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Pharmacology > final Exam > Flashcards

final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe 6 responses to parasympathetic inntervations

A
  1. constriction of pupils
  2. Constriction of bronchi
  3. increased detrusor muscle activity
  4. reduced heart rate
  5. increased teat and saliva
  6. GI peristalsis
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2
Q

What is an exception in the innervation of end organs via the sympathetic system

A

sweat glands. They are innervated by acetylcholine

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3
Q

what is the adrenal gland considered to be a aprt of?

A

The sympathetic nervous system. It releases epinehpine and NE that act as hormones

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4
Q

which will over take?

A

the sympathetic due to the additional action of the adrenal glands

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5
Q

responses to the sympathetic system

A
  1. dilation of pupils
  2. bronchodilation
  3. vessel constriction
  4. incresae in HR
  5. reduced detrusor activity
  6. Reduced GI peristalsis
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6
Q

Atropine

A

is a competitive antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Atropine dilates the pupils, increases heart rate, and reduces salivation and other secretions. It is an anticholinergic.

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7
Q

What is a catecholamine?

A

NE, E, dopamine

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8
Q

What is an anticholinergic? give an example

A

Something that antagonizes the receptors of acetycholine. atropine is an example

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9
Q

What types of drugs often can antagonize muscarinic receptors? What are the side effects of doing this?

A

Antihisitimes. can cause dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, impaired cognition

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10
Q

What do medications used as NMBs acts on?

A

They interfere with aceytlcholine receptors in nicotinic muscarinic junctions.

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11
Q

What is a cholinomimetic?

A

Drugs that mimic the action of acetylcholine by acting as an agonist at the receptor, or by antagonizing the cholinesterase enzyme that is responsible for inactivating Ach

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12
Q

What do you treat myasthenia gravis with?

A

you can treat it with cholinomimetics

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13
Q

two examples of cholinomimetics?

A

neostigmine and pyridostigmine

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14
Q

what can organophosphates do?

A

they are ACHase inhibitors. and produce spastic paralysis

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15
Q

what is the precursor of synthesis of catecholamines?

A

tyrosine

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16
Q

what is monoamine oxidase?

A

It si the primary enzyme invovled in the degredation of dopamine, NE and E..also seratonin

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17
Q

norepinephrine stimulates which receptors?

A

alpha

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18
Q

epinephrine stimulates which receptors?

A

beta

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19
Q

What is methyldopa used for?

A

It can be used to reduce the amount of endogenous synthesis and release of norepinephrine. Thus it can be used as an antiypetensive

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20
Q

What does clonidine do?

A

clonidine is an alpha 2 receptor agonist, which further prevents the release of neurotransmitters from that neuron. Thus it can reduce BP

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21
Q

What is a sympatholytic?

A

inhibits the postganglionic functioning of the sympathetic nervous system. Clonidine and methyldopa are examples.

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22
Q

where are beta-1 receptors located? and what do they do?

A

in the heart.

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23
Q

where are beta 2 receptors located? and what do they do?

A

In the lungs.

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24
Q

what are ergotalkaloids

A

they are a sertaonin receptr agonist

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25
what is gaba?
an inhibitory neurotransmitter that blocks neuronal pathways
26
the onset of action of a general anasthetic is directly proportional to
the rise of partial pressure of the gas in the brain, and NOT the concentration of anesthetic in the brain.
27
potency of an anasthetic is determined by its
lipid solubility
28
How to compare potencies
MAC
29
What is MAC
the concetration of a gas at which only 50% of patients respond to a specific surgical stimuls
30
Most commonly administered anesthetic?
isoflurane
31
Potential adverse effects of propofol
could cause BP to drop very rapidly
32
What is an example of a dissociative agent?
Ketamine. may appear conscious, but ability to respond to a stimulus is altered
33
What do narcotics do?
blunt CO2 response.. you wont hyperventillate as teh amount of CO2 goes up, which could lead to resiratory acidosis.
34
Structure of local anisthetics
lipophilic group - animde or ester - hydrophilic group
35
what is the safest kind of anasthetic?
Esters are safer than amides.
36
Why is ester lcoal anisthetic consdiered to be safer?
because it has a shorter half life and can be degraded by cholinesterases in the blood plasma
37
What is a metablite that people can sometimes be allergic to?
People can be allergic to PABA which is a metabolite of the ester local antisetics
38
half life of amides?
2-3 hours
39
how are amides deactivated?
by hydrolysis
40
most commonly used local anisthetics?
lidocaine and bupivacaine
41
What is a problem assocaited with heart disease that makes anesthetics toxoci in these individuals?
Because heart patients can have decreased cardiac output, only a little of blood gets to the liver, and there is a decreased amount of potential
42
Is renal disease an issue in local anesthetics?
NO! DEPOLARIZED BY THE TIME IT GETS OT THE KIDENY
43
list of disease states and co morbidies in regards to LA
Cardiac output, minimally in renal failure, liver disease, in neonates and prgananct women, in sepsis (because altered protein profiles)
44
in regards to LA, what about the potential is changed?
The rate of rise is altered so that it cannot reach threshold levels.
45
How is the potential in LA changed?
They block sodium channels
46
What is the mechanism of action of LA
They cross the lipid bilayer uncharged, where they then become charged and are trapped inside of the cell. They bind to the sodium channel and prevent the efflux of sodium into the cell, thus preventing the cell from reaching its thershold potential, and blocking imupulse propogation
47
What is the PkA correlated with? (LA)
the onset of action of a drug
48
What about a pka will increase the time of onset of a :A
The closer pKa is to the bodies pH, the faster the rate of onset, because it will b euncharged, and will cross the membrane faster.
49
What does the lipid solubility of an LA determine?
The potenecy of a drug?
50
What is the potency of a drug correlated with? (LA)
the lipid solubility. The more lipid soluble, the higher the effective does within the cell.
51
What is the duration of action in an LA assocaited with?
Protein binding. When something binds to protein it will be able to hang around for longer.
52
In regards to LA, what do the duration of action, the time of onset and the potency relate to, respectively?
protein binding, PKA, lipidopilicity,
53
duration of action of lidocaine and bupivicaine
lidocaine has a very short duration | bupivicane has a very long duation of action
54
are myelinated or unmyelinated nerve fiobers blocked first?
myelinated.
55
What is blocked last?
Large muscles
56
What is blocked first and what does this cause?
sympathetic is blocked
57
order of blockade in LA
sympathetic (vasodillation), loss of pain and temperature sensations, loss of proprioception, loss of touch and pressure, loss of motor function
58
pregnant women have been shown to have ____ and ____ form buvivicane
CNA efects and CV collapse
59
how to traet someone what thas had an LA overdose
hyperventillate the perosn
60
How to treat peptic ulcers?
treat with an H2 antagonis. block H2 receptors.
61
What is the role of H1?
vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, itching, bronchoconstriction
62
What is the role of H2?
to medaite gastric acid secretion.
63
How to treat ulcers?
with H2 antagonists.

Pharmacology (1 decks)

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