final exam Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning involves
A
using abstract ethical principles to make moral judgments.
2
Q
As you are taking this test, it’s easy to look at the answers of the person next to you, but you decide not to. Using Kohlberg’s categories, pick the correct level of moral reasoning: (1) “I won’t because I might get caught”; (2) “I won’t because I believe that cheating is morally wrong”; (3) “I won’t because I took a pledge to uphold the school’s honor code.”
A
(1) preconventional; (2) postconventional; (3) conventional
3
Q
When children reach formal operations, they:
A
think abstractly.
4
Q
Which is the BEST example of the school-to-prison pipeline?
A
A student’s expulsion from school evolves into a life of crime.
5
Q
During the COVID-19 crisis, a teen goes to a party maskless, reasoning, “I can never get ill.” David Elkind would label this as:
A
the personal fable.
6
Q
When G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as characterized by “storm and stress,” he meant teenagers:
A
are moody, sensitive, and prone to taking risks.
7
Q
With regard to high school cliques and crowds, the take-home message is that:
A
to understand where a person is going, look to the company that teen chooses to keep.
8
Q
Nin has a stain on her clothes. Mortified, she tells her mother that she must transfer to another school because everyone is watching and making fun of her. In Elkind’s framework, this is a sign of:
A
the imaginary audience
9
Q
When a “bad” crowd gets together, they may laugh and boast about doing antisocial things. The name for this behavior is:
A
deviancy training.
10
Q
Gangs are most apt to flourish in:
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disorganized, low-efficacy neighborhoods.
11
Q
Which teenage stereotype is FALSE?
A
Most teens drink and abuse drugs.
12
Q
If children get into serious trouble as teens:
A
it may be adolescence-limited turmoil, specific to this phase of life.
13
Q
Which skill is UNIQUE to formal operations?
A
reasoning about hypothetical possibilities
14
Q
A research procedure designed to capture moment-to-moment experiences by having people take notes describing their activities and emotions when a signal sounds is:
A
the experience-sampling method.
15
Q
Giselle and her five best female buddies are her:
A
clique
16
Q
Zero-tolerance school policies often promote:
A
adult criminal behavior.
17
Q
Kohlberg’s scale may NOT be valid because it:
A
doesn’t measure real-world moral acts.
18
Q
Which statement is NOT a takeaway message of the adolescence chapter?
A
People don’t change much emotionally after puberty.
19
Q
Teenage gangs do NOT have this advantage:
A
teaching teens to be productive in the adult world.
20
Q
Since entering middle school, Julie’s grades are dropping, and all she cares about is being in the popular crowd. Julie’s behavior is:
A
relatively common at her age.
21
Q
A benchmark of becoming an adult in the United States is:
A
accepting adult responsibilities.
22
Q
Erik Erikson’s developmental task for people in their twenties is to develop:
A
intimacy through finding an adult love relationship.
23
Q
Emerging adulthood refers to:
A
the time from the end of high school to the late twenties when people construct an adult life.
24
Q
If an emerging adult feels “off time” in their social clock, this person is likely to feel:
A
anxious
25
Pick the correct stimulus-value-role phases: (1) Josef looks across the room and finds Jada attractive; (2) Josef and Jada are figuring out wedding plans; (3) Josef and Jada are dating and trying to discover if they share ideas and world views.
(1) stimulus phase; (2) role phase; (3) value phase
26
Peg, a college junior, has been excitedly changing majors. Marcia would label Peg as in identity _____.
moratorium
27
Marcia's _____ identity status is similar to Erikson's role confusion.
diffusion
28
Ramone's parents have decided to enroll their child in technical school. Ramone passively goes along. Marcia might label Ramone as in identity:
foreclosure, because this person uncritically accepts a family's decision.
29
Dion sees Kiki across the room and thinks, "That person is incredibly appealing and I think we might hit it off. Let me start a conversation." According to Murstein's stimulus-value-role theory, Dion is in the _____ phase of mate selection.
stimulus
30
Cleo is clingy and jealous, and gets upset if a partner doesn't text many times a day. Cleo has a(n) _____ attachment style.
preoccupied/ambivalent
31
William is caring and sensitive, capable of reaching out in love. William has a(n) _____ attachment style.
secure
32
Ushi and Timothee are getting to know each other. They discover that they are both dog lovers and passionate skiers. According to Murstein's stimulus-value-role theory, this couple is in the _____ phase of their relationship.
value-comparison
33
Tho is artistically talented and would like to be a professional painter, but realizes this field is competitive and that artists rarely make a living wage. After considering several possibilities, Tho decides to become an art teacher, since they also like children. According to the identity statuses framework, Tho is in identity _____.
achievement
34
LGBTQ+ relationships are:
like all relationships, varying in quality.
35
Who is likely to run away from getting emotionally involved?
Nazneen, with an avoidant attachment style
36
Nan, a graphic designer, describes her job this way: "Time flies. I get so absorbed in creating just the right logo that before I know it, the workday is over." Nan is:
experiencing flow.
37
Which 21-year-old does NOT fit the classic emerging-adult pattern?
