Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Tuberculosis

Answer 1

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transmission is usually by airborne droplets from persons with TB Negative pressure room!

Answer 2

cough, blood-tinged sputum, fatigue, Gradual weight loss, low-grade fever, nocturnal diaphoresis

Answer 3

Critical period 6-12 months after infection 4-9 months meds with annoying side effects, compliance is key!

Answer 4

Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection

Answer 5

Overcrowding Poor ventilation Poor health HIV/AIDS Poor diet Homelessness

Answer 6

also called interferon-gamma release assays or IGRAs measures how the immune system reacts to the bacteria that cause TB by testing the person’s blood in a laboratory

Answer 7

QuantiFERON®–TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT) T-SPOT®.TB test (T-Spot)

Answer 8

means the person has been infected with TB bacteria. Additional tests are needed to determine if the person has a latent TB infection or active TB disease. A healthcare worker will then provide treatment as needed

Answer 9

means that the person’s blood did not react to the test and that latent TB infection or TB disease is not likely

Answer 10

People who have received bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG). BCG is a vaccine for TB disease. People who have a difficult time returning for a second appointment to look for a reaction to the TEST

Answer 11

Intradermal injection in the forearm- 0.1 ml PPD Read reaction 48-72 hours after injection Measure and record results in millimeters of induration

Answer 12

HIV-infected people People who have had a recent contact with another person with TB People with fibrotic changes on chest radiograph consistent with prior TB Patients with organ transplants People who are immunosuppressed for other reasons (like taking the equivalent of >15 mg/day of prednisone for 1 month or longer, taking TNF-α agonists)

Answer 13

Recent immigrants (<5 years) from high-prevalence countries Injection drug users Residents and employees of high-risk congregate settings Mycobacteriology laboratory personnel Persons with clinical conditions that place them at high risk Children <4 years of age Infants, children, and adolescents exposed to adults at high risk for developing active TB

Answer 14

Any person, including people with no known risk factors for TB. However, targeted skin testing programs should only be conducted among high-risk groups

Answer 15

Long-course anti-TB medication - can be up to 6-12 months on meds for active disease DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY Healthcare professionals observe clients to ensure that they ingest each dose of anti-TB medication to maximize the likelihood of completion of therapy. CDC recommends video DOT (vDOT) as an alternative to in-person DOT for people in TB treatment

Answer 16

Malaria Foodborne and waterborne diseases Diarrheal diseases Yellow fever Hepatitis Chikungunya Other endemic diseases

Answer 17

an infection transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a human under natural conditions- rabies (hydrophobia)

Answer 18

more prevalent in tropical climates and countries with inadequate prevention and control methods

Answer 19

in the hospital People coming in and out of hospital are at risk

Answer 20

Newly appearing in a population or community that hasn’t existed before

Answer 21

An acute viral respiratory illness. VERY CONTAGIOUS Lives on surfaces 2 hours 1 person can infect 9-10 people

Answer 22

fever (as high as 105°F) and malaise, the three “C”s: cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis Koplik spots - inside the mouth on the cheeks followed by a maculopapular rash Rash – flat, red spots that can become raised Koplik spots – whitish-blue spots on the inside of the cheeks–followed by maculopapular rash

Answer 23

A highly contagious viral illness in young adults Transmission: coughing, sneezing, kissing, sharing food or drinks Need to spend 9 days in isolation No treatment or cure

Answer 24

Flu-like symptoms followed by painful swelling of one or both glands in cheek near jaw line** It can start as an earache or tenderness along the jaw Usually last for 9 days

Answer 25

Meningitis Painful swollen testicles Painful swelling of ovaries and breasts Pancreatitis Permanent deafness Spontaneous abortions

Answer 26

It is a contagious viral disease that can cause a mild illness to serious health problems Contagious for about a week before and a week after the rash appears Transmission: coughing, sneezing, or touching contaminated surfaces

Answer 27

Mild fever Headache Sore throat Red rash Swollen lymph nodes. The rash usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. About half of people who get rubella don't develop a rash

Answer 28

If a pregnant woman gets rubella, she has a 90% chance of passing it to her fetus

Answer 29

Usually resolves on own Pain medications Vaccination

Answer 30

A bacterial infection that causes severe coughing fits and can be life-threatening for babies. Spreads easily through coughing or sneezing Babies may not cough much, or they may not cough at all. Instead, they may have apnea If people are visiting newborn babies, make sure they’re vaccinated!

