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Final Exam Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Human Existence

A

About 2 million years ago

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2
Q

Earths Age

A

4.5 billion years ago

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3
Q

How was the solar system formed?

A

nebula explosion caused material to combine and create planets

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4
Q

Mineral

A

naturally occurring inorganic substances that have a definite chemical characteristic and physical properties

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5
Q

7 Mineral Properties

A
  1. Color
  2. Streak
  3. Lustre
  4. Way it breaks
  5. Hardness
  6. Crystal shape
  7. Specific Gravity
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6
Q

Color

A

not always helpful because one mineral can have many colors

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7
Q

Streak

A

color of powder left over

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8
Q

Lustre

A

shine/reflection

Metallic: silver, gold, shiny
Nonmetallic: 1: Vitreous (obsidian) 2: Dull 3: Adamantine brilliance

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9
Q

Way it breaks

A
  1. Cleavage: at least one flat surface
  2. Fracture: no flat surface
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10
Q

Hardness

A

Mohs scale: 1 (soft-talc) - 10 (hard-diamond)

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11
Q

Crystal Shape

A

diamond

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12
Q

Specific Gravity

A

density= mass/volume

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13
Q

Igneous rock

A

form from cooled magma or lava

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14
Q

Intrusive rock

A

cooled underground slowly, producing large grains

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15
Q

Extrusive

A

cooled above ground quickly, producing small grains

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16
Q

Identification of Igneous rocks

A

intrusive
extrusive
felsic: light
mafic: dark

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17
Q

3 Types of Sedimentary Rock

A

Clastic
Organic
Chemical

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18
Q

Clastic

A

formed when the particles that are weathered from other rocks are cemented together to form a new rock

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19
Q

Organic

A

formed from the remains of living things such as plants and animals

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20
Q

Chemical

A

formed when elements that were dissolved in water come out of solution

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21
Q

Formation sedimentary rock

A

rocks composed of small particles called sediments

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22
Q

Rock cycle

A
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23
Q

Formation of volcanoes

A

volcanoes form from lava plumes underneath the earths surface due to plant tectonics

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24
Q

3 types of volcanoes

A
  1. shield
  2. cinder
  3. composite
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25
Shield cone
slopes 3-10 degrees 20,000ft high Mafic
26
Cinder Cone
steep slopes 500 ft high Pyroclastic
27
Composite cone
alternating felsic and mafic eruptions 20,000ft high
28
Felsic lava
violent (pyroclastic+gas), high in silica (viscous)
29
Mafic lava
lava + gas, low in silica (fluid)
30
3 materials released from volcanic eruption
1. lava 2. gas 3. pyroclastic (solid rock)
31
Lava
molten rock WITHOUT trapped gasses found on the surface of earth
32
Pyroclastics
combination of rock fragments and gasses that move violently
33
Formation of metamorphic rocks
form from other rocks whose crystals have been realigned by heat and/or pressure
34
Metamorphic rock characteristics
Foliation: banding stripes found in rock Distorted structure: when foliation is cooked and wavy
35
Relative age
the age of a rock or geologic event relative to other rocks and geologic events
36
Absolute age
age of a rock based on radiometric dating
37
contact metamorphism
when magma changes surrounding rock to metamorphic
38
Radioactive decay
the use of radioactive elements and the knowledge of their decay rates to find the age of rocks
39
Uniformitarianism
geologic process that occur today, occurred the same way in the geologic past
40
Superposition
the bottom layer is the oldest, and the top layer is the youngest
41
Original Horizontality
sedimentary rocks are originally deposited in flat, horizontal layers
42
Meander
curve in a river, the outside move the fastest, while the inside is slower
43
Deposition and erosion
1. Dissolving material 2. Hydraulic action: water itself loosens materials and carries them downstream 3. Abrasion: solid materials in a stream loosen other solid materials by hitting into one another
44
Flood plane
area next to river where there is no plants and is typically sand
45
Levee
ridges of sediment deposited on either side of the river
46
Oxbow
dried up meander
47
Stages in stream development
Youthful stage: steep slope, no meanders, white water, no flood planes Mature Stage: moderate gradient, small meanders, no white water, small flood planes Old age Stage: no gradient, large meanders, no white water, large flood planes
48
How is a glacier formed?
more annual snowfall than melt
49
Alpine glacier
are formed in high elevations and move down due to gravity
50
Continental glacier
large masses of ice that are the size of some large landmasses
51
Northshore
Terminal moraine, deposits rock in front of glacier
52
South shore
Outwash plane, material that is deposited by glacier water movement
53
Lake Ronkonkoma
kettle lake, glacier melts and forms lake
54
Earthquake origin
the shaking of the ground caused by movement along a fault by the movement of magma
55
seismograph
tool to measure seismic waves
56
seismogram
paper that reads the waves
57
Richter scale
1-10 measures magnitude
58
Mercalli Scale
i-xii damage caused by earthquake
59
Effects of earthquakes
collapsing structures and tsunamis
60
Dustribution
found at plate boundaries
61
Lithosphere
rigid outmost layer of earth
62
Asthenosphere
solid, liquidy layer that the plates move on
63
Inner Core
innermost layer of earth and is made of nickel and iron
64
Mantle
outer layer outside outer core, has crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere
65
Outer core
only liquid layer of earths core
66
Cause of plate movement
convection of the asthenosphere
67
Seafloor spread
diverging plate movement
68
subduction
one plate goes other another as they converge
69
7 forms of evidence
1. Shape of continents 2. Matching rocks 3. Fossil evidence 4. Glacial striations 5. Climatic 6. Magnetic 7. Mountains
70
Shape of continents
fit like a jigsaw
71
Matching rocks
rocks on opposite coastlines match
72
Fossil Evidence
1. Glossopteris: large ferns in all continents 2. Mesosaurus: animal found on all continents
73
Glacial striations
matching striations in Africa and South America prove they were closer to the poles
74
Climatic
striations in africa and south America prove they were closer to the poles
75
Magnetic
iron particles no longer point to magnetic north
76
Mountains
mountain ranges in north america match those in norway and sweden because they were once together
77
Mantle plumes
stationary column of magma that comes up from the mantle

Geology (2 decks)

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