Final Exam

Question 1

Characteristics of the associative phase of motor learning include…

a.) a combination of cognitive activity to determine appropriate strategy and reinforcement learning
b.) task can be performed with no interference from secondary tasks
c.) cognitive activity is required to determine the appropriate strategies
d.) subtle adjustments and small changes in motor patterns

Answer 1

d.) subtle adjustments and small changes in motor patterns

Question 2

Movement duration has to be longer than ____ in order for visual information to have time to alter the execution of the ongoing movement.

a.) 500 ms
b.) 300 ms
c.) 150 ms
d.) 250 ms

Answer 2

c.) 150 ms

Question 3

A closed loop movement can be characterized by which of the following?

a.) can be updated based on feedback during the movement
b.) must be less than 100ms in duration
c.) cannot be updated based on feedback during the movement
d.) can only be updated using visual feedback

Answer 3

a.) can be updated based on feedback during the movement

Question 4

Performance improvement across trials during a motor task will also lead to _________ error related negatively when an error does occur.

a.) no change in
b.) less
c.) greater

Answer 4

c.) greater

Question 5

When comparing visual vs. auditory reaction time, what is typically found?

a.) auditory RT is faster than visual RT
b.) visual and auditory RT are approximately equal
c.) participants can only respond to the auditory stimuli
d.) visual RT is faster than auditory RT

Answer 5

a.) auditory RT is faster than visual RT

Question 6

When comparing visual vs. auditory vs. visual + auditory reaction time, what is found?

a.) visual + auditory RT is faster than auditory RT and visual RT
b.) visual RT is faster than auditory RT and visual + auditory RT
c.) auditory RT is faster than visual RT and visual + auditory RT

Answer 6

a.) visual + auditory RT is faster than auditory RT and visual RT

Question 7

What explanation is typically given when multiple stimuli reaction time is faster than stimuli presented in isolation?

a.) intersensory facilitation
b.) anticipation
c.) the McGirk effect
d.) response selection efficiency

Answer 7

a.) intersensory facilitation

Question 8

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of which brain region may help older adults adapt their movements?

a.) basal ganglia
b.) premotor cortex
c.) cerebellum
d.) visual cortex

Answer 8

c.) cerebellum

Question 9

Experimenters often use force fields to assess movement adaptation. Key measures that are assessed are how quickly an individual adapts when the forcefield is turned on, and how large the error is when the force field is turned off. Larger errors when the force field is turned off are associated with…

a.) greater adaptation
b.) less adaptation
c.) no adaptation

Answer 9

a.) greater adaptation

Question 10

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over M1 has an effect on learning, but does so primarily via…

a.) online learning
b.) offline learning

Answer 10

b.) offline learning

Question 11

Online learning effects are measured by comparing…

a.) last trial (day 1) and 1st trial (day 2)
b.) 1st and 2nd trial within a day
c.) 1st and last trial within a day
d.) 1st trial (day 1) and 1st trial (day 2)

Answer 11

c.) 1st and last trial within a day

Question 12

___________ is the term for continued adapted performance when returned to the normal environment?

a.) perturbation
b.) forward model
c.) washout
d.) adaptation
e.) aftereffects

Answer 12

e.) aftereffects

Question 13

Which of the following situations would describe adaptation learning?

a.) switching to heavier golf clubs
b.) driving a friend’s car instead of your own
c.) learning to play the piano
d.) a and b
e.) all of the above

Answer 13

a.) switching to heavier golf clubs
b.) driving a friend’s car instead of your own

Question 14

Movements that are shorter than 100 ms have to be controlled using…

a.) open loop control
b.) closed loop control
c.) visual feedback only
d.) proprioceptive feedback only

Answer 14

a.) open loop control

Question 15

True or False: proprioception and visual feedback are necessary for the execution of voluntary movement.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

An open loop movement is…

a.) sensitive to feedback during the movement
b.) reliant on visual feedback during the movement
c.) reliant on proprioception during the movement
d.) not sensitive to feedback during the movement