Answer 31

Antibiotics Rest, fluids, and avoid cigarette smoke Vaccine

Answer 32

A highly contagious viral disease that can cause paralysis and death. Due to vaccination programs, it has been eliminated in many areas

Answer 33

Fever Headache Fatigue Vomiting Muscle pain In more severe cases, polio can cause paralysis, affecting the arms, legs, or both. Paralysis can occur within hours of infection and is usually permanent Can cause respiratory failure and death

Answer 34

Person-to-person contact with infected feces, contaminated food or water, or through respiratory droplets from an infected person

Answer 35

No cure Bed rest, pain relievers, muscle relaxers, and physical therapy

Answer 36

Muscle spasms in the jaw, face, throat, chest, neck, back, abdomen, and buttocks Fever Trouble swallowing Rapid heart rate Incontinence

Answer 37

Focused on managing complications Vaccination

Answer 38

Viral hepatitis refers to a group of infections that primarily affect the liver. These infections have similar clinical presentations but different causes and characteristics

Answer 39

It may last several weeks and can be debilitating, but most people recover Affects the liver–jaundice, clay colored stools, dark urine Vaccine preventable!!

Answer 40

Spread through fecal-oral route (when fecal matter enters the mouth) Direct contact Food and beverages Cups and spoons Objects handled by an infected person

Answer 41

N/V/D, stomach pain, anorexia, fever, fatigue, jaundice

Answer 42

Hand hygiene education Keeping toilets and bathrooms clean Avoiding infected water sources Peeling fruits and vegetables, and avoiding undercooked meat and fish Drink bottled water or boil tap water before drinking

Answer 43

Daycare workers People traveling to countries with high rates IV drug users homosexual men anybody with chronic liver disease

Answer 44

More self limited Bigger ability to infect compared to HIV because it stays outside the body for longer Vaccine-preventable OSHA mandate requires healthcare workers to be offered scene at the expense of their employer

Answer 45

Spread through blood and body fluids

Answer 46

IV drug users immigrants refugees healthcare workers hemodialysis patients prisoners persons with STDs

Answer 47

Acute: Will develop antibodies and rid the body of the virus on its own. You will have lifelong immunity to acute hep b Chronic: Mostly seen in immunodeficiency, can’t rid self of virus so they will remain lifelong carriers. Can lead to hepatic carcinoma and chronic active hepatitis

Answer 48

Most common chronic blood-borne infection in the US The leading cause of chronic liver disease, end-stage liver disease, liver cancer, and liver transplants. Very serious! Spread through blood or body fluids

Answer 49

healthcare workers infants born to infected moms IV drug users persons with multiple sex partners

Answer 50

younger than 25 minority urban setting poverty using crack cocaine older adults

Answer 51

Gram negative, goes for mucus membranes, affects anus, GU tract/genitals, pharynx Can be spread from mother to child Increased risk for PID in women

Answer 52

Maybe no symptoms! Abdominal pain or pain with intercourse Vaginal discharge and bleeding Infected kidneys UTI (dysuria) Burning sensation with urination Inflammation of the penile Swollen testicles Green discharge from the penis

Answer 53

Risk is increasing Babies can get this and die a lot from it

Answer 54

Sore on entry site/chankra Starts macular, will grow and ulcerate to create indented sore on back 30-90 days after exposure Will go away into 3-6 weeks or continue into stage 2

Answer 55

Body rash that starts on palms of hands and soles of feet, moves inward to trunk Sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes 4-10 weeks after initial infection

Answer 56

Rare because of antibiotics Affects internal organs Can lead to blindness, psychosis, and cardiovascular damage Can lead to death of babies, blindness, deafness, or premature birth Meningitis, anemia, low birth weight, and death in babies born 3-15 years after initial infection

Answer 57

The most common reportable STD in the US About 70-80% of women with chlamydia don’t notice any symptoms Cervix, rectum, or throat in women Urethra, rectum, or throat in men Treated with antibiotics Exposure again can make you get it again

Answer 58

usually appear 1-3 weeks after exposure Pain when urinating Discharge Urinary frequency Pain in the lower abdomen Pain in the testicles Fever, nausea Painful intercourse

