Final Exam Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Year x-rays were discovered?
A
1895
2
Q
Form of energy carried by waves?
A
radiation
3
Q
High-energy radiation produced by collision of electrons on metal target?
A
X-radiation
4
Q
Beam of energy with penetrating power and records image?
A
X-ray
5
Q
The science or study of radiation in medicine?
A
radiology
6
Q
The science and art of making radiographs?
A
Radiography
7
Q
Positively charged with protons and electrons
A
Nucleus
8
Q
Negatively charged
A
Electrons
9
Q
amount of energy needed to dislodge electron from its orbit
A
Binding energy
10
Q
What are the letters of the 7 shells?
A
K-Q
11
Q
What shell has the strongest binding energy?
A
K
12
Q
Creation of ions from atoms
A
Ionization
13
Q
Atom that gains or loses an electron
A
Ion
14
Q
Electron that is removed from atoms
A
Ion pair
15
Q
Continues to emit energy or electrons to become stable
A
Radioactivity
16
Q
Stops transmitting after running cycle
A
Radiation
17
Q
Capable of producing ions
A
Ionizing radiation
18
Q
Not capable of producing ions
A
Non-ionizing radiation
19
Q
grounds high voltage components, protects everything inside
A
Metal housing
20
Q
Absorbs heat
A
Insulating oil
21
Q
prevents leakage of insulating oil, filters x-ray beam
A
Tube head seal
22
Q
Creates x-rays
A
X-ray tube
23
Q
Alters voltage of incoming electricity
A
Transformer
24
Q
.5 mm increments, filter our long wavelengths and non-penetrating x-rays, protection
A
Aluminum disks
25
Restricts size of x-ray beam
Lead collimator
26
Aim and shape x-ray beam
PID
27
prevent x-rays from going in different directions
Leaded glass housing
28
negative electrode, supply necessary electrons to generate x-rays
Cathode
29
Heated by step down transformer
Tungsten filament
30
directs filaments into narrow beam across from cathode
Molybdenum cup
31
Dissipates heat
Copper stem
32
only opening x-ray can exit from
Unleaded glass window
33
the release of electrons from the tungsten filament as its heated
Thermionic emission
34
produced as bombarding electron traveling from cathode to anode it’s approaching the nucleus and suddenly stops to change direction
-Does NOT produce ions
General radiation
35
X-ray emission that occurs when an electron is knocked out of an atom's electron shell and another electron fills the vacancy
-Produces ions
Characteristic radiation
36
penetrating x-ray beam, before it reacts with matter
Primary radiation
37
Less penetrating than primary radiation
Secondary radiation
38
when x-ray beams deflect in different directions after reacting with matter
Scatter radiation
39
x-ray photon dislodges inner shell electron from atom
Absorption
40
x-ray photon is dislodging an outer shell electron
Compton scatter (modified)
41
x-ray photon interacts with some electron but does not dislodge it, atom does not change
Coherent scatter (unmodified)
42
dislodge electron and has positive ion remaining
Ionization injury
43
uncharged neutral atom that has a single unpaired electron in its outer most shell
Free radical formation injury
44
result of ionizing radiation hitting critical area of cell
Direct theory injury
45
result of ionizing radiation creating free radical formation or toxins in the cell
Indirect theory injury
46
get an effect or don’t, all or nothing, not determined by dose (ex. Cancer)
Stochastic injury
47
effect dependent on dose (ex. Hair loss, erythema)
Non stochastic/deterministic injury
48
affect person irradiated
Somatic effects
49
Affect individuals offspring
Genetic effects
50
seen within minutes, hours, days
-Long amount of radiation over short period of time
Short term effects
51
seen over years, decades
-Short amount of radiation over long period of time
Long term effects
52
Who is more radiosensitive?
Child
53
Who is more radioresistant?
Adult
54
Has mass, travel in straight lines, may be charged
- Ex. electrons, protons, neutrons, Beta/gamma particles
Particulate radiation
55
Wave-like
no mass
particle concept
wave concept
Electromagnetic radiation
56
What is in wave concept?
velocity
wavelength
frequency
57
What are the critical organs?
Bone marrow
skin
lens of eye
thyroid gland
58
small lymphocytes
bone marrow
reproductive cells
intestinal mucosa
skin
lens of eye
oral mucosa
radiosensitive cells
59
muscle
nerves
mature bone/cartilage
salivary gland
thyroid gland
kidney
liver
radioresistant cells
60
What are cells with high metabolism?
radiosensitive
61
amount of radiation in air
-coulombs, kilograms
exposure
62
amount of radiation that tissue receives
o Rad, Gray (Gy)
Dose
63
measurement of effect on tissue exposed
o Rem, Sievert (Sv)
Dose equivalent
64
filtration built into tube head
Inherent filtration
65
filtration we add ourselves
added filtration
66
Greater than or equal to 70 kVp =
2.5
67
maximum amount radiation of an occupational exposed personnel MPD
Maximum permissible dose
68
maximum amount over lifetime MAD
Maximum accumulated dose
69
How much radiation can the radiographer be exposed to each year?