Donalt, who is married, working, and has a child
38
Lashond is torn between going to law school, becoming a musician, and getting a degree in pharmacy, and cannot make any decisions. Lashond fits which identity status?
ruminative moratorium
39
What propelled emerging adulthood into a genuine life stage?
life-expectancy increases and the need for more education
40
What does "homogamy" in mate selection mean?
People select partners with similar values and attitudes.
41
John Holland believes that people are highly satisfied with their careers when they:
fit a job to their personality.
42
According to the U-shaped curve of marital satisfaction:
after the honeymoon, marital happiness steadily decreases, but then rises again at the empty nest stage.
43
Occupational segregation means that:
women and men typically have different kinds of jobs.
44
The term "deinstitutionalization of marriage" means that people:
no longer see marriage as the only acceptable relationship path.
45
Raphaela, age 55, describes a 30-year marriage to Rodolfo: "For the first few years, it was wonderful. We were so in love. Then, during the next decades, things became rocky until the kids left the house and we fell in love again." Based on the U-shaped curve of marital satisfaction, this marriage is:
typical
46
Which person is describing a marital equity issue?
Colette complains that it's not fair that one person does all the housework when they both have full-time jobs.
47
Marlene feels guilty about leaving her 1-year-old to go to a job every day. The name for this concern is _____.
role conflict
48
Generally, young people in the contemporary United States:
want to postpone marriage until they are financially stable.
49
Which stereotype about motherhood is MOST accurate?
Motherhood produces intense emotional highs and lows.
50
Pick the correct triangular theory of love term for each marriage: (1) has it all—great sex, best friends, and firmly committed; (2) best friends, happily married, but no longer sexual; (3) stays together out of habit, but has no emotional connection.
(1) consummate relationship; (2) companionate relationship; (3) commitment alone
51
Which person has good work–life balance?
Noelia, who feels happy at work and also enjoys her time at home
52
The advantage of gig work is _____ while the disadvantage is _____.
freedom to choose one's hours; no benefits
53
What is the BEST strategy when disagreeing with a spouse?
Keep to the issue and don't get personally hurtful.
54
Generalizing from the text, if the economy gets worse:
extrinsic career rewards will be more vital to work satisfaction.
55
Alyshia has lived with several different partners. Alyshia's lifestyle is called _____ _____ and, this pattern is _____ today.
serial cohabitation; common
56
In the work world today:
men still earn more than women.
57
After couples have a child:
gender roles typically become more traditional.
58
In the current push to work 24/7, we can MOSTLY blame which force?
the rise of technologies such as email and texting
59
Workers whose jobs place so many demands on them that it becomes impossible to do a good job are experiencing _________.
role overload
60
Individuals engaged in a boundaryless career __________.
are not limited to working for one employer, in one job, or for one organization
61
Which Big Five trait BEST predicts academic success?
conscientiousness
62
Crystallized intelligence involves _____.
our amount of knowledge
63
Fluid intelligence involves _____.
reasoning quickly on unfamiliar tasks
64
A generative person is committed to:
nurturing other people's development and making a difference in the world.
65
Walter is an avid reader. As this man reaches his seventies, however, it is hard to stay awake while reading, especially at night. Which approach involves OPTIMIZATION?
devoting more time to reading, especially during the day
66
_____ happiness is the most crucial quality involved in having a fulfilling life.
Eudaimonic
67
The term "family watchdog" means that grandparents:
step in during a crisis to stabilize the family.
68
Label each kind of happiness: (1) getting a relaxing massage; (2) feeling you are making a difference in someone's life.
(1) hedonic; (2) eudaimonic
69
When Erikson said that midlife adults must be generative or stagnant, this theorist meant that people must:
believe they are enriching the lives of others or feel purposeless.
70
Which woman has reached menopause?
Georgia, who has not menstruated for a year
71
According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, people reach their intellectual peak in their _____.
late forties or early fifties
72
Which advice is LEAST likely to promote a happy life?
associate mainly with people who agree with your ideas
73
Which ability starts declining by the thirties?
how quickly people can perform complex new tasks
74
Which phrase BEST describes grandparents' role?
complex, unstructured, diverse
75
Who is discussing a redemption sequence?
Hong, who describes how going bankrupt prompted his decision to devote life to serving low-income communities
76
Which person is LEAST at risk of being shut out of a grandchild's life?
Lashawna, a maternal grandmother, who lives near a daughter
77
Which is the MAIN positive role grandparents have?
serving as a loving backup when the family is in crisis
78
Which person is showing wisdom, as defined by psychologists?
Marley, who makes decisions after looking at everyone's perspective
79
Which intellectual ability DECLINES dramatically with age?
how quickly a person can learn a new game
80
Which person is likely to be happiest?
Maria-José, who lives in a society with few income inequalities
81
"Thirty days has September, April, June, and November." This classic rhyming memory aid is an example of a(n):
mnemonic technique.
82
During the COVID-19 crisis, employers were apt to _____.
fire older workers
83
People worldwide link old age with _____.
mental decline
84
Which is the MOST fragile memory system?
episodic memory
85
Which older adult is LEAST likely to say, "I love being old"?
a person who is ill and isolated
86
Young-old people are in their _____, and old-old people are _____.
sixties and seventies; over 80
87
Dr. Duncan is giving a lecture on life satisfaction in old-age life. Which point should this professor make?