Answer 59

Can be passed in childbirth Painful, no cure (chronic, has latency periods of dormancy and reactivation) Linked to cervical cancer, spontaneous abortions, and high risk of transmission to newborns Prodromal period before outbreak

Answer 60

Antiviral medications include acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends starting treatment within the first three days of an initial outbreak

Answer 61

Genital warts found on shaft of penis or vulva/vagina/cervix and around anus Viral infection Caused by only a few of the 100+ strains of HPV Transmitted by skin/skin contact in genital area Treatable Visual test Common in young, sexually active women Can cause cancer Vaccine preventable

Answer 62

Genital warts Cervical cancer precancerous lesions lesions of upper respiratory tract Plantar warts Usually no manifestations, they can be dormant and activate when there is a drop in immunity

Answer 63

Usually soft, fleshy, and moist. They may ooze, bleed, get pustular and itch, at times In women, they can be seen on the labia majora, minora, cervix, vagina, and anus In men, they mostly appear on the scrotum or penis

Answer 64

Persistent infection with high risk types of HPV increases the chances of developing cervical cancer All cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV infections The high risk types of HPV can also cause cancer of the anus, mouth, and upper respiratory tract

Answer 65

These are pre-cancerous affections, which can progress to invasive cancer, and are most commonly seen in the genital areas These types of HPV cause cellular changes or dysplasia in the cervix or vagina Such lesions can be easily detected on a PAP smear

Answer 66

Some strains of HPV can affect the mouth and upper respiratory tract They could also give rise to HPV symptoms like warts on the tongue, tonsils, buccal cavity, larynx, and nose These warts interfere with breathing and may require surgery

Answer 67

These appear on the sole of the foot They typically have a cauliflower appearance They may ooze blood through capillaries when the surface is cut open They spread on contact with the virus, through cuts and abrasions on the skin

Answer 68

Chemotherapy, surgical removal of wart, pap smears, and HPV vaccine

Answer 69

Transmission via semen, vaginal secretions, blood and breastmilk HIV is not transmitted through casual contact, touching, coughing, office equipment, dishes, insects

Answer 70

1. The primary infection (within about one month of contracting the virus) 2. Clinical latency – a period with no apparent symptoms 3. Final stage of symptomatic disease

Answer 71

Flu like symptoms at first that go undetected lymphadenopathy, myalgias, rash, sore throat, and fever AIDS is the last stage. It is life threatening and disabling, caused by HIV or a CD4 T-lymphocyte count <200 mLs with HIV

Answer 72

Good! Between 500 and 1200: Usual for people without HIV Below 200: Higher risk of illnesses and infections Can also be a percentage. Above 90% is similar to above 500. Below 14% is similar to below 200

Answer 73

Bad Between 100,000 and 1 million: high Below 10,000: For people with HIV not on treatment, this is low Below 50: Known as “undetectable”. The aim of HIV treatment is to have an undetectable viral load

Answer 74

Antibody, antigen/antibody, and nucleic acid test (NAT)

Answer 75

looks for antibodies to HIV in your blood or oral fluid. Most rapid tests and the only HIV self-test approved by the FDA are antibody tests. Can take about 90 days to be detected, tell patient to come after that amount of time to make sure they’re actually negative

Answer 76

Antigen/antibody test looks for both HIV antibodies and antigens. Blood draws from veins or also a rapid antigen/antibody test from a finger stick. 18-45 days from blood draw, 18-90 days from fingerstick

Answer 77

looks for the actual virus in the blood. Done via blood draw. Determines viral load. Fastest detection of HIV presence

Answer 78

Oral=get tested every 3 months Injection=get tested every 2 months For HIV negative ppl high risk If you are diagnosed, you are no longer on PrEP

Answer 79

Occurs when immune system is vulnerable, specifically HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia- most common Tuberculosis Cryptococcal meningitis Fungal infections Kaposi sarcoma

Answer 80

Differences or inequalities in health care status due to gender, race/ethnicity, education, disability, geographic location or sexual orientation. A goal in the United States is to eliminate health disparities by expanding access to health care for vulnerable or at-risk populations Example: Rural residents have more chronic conditions such as diabetes and are more likely to die of heart attacks

Answer 81

Susceptibility to actual or potential stressors that may lead to an adverse effect