Answer 16

d.) not sensitive to feedback during the movement

Question 17

Severing the dorsal horn of the spinal cord leads to…

a.) prevents motor commands from the brain reaching the muscle
b.) prevents sensory information from the muscle reaching the brain
c.) increased reliance on proprioception
d.) severe deficits in movement accuracy

Answer 17

b.) prevents sensory information from the muscle reaching the brain

Question 18

True or False: the circuit in the spinal cord that is responsible for a cat being able to walk after its spinal cord is severed is called a central pattern generator.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What is the term given to a pre-structured set of neural commands that are organized in advance?

a.) response inhibition
b.) point of Slater-Hammel
c.) motor program
d.) point of no return

Answer 19

c.) motor program

Question 20

What is the term given to the time at which the internal “go” signal is issued and motor commands cannot be retrieved?

a.) response inhibition
b.) point of Slater-Hammel
c.) motor program
d.) point of no return

Answer 20

d.) point of no return

Question 21

Fitts law is a mathematical model that explains…

a.) primitives
b.) coordination
c.) speed and accuracy
d.) muscle synergy

Answer 21

c.) speed and accuracy

Question 22

Motor redundancy is a central problem in motor control, and is associated with an increase in…

a.) speed and accuracy
b.) noise in sensory feedback
c.) degrees of freedom
d.) consolidation

Answer 22

c.) degrees of freedom

Question 23

A muscle synergy is defined as…

a.) a pattern of relative levels of activation of multiple muscles
b.) activation of a single antagonist muscle
c.) change in activation of a single muscle across multiple tasks
d.) activation of a single agonist muscle

Answer 23

a.) a pattern of relative levels of activation of multiple muscles

Question 24

As we get better and better at a motor skill, we gradually increase the number of joints that are allowed to move, and the range of motion within those joints. This leads to a ________ in degrees of freedom, and with enough practice, a ________ in good variability.

a.) increase; increase
b.) increase; decrease
c.) decrease; increase
d.) decrease; decrease

Answer 24

a.) increase; increase

Question 25

Which of the following components of Fitts' Law represents faster processing of more difficult movements? a.) larger slope b.) smaller slope c.) larger y-intercept d.) smaller y-intercept

Answer 25

b.) smaller slope

Question 26

When holding a tube with both hands while standing on a stabilometer platform, if the goal is to balance as well as possible, what should individuals focus on to ensure best performance? a.) tube b.) feet c.) proprioception d.) hands

Answer 26

a.) tube

Question 27

In "the man who lost his body" video, the patient had to rely on what in order to be able to re-learn voluntary movements? a.) proprioception b.) vibrating vest c.) vision d.) deep brain stimulation

Answer 27

c.) vision

Question 28

Increasing time between individual trials or training sessions is thought to enhance... a.) proprioception b.) declarative memory c.) consolidation d.) exteroception

Answer 28

c.) consolidation

Question 29

In the experiment that examined self-determined learning (ex: when and how often an individual receives feedback), which group learned the best? a.) summary group b.) self-determined group c.) yoked group d.) variable group

Answer 29

b.) self-determined group

Question 30

In the experiment that examined self-determined learning, the yoked group were included to control for what? a.) amount of time that KR is delayed after movement in the summary group b.) sex and age of individuals in the self-determined group c.) bandwidth of feedback given to the self-determined group d.) amount and frequency of feedback given to the self-determined group

Answer 30

d.) amount and frequency of feedback given to the self-determined group

Question 31

Increasing the bandwidth of KR leads to... a.) individuals only receiving feedback when errors are smaller b.) individuals only receiving feedback when errors are larger c.) increasing how often feedback is given d.) individuals receiving feedback after every error

Answer 31

b.) individuals only receiving feedback when errors are larger

Question 32

_____________ is the term for augmented feedback given during the movement? a.) intrinsic b.) terminal c.) concurrent d.) internal