50
70
How much radiation can a pregnant person be exposed to?
.5 per month of pregnancy
71
ALARA
As low as reasonably achievable
72
Film components: seals everything, waterproof
Outer package wrapping
73
Film components: prevents light exposure
Protective black wrapper
74
Film components: Prevent back scatter
Lead foil sheet
75
What are the layers of x-ray film?
Base
adhesive layer
emulsion
protective layer
76
What is emulsion made of?
Gelatin
Silver halide crystals
77
What are the silver halide crystals?
Silver bromide
Silver iodine
78
Invisible until undergoes processing
latent image
79
What are the steps of manual film processing?
Development
rinsing
fixing
washing
drying
80
What are the reducing agents in film developer?
Hydroquinone
Elon
81
What is the preservative in film developer?
Sodium sulfate
82
What is the accelerator in film developer?
Sodium carbonate
83
What is the restrainer in the film developer?
Potassium bromide
84
What are the fixing agents in the film fixer?
sodium thiosulfate
ammonium thiosulfate
85
What is the preservative in the film fixer?
sodium sulfate
86
What is the hardening agent in the film fixer?
potassium alum
87
What are the acidifiers in the film fixer?
Acetic acid
sulfuric acid
88
What is the blue light agent for intensifying screens?
calcium tungstate
89
What is the green light agent in intensifying screens?
rare earth
90
What is needed for direct digital imaging?
sensor
intraoral x-ray unit
computer
91
What are the advantages of direct digital imaging?
instant result, quality, time efficient, less exposure, less waste
92
What are the disadvantages of direct digital imaging?
initial cost, wire, not autoclavable
93
What is needed for indirect digital imaging?
PSP plates
intraoral x-ray unit
scanner
computer
94
What is x-ray quality controlled by?
kVp
95
What is x-ray quantity controlled by?
mA
Exposure time
96
What is x-ray intensity controlled by?
kVp
mA
Exposure time
Distance
97
What are x-ray diagnostic images based off of?
patient size
98
What type of x-ray identifies caries?
High contrast
low kVp
99
What type of x-ray identifies periodontal disease/lesions?
Low contrast
High kVp
100
Blurriness of an x-ray
penumbra
101
What is sharpness characterized by?
focal spot size
film composition
movement
102
what is magnification characterized by?
object-receptor distance
target-receptor distance
103
what is distortion characterized by?
object-receptor alignment
X-ray beam angulation
104
1 Gy =
100 rad
105
1 Sv =
100 rem
106
What are the traditional units of measurement?
Roentgen
Rad
Rem
107
Establishes acceptable levels of radiation exposure, response, and dose?
Dose response curve
108
attraction between the positive nucleus and negative electrons
Electrostatic force
109
Convert electrons into x-rays
Anode
110
Device used to demonstrate short-scale contrast and long-scale contrast
Stepwedge
111
Class I
< Halfway through enamel (beginning)
-Only in enamel
Incipient interproximal caries
112
Class II
> Halfway through enamel
-Only in enamel
Moderate interproximal caries
113
Class III
< Halfway to pulp
-Both dentin and enamel effected
Advanced interproximal caries
114
Class IV
> Halfway to pulp
-Both dentin and enamel effected
Severe interproximal caries
115
-Extends into dentin
-Little change seen in enamel on radiograph
Moderate occlusal caries
116
Large radiolucency
Severe occlusal caries
117
-Difficult to see on radiographs
-More easily seen clinically
Buccal & lingual caries
118
Advanced, severe caries on multiple teeth
Rampant caries
119
Lesion between adjacent roots
Inter-radicular
120
Lesion in space where no tooth is present
Edentulous zone
121
Lesion around the crown of the tooth
Pericoronal
122
multiple compartments, soap bubbles
Multiocular lesions
123
one compartment, small
Uniocular lesion
124
One spot, white
Dense RO, well defined
Focal opacity lesion
125
Well defined
Localized
RO halo/shallow around lesion
Target lesion
126
Multiple overlapping patterns of RO
Multifocal confluent lesion
127
Poorly defined
Hard to identify
Irregular lesion
128
Peddled
Tiny, RO
Orange peel
Ground glass lesion
129
RL lesion with RO flecks in it
Mixed lucent-opaque lesion
130
Well defined
Localized
Where soft tissue should be
Soft tissue opacity lesion
131
Calcification of pulp chamber and canals
Pulpal sclerosis
132
Mass of inflamed granulation tissue at apex, nonvital
Periapical ganuloma