Answer 82

Increased risk Worse health outcomes

Answer 83

Those who are marginalized from society, disconnected from community which they live and work, whether because they move around, race, ethnicity, etc Socially excluded Excluded from getting goods or care

Answer 84

Ability to resist vulnerability

Answer 85

Subgroup of the population Higher risk of developing health problems Greater exposure to health risk because of marginalization (age/gender/ability to access resources)

Answer 86

High risk mothers Chronically ill and disabled HIV/AIDS Mentally ill Substance abusers Homeless Immigrants and refugees

Answer 87

Environmental hazards-lead exposure, mold, education, etc Social hazards-crime, violence, isolation esp in elderly and rural Personal behaviors-smoking, diet Biological or Genetic make-up-immune state, vulnerability to disease, etc

Answer 88

Poverty is defined by family income and the number of people in a family. Primary cause of vulnerability to health problems Poverty guidelines help determine financial eligibility for assistance Income doesn't increase but cost of living does Anyone living in poverty with no health insurance is primary cause of vulnerability

Answer 89

Rural – fewer than 20,000 residents or fewer than 99 persons per square mile. Makes up 20% of population rn, so 20% of population faces these vulnerabilities Urban – higher population densities; population of at least 20,000

Answer 90

Higher proportions of whites in rural areas Higher than average numbers of younger (6-17 years) and older (over 65 years) People 18 and older are more likely to be or have been married More likely to be widowed than urban counterparts Fewer years of formal schooling Tend to be poor Higher risk of being uninsured or underinsured High risk for injury

Answer 91

Higher infant and maternal morbidity rates Higher rates of diabetes Higher rates of obesity Higher rates of suicide Higher rates of injury Increased occupational risks Less likely to seek preventative care Poorer perceptions of health and health status

Answer 92

Distance Lack of transportation Unpredictable weather Uninsured Shortage of healthcare providers Rural Health Care

Answer 93

Availability Accessibility Affordability Awareness Adequacy Acceptability Assessment

Answer 94

Geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of health care professionals that may not allow a full complement of health care Not enough people in one specialty Also not enough facilities for rural areas

Answer 95

Area that is determined with a calculation of a ratio of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and percentage of the population age 65 or above

Answer 96

US federal designation for those populations that face economic barriers (low-income or Medicaid-eligible populations) or cultural and/or linguistic access barriers to primary medical care services

Answer 97

Access to care Nutrition and weight status Diabetes Mental health Substance abuse Heart disease and stroke Physical activity and health Concerns for the older adult Maternal, infant and child health Tobacco use

Answer 98

one whose primary employment is agriculture on a seasonal basis, who has been employed within the last 24 months and who establishes a temporary abode for the purpose of that employment

Answer 99

work cyclically in agriculture but can migrate Seasonal workers Have temporary housing Not covered under labor laws-no regulations Use limited English Have cultural practices/values

Answer 100

Dental ($$ and causes other health conditions) TB (overcrowding) Chronic diseases_STIs, HIV, infectious disease Stress/anxiety Anemias Cancers (pesticides and chems) No prenatal care STI, HIV Pesticide exposure- headaches, dizziness, dyspnea, eye/skin irritation, anemias and cancers in chronic use No services or access No PTO, sick time, etc No medicaid Long hours during the time clinics are open Documentation and being illegal

Answer 101

Primary prevention- education, prenatal care, immunizations, dental care Secondary- TB screenings, cancer screenings, lead screenings, pesticide exposure, illness Tertiary- chronic conditions, treat for pesticide exposure, mobilize primary care services

Answer 102

Under the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Issues Mental health- PTSD, substance abuse Infectious disease–migration, exposed to elements, overcrowding Chemical exposure TBI (traumatic brain injury) Hearing/vision impairments (guns/bombs/chems) Amputations * Coordination of care is important*

Answer 103

At lowest rate since 1976 Area of public health concern Higher rates for Black and Hispanic teens May result in a cycle of poverty and school failure Teens often feel invincible and may not recognize risks involved with behaviors Teens often influenced by peer pressure

Answer 104

Sexual victimization–whether as a result or leads to increased risk taking and promiscuity Family structure Parenting style Lack of communication and education about issues of sexuality

