What are the postural effects of wycke’s mechanoreceptor?
Type 1 mechanoreceptors project paracentral and parietal centers influencing postural and kinesthetic perception.
What are the reflexogenic effects of wycke’s mechanoreceptors?
Project to fusimotor fibers.
Affect muscle tone and stretch excitability.
Affect muscles above, below and contralaterally.
How does the stimulation of wycke’s mechanoreceptors effect pain?
Stimulation of mechanoreceptors inhibit pain (phasic response).
What do patients with chronic WAD injuries display?
Hyperactive upper trapezius.
Especially prominent in much slower return to relaxed state after activity.
What did Herzog observe?
via EMG, local muscular hypertonicity in symptomatic patients was largely abolished immediately after and adjustment.
What is Korr’s hypothesis?
Manipulation causes a barrage of impulses from the msl spindle afferents.
Which inhibits the “gain” within the system, restoring the back to normal so that the msl was not so predisposed to spasm.
What did sterling’s study find about cervical spine mobilization?
Activated deep flexor activity.
Decreased SCM EMG activity.
What can poor proprioceptive info lead to?
Faulty coordination and control.
Where is the highest density of mechanoreceptors?
Upper cervicals (The "righting reflex"). Sacroiliac joints. Foot and ankle.
What did Lehman, Vernon, and McGill hypothesize?
Manipulation may interrupt the pain-spasm cycle by down-regulating the central sensitization.
What were the results of Wyke’s study?
Distraction of the cervical facet joints produce simultaneous onset of EMG activity in selected forelimb msls.
What were the results of Leiblers study?
Grade 4 mobilization of T6-T12 resulted in increased isometric strength of lower traps.
What were the results of Yerys’ study?
Grade 4 hip mobilization resulted in a significant increase in hip extensor strength.
What is Revel’s test?
Laser on the head aimed at a target.
Repositioning error of less than or equal to 3 cm is normal.
What is Korr’s premise?
Joint dysfunction may maintain sensor, motor, and autonomic pathways in a state of FACILITATION.
What are facilitated pathways more susceptible to?
Exaggerated response under conditions of daily life.
What does facilitation of sensory pathways lead to?
Pain, paresthesia, hyperesthesia, and hyperalgesia.
What does facilitation of motor pathways lead to?
Sustained msl tension, postural asymmetries, limited and painful segmental motion.
What does facilitation of sympathetic pathways lead to?
Varies based on target organ.
Facilitated sweat glands, bronchioles, blood vessels to digestive organs, and smooth msl in GI tract.
What are the segmental effects of joint dysfunction?
Local musculoskeletal symptoms and related visceral symptoms.
What are the nonsegmental effects of joint dysfunction?
Drain all the bodies reserves making the organism more susceptible to postural demands of gravity and to illness in general.
What is Korr’s neurologic lens?
Patient has joint dysfunction with no symptoms until they go under emotional stress which drives the dysfunction past the threshold and causes symptoms.
What is sympathicotonia?
Condition in which sympathetic nervous system dominates the general functioning of the body organs.
What are characteristics of sympatheticotonia?
Vascular spasm heightened BP, goosebumps, and activity of ciliospinal reflex.
What is sympathetic burn out?
Sustained sympatheticotonia may fatigue out over time leading to opposite pathological expression.
(Makes the parasympathetic mask the sympathetic).
What are the distant effects of sympathicotonia?
May alter target organ response to hormones.
What is somatosomatic referral?
Irritated joints of msls in the body wall. Refers symptoms to another part of the body wall.
What is somatosomatic reflex?
Irritated joints or msls in the body wall causes a reflex in the body wall.
What is viscerosomatic referral?
Irritated organs leads to pain referral to soma.
When should you consider visceral referred pain?
When history and physical suggest organ dysfunction.
When there are few, if any, musculoskeletal findings.
If there is a poor treatment response.
What percentage of thoracic and lumbar dorsal horn neurons receive both somatic and visceral input?
75%
Is there a specific group of neurons that respond only to visceral input?
NO
What is viscerosomatic reflex?
Inflamed or irritated organ reflexively causes subluxation or msl spasm.
What is somatovisceral referral?
Joint dysfunction or injured body wall mimics symptoms of organ.
What can a joint dysfunction in the thoracic spine mimic?
May mimic angina.
What is somatovisceral reflex?
Joint dysfunction or injured body wall causes visceral disease or dysfunctions.
(Type O disorder; organ lesion).
Where does the pancreas refer pain to?
TL junction (broad)
Where does the pelvis refer pain to?
Lumbosacral area.
Where does the heart refer pain to?
Between scapula (wider).
Where does the gallbladder refer to?
Below right scapula.
Where does the esophagus refer to?
Between scapula (narrow).
Does manipulation help with asthma?
34-36% improvement.
Does manipulation help with dysmenorrhea?
No evidence supporting SMT over placebo, but leaning toward SMT being beneficial.
Does manipulation help with migraine headaches?
Yes.
Does manipulation help with hypertension?
No current evidence of longterm reduction.
Does manipulation help with infant colic?
91% improvement.