Answer 32

c.) concurrent

Question 33

The statement "your score was 16 on that attempt" is which type of feedback? a.) augmented sensory feedback b.) knowledge of performance c.) extrinsic feedback d.) knowledge of results

Answer 33

d.) knowledge of results

Question 34

Power law is the phenomenon that practice trials improve performance in a _________ accelerated fashion. a.) variable b.) positively c.) negatively d.) logarithmically

Answer 34

c.) negatively

Question 35

Motor learning is the least effective when participants follow what type of goals? a.) "do our best" goals b.) participant-set goals c.) experimenter-set goals

Answer 35

a.) "do our best" goals

Question 36

The best practice distribution for learning is... a.) constant b.) blocked c.) massed d.) distributed

Answer 36

d.) distributed

Question 37

According to the contextual interference effect, which practice schedule results in the best acquisition performance? a.) blocked b.) serial c.) constant d.) random

Answer 37

a.) blocked

Question 38

According to the contextual interference effect, which practice schedule results in the best retention and transfer performance a.) blocked b.) serial c.) constant d.) random

Answer 38

d.) random

Question 39

Which type of practice schedule would have the highest amount of interference? a.) blocked b.) serial c.) constant d.) random

Answer 39

d.) random

Question 40

Following an acute episode of back pain, some individuals will make a full recovery, but some individuals have persistent back pain and transition to chronic low back pain. Activation of which brain circuits increase in individuals who experience persistent back pain? a.) emotional b.) nociceptive c.) motor d.) sensory

Answer 40

a.) emotional

Question 41

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia assesses what self-report measure? a.) back pain b.) pain anxiety c.) fear of pain during movement d.) movement synergies

Answer 41

c.) fear of pain during movement

Question 42

Using virtual reality to reduce pain perception and alter movement is based on the premise that... a.) individuals move faster when they are in the virtual world b.) nociceptive signals map 1 to 1 with pain perception c.) proprioception and visual feedback are accurately calibrated with each other d.) visual information can influence pain perception

Answer 42

d.) visual information can influence pain perception

Question 43

Allowing individuals with neck pain to move their neck further before pain onset can be accomplished in the VR environment by... a.) understating the extent of actual movement in the VR world b.) overstating the extent of actual movement in the VR world c.) none of these options

Answer 43

a.) understating the extent of actual movement in the VR world

Question 44

When performing a fast-paced reaching task, individuals with a high fear of pain... a.) have lower angular velocity and acceleration of the thoracic spine b.) report greater movement-evoked pain c.) have lower angular velocity and acceleration in the lumbar spine d.) move with greater error

Answer 44

c.) have lower angular velocity and acceleration in the lumbar spine

Question 45

To send an accurate command to a prosthetic hand based on an EMG signal, you have to be able to accurately _________ to the EMG signal. a.) classify it b.) interpolate it c.) decompose it d.) attenuate it

Answer 45

a.) classify it

Question 46

For EMG triggered prosthetics, an increase in the degrees of freedom of the prosthetic's movement capability will typically have what effect on classification accuracy? a.) decrease b.) increase c.) no change

Answer 46

a.) decrease

Question 47

A surface EMG controlled prosthesis (with many degrees of freedom) can be used to generate hand movements with approximately what level of accuracy in upper limb amputees? a.) 50% b.) 10% c.) 25% d.) 70%

Answer 47

a.) 50%

Question 48

True or False: implantable electrodes will typically provide cleaner signals and greater classification accuracy, as compared to surface electrodes when assuming the same number of degrees of freedom of a prosthetic.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

The box and blocks test measures... a.) manual dexterity b.) cognition c.) classification

Answer 49

a.) manual dexterity

Question 50

What is the term for the network in the brain that predicts sensory consequences of a movement? a.) perturbation b.) adaptation c.) aftereffects d.) forward model e.) washout

Answer 50

d.) forward model