Answer 105

Limited education/job opportunities Risk of poverty and homelessness Risk of malnutrition- set up WIC program Discrimination All teen pregnancies are considered high risk* Parental denial plays a major factor in prevention*

Answer 106

Addiction Increased mental health disorders Increased risk of sexual assault; violence Increased risk of infectious diseases (TB, HIV, STIs, Hep C) Upon release- mental health issues poverty, inability to find employment/housing, chronic disease, social injustice, economic problems Illness and injury occur before the institution, at the institution, and trickles back out when they’re released Most inmates are male and Hispanic or AA around 37yo. Around 75% are in for nonviolent crimes (drug possession, robbery, extortion, etc)

Answer 107

relationship between members of this population and the healthcare system

Answer 108

Suicide, depression, peer victimization, family rejection, physical health problems

Answer 109

Homelessness, higher rates of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use

Answer 110

HIV/STDs, especially in communities of color

Answer 111

Less likely to get preventative services for cancer Lesbian and bisexual females more likely to be overweight or obese

Answer 112

High prevalence of HIV/STIs, victimization, mental health, suicide

Answer 113

face additional barriers to health because of isolation and a lack of social services and culturally competent providers

Answer 114

collecting data on LGBT health issues and improving the health of LGBT adolescents. Adding questions related to sexual orientation and gender identity to surveys School- and family-based interventions can help reduce bullying and decrease deaths associated with suicide and illegal drug use

Answer 115

It is essential to engage the whole person, not a collection of risk factors It is important to understand that LGBT life issues are like others but also unique: Families, Coming Out Long Term Relationships Reproduction, Parenting Mental Health Chronic Diseases Communicable Diseases

Answer 116

Ask questions!!

Answer 117

Same for all patients Know them as a person Inclusive and neutral language Partner instead of husband/wife/bf/gf No assumptions Remember sexual health and high risk of HIV/STIs

Answer 118

Have you had sex with anyone in the last year? Did you have sex with men, women, or both? Have you had oral, vaginal, or anal intercourse? How many partners did you have? How often do you use condoms? Have you exchanged sex for drugs, alcohol, housing, food, or money? Has anyone ever forced you to have sex?

Answer 119

They don’t have enough money to afford housing!! There is an affordable housing shortage throughout the United States. The housing that does exist is very expensive Families with children are the fastest growing segment of the homeless More than 600,000 American kids will sleep in a shelter tonight The average age of a homeless person: 9 years old. The child who is homeless is more likely to have school absences

Answer 120

Deinstitutionalization efforts of the 1960s to mainstream the mentally ill and to society. Closure of inpatient psych centers in units due to a lack of funding. Unemployment or under-employment. Domestic violence. Abandonment. Natural disasters and fires. Disability. Substance abuse and addiction. Immigration. Political unrest and wars

Answer 121

Substance Abuse Mental Illness Domestic Violence Family Strife Unemployment Disability

Answer 122

Crowded living arrangements with many other families means more bug sharing Upper respiratory infections Acute otitis media Lice Scabies Others

Answer 123

Income is associated with obesity for all age groups (unhealthy diet) Homeless face additional problems in access to nutritious food Homeless children and those in unaffordable housing situations have actually been shown to exhibit growth stunting due to malnutrition

Answer 124

Access to dental care is a huge problem – Medicaid does not cover dental care for adults (children yes) Nearly 50% of school-aged children have not seen a dentist in the previous year in one study 36% of homeless children have dental problems according to family surveys Can lead to chronic diseases

Answer 125

Asthma rates are increased for children living in poverty in general, including homeless children Associated with poor housing conditions: Dust mites Cockroaches Molds Rodents URI’s as a trigger (increased due to crowding)

Answer 126

Show respect and use a positive approach, which builds trust. Support primary (advocacy), secondary (tuberculosis screening), and tertiary ("detox" treatment) prevention to make it easier to cope with difficult, challenging lives

Answer 127

Inadequate social support Feelings of powerlessness Violence shown in the media Living in a crowded environment

Answer 128

Kicking, slapping, hitting, punching, pushing, pulling, choking and property damage

Answer 129

Jealously, anger, intimidation, controlling, neglect, humiliation, threats, isolation and verbal abuse

Answer 130

Being stopped from meeting or seeing friends or family, not allowed to leave the home. Being stalked

