sounds like the chart above.
116
What would the output of the vocal folds sound like if you could hear it in the absence of the vocal tract?
a buzz
117
What influences the frequency of the fundamental frequency? What influences the frequency of the first formant? What influences the frequency of the second formant?
The fundamental frequency is influenced by the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate. Fast vibration is a higher pitch and slow vibration is a lower pitch.
The first formant is influenced by the tongue height. A high tonuge height creates a lower frequency and a low tongue height creates a high frequency.
The second formant is influenced by the tongue advancement. The tongue in the front of the mouth creates a high frequency and the tongue in the back of the mouth creates a low frequency.
118
If you recorded yourself speaking softly and speaking loudly, these differences would be noticeable on which of the following? Select all that apply. (Hint: These differences will be noticeable on any graph that indicates amplitude.)
spectrogram ?
spectrum
waveform
119
What type of cue is Voice Onset Time?
temporal
120
what are the articulators
tongue, teeth, lips, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate/velum, uvula
121
what is the larynx
Located just atop the trachea
Comprised of muscles and cartilage
Houses the vocal folds
122
open Velopharyngeal port
sound resonation
allows air to resonate
nasal sounds /n/ /m/
123
closed Velopharyngeal port
no resonation
124
what is the Velopharyngeal port
allows air to resonate or not in the nose
125
is the Velopharyngeal port open/closed during breathing?
breathing through the nose open
breathing through the mouth closed
126
what are the parts of the pharynx
laryngopharynx
oropharynx
nasopharynx
127
what are the vocal folds
bundles of tissue connected to cartilage within the larynx and are normally apart at rest to breathe and the space between them is the glottis
128
foundation of speech; source of the acoustic speech signal
lungs
129
Why might someone with hearing loss actually have a lower percent correct score than what is predicted?
someone with HL may present lower because the SII based count the dot audiogram is based off of a standard normal hearing