Life satisfaction in old age declines when people get physically disabled and feel socially isolated.
88
The quality of _____ BEST predicts how well widows cope after a spouse dies.
friendships
89
Which comment BEST embodies socioemotional selectivity theory?
"What makes me happy now is my priority, because I have a short time to live."
90
Who is MOST likely to be depressed?
a 90-year-old who is socially isolated and physically frail
91
Knowing how to get dressed is in _____ memory.
procedural
92
What information from this course will a student MOST likely remember years from now?
the material that affected that person emotionally
93
If a person has been widowed, their main concern will be coping with:
loneliness
94
Completing assignments for another class during lectures makes test performance:
worse
95
Which memory task involves divided attention?
memorizing this chapter while checking your phone
96
The positivity effect refers to the fact that older people:
selectively focus on positive events.
97
We can credit _____ for dramatically cutting old-age poverty in the United States.
government programs such as Social Security and Medicare
98
The name of our current president is in _____ memory, while the content of last night's national news is in _____.
semantic; episodic
99
Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, a grandparent's top priority would be to spend time:
with family.
100
Generalizing from the text, most people begin to worry that their memory has declined by their _____.
fifties
101
Which career is MOST likely to produce hearing problems at an earlier-than-normal age?
airline baggage handler
102
By the old-old years, what is our chance of having NO chronic diseases?
low
103
Which is NOT a normal aging change?
Alzheimer's disease
104
Which age-related chronic disease is MOST apt to limit social relationships?
hearing impairments
105
Who is MOST at risk of developing hearing problems in middle age?
a drummer in a rock group
106
Veljko says, "I have presbyopia." This means that Veljko can't:
see close objects well.
107
The risk of having basic activities of daily living (ADL) impairments greatly accelerates in the _____.
eighties
108
Alzheimer's disease most often strikes:
people in their late seventies and beyond.
109
The text suggests the main reason why Hispanic adults from low-income backgrounds live longer than expected is that they:
live in supportive, nurturing communities.
110
If someone has presbycusis, hearing _____ is particularly difficult.
high-pitched tones
111
What is the connection between chronic diseases and death?
Chronic diseases typically impair functioning, but only a percentage cause death.
112
Which is the MOST effective strategy to prevent later-life hearing loss?
avoiding noisy environments
113
Generalizing from the text, when family members want to convince an older loved one to give up driving, it's:
difficult because older people do not want to lose their independence.
114
If Leah is having trouble cooking and Latanya can't dress herself:
Leah has instrumental ADL impairments; Latanya has basic ADL impairments.
115
When someone is losing their vision, and there is nothing medically that can be done, the BEST advice is to:
search out low-vision services and devices.
116
The health span refers to the number of years adults:
can expect to live without ADL impairments.
117
People who are addressed in elderspeak are apt to feel:
patronized and insulted.
118
Are there effective anti-Alzheimer's drugs? Today, the answer is:
"No."
119
The maximum human lifespan is _____.
built into our genetic code
120
If people want to prevent Alzheimer's, the BEST recommendation is:
physical exercise.
121
For most of human history, death occurred:
at all ages.
122
Which emotion is the GREATEST barrier to choosing hospice?
hope
123
U.S. hospice programs typically:
offer emotional support to families caring for dying loved ones at home.
124
The most HUMANE argument for legalizing active euthanasia is that:
people who are fatally ill and in great pain need to be free to decide to end their lives.
125
When people are dying and accept that fact, they often:
still have future plans, hoping their lives will make a difference in the world.
126
Generalizing from the text, dying patients often are:
wary about talking about their illness.
127
Age-based rationing of care:
Correct!
will become an important issue in affluent nations as the baby boomers all enter their old-old years.
128
If Mr. Hayes has entered a medical center's "palliative care" unit, the staff will:
shift from trying to cure Mr. Hayes and instead promote pain relief.
129
According to the text, which quality is LEAST important in having "a good death"?
being religious
130
Hospice programs are for people who:
don't want to be artificially kept alive by machines.
131
Generalizing from the text, age-based rationing of care is most likely to be practiced when:
health-care resources are scarce.
132
The diagnosis of persistent complex bereavement-related disorder is:
controversial
133
When a mentally competent person decides to fill out an advance directive, the BEST option is a:
durable power of attorney for health care.
134
Which is an advance directive?
living will
135
A MAJOR problem with traditional hospital care of the dying is that doctors are pressured to:
persist in futile, cure-oriented treatments.
136
What is the KEY difference between living wills and a durable power of attorney for health care?
Living wills spell out one's own end-of-care wishes, while a durable power of attorney for health care designates (a) specific loved one(s) to make this decision.
137
Which is NOT an advance directive?
referral for hospice care
138
What is the age pattern of contemporary deaths?
concentrated at the upper end of the lifespan (in old age)
139
The main goal of TRADITIONAL medicine is to:
use the latest treatments to preserve life.
140
What is the text's bottom-line message relating to hospital care?
Patients need to feel respected as human beings.