Answer 131

Forcing and coercing sexual acts, rape and having sex without wanting to. May not be disclosed, can’t assess for it

Answer 132

Controlling access to money and other resources, forced to live without money Seen in elderly by adult child by being controlling or stealing money

Answer 133

Physical injuries, no explanation for injuries or an incorrect one Current or previous police involvements Feelings of sadness or depression, low self-esteem , financial concerns, no social life, can’t go for healthcare, etc Difficulty in concentration or focus Being denied access to funds or resources and/or repeated requests for financial assistance

Answer 134

Nurses partnering with associations to provide alternative activities that improve social skills is one of the best ways to prevent violence Report incidents to child protective services or other appropriate legal authorities Comprehensive services in locations where people live and work Advocacy Social justice Culturally and linguistically appropriate health care

Answer 135

Pre-arrival torture, trauma, rape, and sexual violence. These can also happen post-arrival Post-traumatic stress disorder. Problems experienced during resettlement Racism Loss of dreams Loss of status

Answer 136

Outcomes of vulnerability can be negative, such as lower health status, or they may be positive with effective interventions One vulnerability usually puts one at risk for another Cycle of vulnerability

Answer 137

social isolation, hopelessness, chronic stress, powerlessness

Answer 138

People often die from this rather than the actual HIV Airborne Yeast like fungus but antifungals don’t work Abx, and corticosteroids in severe cases CD4 <200 is risk for HIV External dyspnea, fevers, chills, weight loss, chest discomfort, nonproductive cough, nosebleeds (rare) Before antiretroviral meds, 70-80% incidence per year People in their 80s dying from HIV die from this PNA

Answer 139

CD4 of 100 or less is high risk Fungal infection Virus is seen in environment: soil and bird droppings Inhalation → lungs, blood, spinal column, brain Can infect lungs, or in severe cases, kidneys, skin, urinary tract, and lymph nodes

Answer 140

Cancer in lymph cells and blood vessels among people with HIV Lesions on chest, face, limbs, Life threatening if in GI tract, liver, lungs Cytotoxic drugs/chemo Rare but be aware of side effects and symptoms in HIV

Answer 141

teach safe sex, abstinence, monogamy, use and appropriate use of condoms, clean needle policy, prophylactic meds (primary prevention bc preventing but they’re at risk so secondary as well)

Answer 142

partner notification in people newly diagnosed, screenings, antibody/NAT testings for STDs, C-sections in HIV+ women to decrease transmission risk in baby

Answer 143

antiretroviral meds, treatments, encourage healthy lifestyles in people with HIV, support services, resources

Answer 144

Limited access to healthcare and resources Social isolation scarcity of health professionals Lack of knowledge (health literacy) Poverty Language and culture barriers between migrants, farmers, etc Traveling time and or distance to care (no transportation)

Answer 145

the area of study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide we try to understand underlying issues of health such as different factors like biological, environmental, financial, etc ENTIRE HUMAN POPULATION which is ONE GLOBAL COMMUNITY working together to stay healthy

Answer 146

Through her life's work, Florence Nightingale advocated for health at the personal, community, and global levels. In 1893 she stated, "Health is not only to be well but to use well every power we have." As nurses we have power in numbers. But is important to remember that our power also resides in our strong caring beliefs and values

Answer 147

Justice human rights

Answer 148

Major international agency for health Acts as a director and coordinator for international health work (domestic and worldwide) Mission: “attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health” (WHO, 1948) Premise: health is a public good requiring governmental action to achieve its objective

Answer 149

Highest governing body within WHO. Agency that collaborates with the UN, involved with data gathering, research, and policy organization to help the WHO achieve its mission. Publication called world health stats that look at diseases around the globe

Answer 150

Eradication/elimination programs for polio, leprosy, guinea worm and measles Reducing transmission and incidence of HIV/AIDS (some countries don’t have vaccines!) Launching a “Roll Back Malaria” Program Stopping the transmission of tuberculosis Increasing access to essential pharmaceuticals Preventing and treating iron deficiency anemia Reducing maternal morbidity and mortality Promoting healthful lifestyles for all age groups Establishing “Health Promoting Schools"

Answer 151

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmary

Answer 152

Government agency primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid Drawn on to manage U.S. Government (USG) programs to provide low-income countries for a range of purposes Can be when another country has a natural disaster, war, political strife, etc.

Answer 153

International nonprofit organization working to advance global health through locally driven, locally owned, and locally sustainable health systems strengthening and human resources for health interventions Vision – a world with access to quality healthcare for everyone, everywhere, regardless of wealth or ability to pay Mission – “to strengthen health systems and workforce capacity worldwide through locally driven, peer-to-peer institutional partnerships. FORWARD THINKING… Trying to work upstream

Answer 154

International financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital programs Stated official goal – reduction of poverty Mission is to reduce extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity by lending money to developing countries, providing technical assistance, and by sharing knowledge and solutions

Answer 155

Global health council Center for international health and cooperation CARE Carter center International council for nurses

Answer 156

Dedicated to saving lives by improving health worldwide US based nonprofit networking organization Connects advocates, implementers, and stakeholders around global health priorities worldwide Dedicated to advancing policies and programs that improve global health Represents thousands of public health professionals from 150 countries Increases investments, robust policies, and power of collective voice Helps influence health policy

Answer 157

Promotion of healing and peace in countries affected by natural disasters, armed conflicts, civil war, strife, and ethnic violence Employs resources and personal contacts to stimulate interest in humanitarian issues and to promote innovative educational programs and training models

Answer 158

Respond to famine and disasters worldwide Saves lives, defeat poverty, and achieve social justice Seeks a world of hope, inclusion, and social justice where poverty has been overcome and all people live with dignity and security After the world was recovering from WWII, some people sought to help the country from poverty, creating this organization

Answer 159

Disease prevention and agriculture Founded on fundamental commitment to human rights and the alleviation of human suffering Seeks to prevent and resolve conflict, enhance freedom and democracy, and improve health Believes that people can improve lives if provided necessary skills, knowledge, and access to resources (personal responsibility that this organization assists with) Resolving conflicts, enhancing democracy in country, advancing human rights and giving economic opportunities Helped prevent diseases, get mental health care and teaching farmers to increase crop production in highly agricultural countries

Answer 160

Mission: to maintain the role of nursing in health care through its global voice Serving to maintain role of nursing in healthcare through global voice Membership includes 120 countries Helps enhance nurses contributions, primary care, prevention, research, developing and implementing robust programs, innovation Assists nurses in maintaining global voice

Answer 161

8 international goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations agreed to achieve by the year 2015

Answer 162

To encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the poorest countries

Answer 163

eradicate extreme poverty and hunger achieve universal primary education promote gender equality and empower women reduce child mortality rates improve maternal health combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and disasters ensure environmental sustainability develop a global partnership for development

Answer 164

uneven across regions and countries, leaving millions of people behind, especially the poorest and those disadvantaged due to sex, age, disability, ethnicity or geographic location. Targeted efforts will be needed to reach the most vulnerable people

Answer 165

Set in january 2016 to banish a whole host of social ills by 2030 Replaces the MDGs

Answer 166

No poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry innovation and infrastructure, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace justice and strong institutions, partnerships for the goals

Answer 167

Illnesses that are closely associated with poverty - tuberculosis, AIDS, malnutrition, severe dental problems - devastate the homeless population. Health problems that exist quietly at other income levels - alcoholism, mental illnesses, diabetes, hypertension, physical disabilities - are prominent on the streets. Human beings without shelter fall prey to parasites, frostbite, infections and violence Nutrition, substandard housing, etc are issues Absenteeism because children are behind on vaccinations

Answer 168

Edema (swelling) of arms, legs, face Weak muscles, pale hair/skin, enlarged liver Swollen belly because of fluid retention and weak abdominal walls that allow internal organs to sag out Common in children weaned early; low-protein diet Severe malnutrition and low protein communities are at risk for this

Answer 169

Severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) – too little calories Very low birth weight, weakness, organ failure Skeletal appearance, wrinkled skin

Answer 170

The average person needs about 1800 kcals/day Extra calories = extra weight Not just from too much food, also unhealthy food Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, gallstones, asthma, arthritis, heart disease, strokes, some cancers, etc.

Answer 171

Dynamic workforce and well-informed decisions Helps with social and economic prosperity Water impacts education (little girls carry water and miss school) Girls don't go to school when on period, 10-20% days missed

Answer 172

Termination of girl pregnancies Genital cutting and mutilation Gender violence, abuse, and inequality less access to information and stuff Less women in parliament wage gap No autonomy because of spouse or God opinion Myths about medication Low access (distance)

Answer 173

UN declaration on the elimination of violence against women: “Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.”

Answer 174

Endemics and global diseases (Malaria, Measles, HIV, Ebola, Zika, COVID-19, River Blindness)

Answer 175

Infected mosquito bites human The parasite travels to the liver Parasite rapidly reproduces in the liver, although some variables lie dormant for up to a year. The parasite latches onto red blood cells, burrows into them and continues multiplying. Infected cells burst, spreading the infection. Fever sets in as red blood cell levels drop—circulation in vital organs clogs. Parasites fill the bloodstream, infecting biting mosquitoes to complete the malaria cycle

Answer 176

Vaccine preventable Educate on importance of vaccines and increase accessibility of vaccines to other countries

Answer 177

Endemic mostly in Africa From direct contact with : Body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola. (blood, vomit, urine, feces, sweat, semen, spit, other fluids) Objects contaminated with the virus (needles, medical equipment) Infected animals (by contact with blood or fluids or infected meat)

Answer 178

Ebola can only be spread to others after symptoms begin. Symptoms can appear from 2 to 21 days after exposure. Ebola only spreads when people are sick. A patient must have symptoms to spread the disease to others. After 21 days, if an exposed person does not develop symptoms, they will not become sick with Ebola MEN CAN TRANSMIT THIS THROUGH SEMEN FOR UP TO 7 WEEKS AFTER RECOVERY OF DISEASE

Answer 179

Fever Fatigue Headache Vomiting, Diarrhea, & Stomach Pain (symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function) Unexplained bleeding or bruising Muscle Pain Labs: low WBCs and PLTs, high liver enzymes

Answer 180

Caused by the Zika virus (1947) Spread through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. The illness is usually mild, with symptoms lasting for several days to a week after being bitten by an infected mosquito

Answer 181

Fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes)

Answer 182

Although there is no test to determine if someone is protected against Zika, experts believe that once a person has been infected, they will likely be protected from future infections. Can be transmitted from mother to child during birth and through sexual contact There is a confirmed link between Zika and birth defects in babies born to mothers who are infected, including microcephaly. There are no vaccines Zika bites during daytime

Answer 183

A respiratory disease spreading from person to person Between people in close contact (within about 6 feet). Respiratory droplets are produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of nearby people or possibly be inhaled into the lungs

Answer 184

They can spread it to others 2-3 days before symptoms start and are most contagious 1-2 days before they feel sick. In some circumstances, these droplets may contaminate the surfaces they touch. Anyone infected with COVID-19 can spread it, even if they do NOT have symptoms

Answer 185

Clean your hands often. Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds especially after you have been in a public place, or after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing. If soap and water are not readily available, use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. Cover all surfaces of your hands and rub them together until they feel dry. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands

Answer 186

A parasitic disease caused by tiny worms and transmitted by flies. Symptoms include eye and skin lesions leading to blindness and skin depigmentation

Answer 187

Drinking Cooking Hygiene (hand-washing and bathing) Cleaning (clothes, pots, homes)

Answer 188

diarrhea has killed more children than all the people lost to armed conflict since World War II

Answer 189

Cholera Typhoid Bacillary Dysentery Infectious Hepatitis Giardiasis

Answer 190

Scabies Skin sepsis Ulcers Leprosy Trachoma Dysenteries

Answer 191

interruption of person-to-person transmission and limitation of the reservoir of infection such that no further preventive efforts are required; it indicates a status whereby no further cases of a disease occur anywhere (like smallpox, this is very hard to do)

Answer 192

used when a disease has been interrupted in a defined geographical area (like polio in the US and other areas)

Answer 193

indicates that a specific disease has ceased to be a public health threat

Answer 194

GBD WHO study using quantifiable data demonstrating disparities in the burden of disease worldwide, especially in children

Answer 195

DALY summary measure that combines the impact of illness, disability and mortality on population health A measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the cumulative number of years lost due to ill health, disability, or early death Measures gap between health status and idea health situation where health population lives to advanced age with no illness or disability Same as YLD (years lived with disability) + YLL (years of life lost)

Final Exam Flashcards

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