Final Exam Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
When someone is physically more attractive, we tend to give them the
benefit of the doubt and trust them more.
A
Pro-Beauty Bias –
2
Q
We calculate a person’s value as a friend or romantic partner partly by comparing what they bring to us with what we might get from other potential friends or romantic partners.
A
Comparison Level for Alternatives –
3
Q
The paradox of wanting more choices to choose from, but too many choices can paralyze us to never pick anything at all. An increasing amount of choices
increases our expectations for perfection, makes us pickier, and makes us less happy with our
final choice. Affects whom we like, whom we choose, and whether we stay in a relationship.
A
Paradox of Choice –
4
Q
A phenomenon in which even though a person has a high degree of competence, some evidence of fallibility increases his/her attractiveness.
A
Pratfall Effect –
5
Q
The theory that increases in positive, rewarding behavior from another
person have more impact on us than does constantly rewarding behavior; losses in positive behavior have more impact than constant negative behavior from another person.
A
Gain-Loss Theory –
6
Q
A person begins by disliking you and gradually comes to like you more.
A
Gain Situation in Gain-Loss Theory –
7
Q
A person begins by liking you and gradually begins to dislike you.
A
Loss Situation in Gain-Loss Theory –
8
Q
he people involved are concerned about reciprocity and making
sure that some sort of equity is achieved and that there is fairness in the distribution of the
rewards and costs to each of the partners.
A
Exchange Relationships –
9
Q
Neither partners are keeping score. Rather, the person will be
inclined to give in response to the other’s need and will readily receive the same kind of care
when they are feeling needy.
A
Communal Relationships –
10
Q
Love that is characterized by strong emotions, sexual desire, and intense
preoccupation with the beloved.
A
Passionate Love –
11
Q
Love that is a milder, more stable experience marked by feelings of
mutual trust, dependability, and warmth; lasts longer and deepens over time.
A
Companionate Love –
12
Q
characterized by rarely being jealous or worried about rejection; securely
attached lovers are more compassionate and helpful and quicker to understand and forgive.
A
Secure Attachment –
13
Q
Characterized by agitation about the relationship; anxiously attached
lovers want to be close but worry that their partners will leave them.
A
Anxious Attachment –
14
Q
Tend to distrust and often avoid intimate attachments altogether; if in a relationship, tend to be distant.
A
Avoidant People –
15
Q
Ability to give up trying to make a good impression and begin to reveal honest things about ourselves.
A
Authenticity –
16
Q
A clear statement of a person’s feelings and concerns without accusing, blaming, judging, or ridiculing the other person
A
Straight Talk –
17
Q
when one group can achieve its ends only at the expense of the other; causes hostility among groups.
A
Conflicting aims-
18
Q
a shared goal between two individuals/groups; causes harmony
A
Common ends-
19
Q
chart design used to show relationships, in this specific case showed the relationships within the hierarchies established among two camp groups
A
Sociograms-
20
Q
people held in detention cells due to inability to pay set bail and are unlikely to return to court hearings; technically innocent in the eyes of law and simply awaiting resolution
to their case
A
Pretrial detention-
21
Q
Giving up trial rights while pleading guilty to a case (ex. right to remain silent, right to have prosecutor prove guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, pleading guilty freely)
A
Plea of Guilty-
22
Q
method of terrorizing a population, keeping people in place, and in some cases, force some to abandon religious or political convictions
A
Mob Violence-
23
Q
in the Milgram Experiment, ordinary citizens continued to listen to
authority figure in shocking victims despite their conscience wanting not to
A
Obedience to Authority-
24
Q
proper allocation of moral praise and blame
A
Responsibility-
25
Management or administration marked by hierarchical authority among numerous offices and by fixed procedures
Bureaucracy:
26
Aggression that comes from within an individual without provocation
Autonomously generated aggression:
27
The belief that all things and events are inevitable and therefore out of one’s control.
Fatalism:
28
what are considered the breeding grounds/conditions that can
change a person
Situational determinants-
29
increase after wars due to violent ways of conflict resolution (shows how retaliation at the national level can encourage individual hostility)
Homicide rates-
30
Doubt as to the truth of something
Skepticism:
31
The belief that the world is orderly and stable, rewards bestowed to
individuals that judiciously strive for them while punishments for those who deserve them (can apply on an individual level as well as a systemic level, and doesn’t only apply to phenomenon that are social in nature)
Just-World Belief/Theory:
32
individuals response when their belief in a just world is threatened
(means of resolving the threat), can include dismissal, denial, and rationalization of the information
Defensive Responses:
33
reduce people’s willingness to combat global warming due to
individuals’ need to believe in a just world being threatened
Dire Messages Impact-
34
suggests that many societal stereotypes uniquely pertain to the
intersection of multiple identities, including race or ethnicity in combination with gender, religion,
and more
Intersectionality theory-
35
not necessarily accurate overgeneralizations of members of a group and possibly ignoring other important information about individuals within said group
Stereotypes-
36
when cognitive resources are limited, even individuals with
low levels of prejudice end up activating and applying stereotypes
Implicit stereotypes-stereotypes outside of conscious awareness
Automatic stereotype activation-
37
-a typical perceived image/portrayal
Archetypes
38
an umbrella term that encompasses
the structure, functions, and quality of social relationships
Social Connection (conversely social disconnection):
38
social deficit; subjective state of discomfort
Loneliness:
38
illness or disease
Morbidity:
38
death
Mortality:
39
loneliness, social isolation; associated with long term consequences like dying earlier
Social disconnection:
40
social support, social integration
Bradford Hill Guidelines: a framework with nine guidelines for determining whether a
particular variable causes a particular outcome
Social assets:
41
study of society and social relationships
Social science:
42
As human beings, we have a drive to evaluate ourselves. When we don’t have any objective criteria to use as comparison, we compare ourselves to people similar to us.
Social Comparison Theory –
43
Subjective sense of discomfort when we feel our relationships are lacking
something. Can be either social or emotional, and either quantitative or qualitative.
Loneliness –
44
Felt in absence of an intimate person in one’s life.
Emotional Loneliness –
45
Felt in absence of integration into a community/network/group of people.
Social Loneliness –
46
Objective state of being physically apart from other people. Being alone can be pleasant or unpleasant.
Aloneness –
47
A concept from classical conditioning, where we like people who we associate with good experiences and dislike people who we associate with bad experiences.
Association –
48
A concept from learning theory, where we like people who reward us.
Reinforcement –
49
Our liking for another person is based on the costs and benefits that
other people provide to us. We like the people with whom we have profitable interactions.
Social Exchange theory –
50
is a type of social reward, where we like people who evaluate us positively
Social approval
51
When a seemingly “perfect” person makes a minor mistake or blunder, they are liked even more. When a seemingly mediocre person makes a minor mistake or blunder, they
are liked even less.
Pratfall Effect-
52
We like people we are physically attracted to.
Physical Attractiveness –
53
People who are concerned about the impression they make on people. They tend to pay more attention to the physical attractiveness of others.
High self monitors –
54
People who are less concerned about the impression they make on
people. They tend to pay more attention to interior traits, like personality.
Low self monitors –
55
The assumption that “good things go together”. The reason why physically attractive people are favored more positively: they are assumed to have other good characteristics in addition to being attractive.
Halo effect -
56
It is rewarding to be seen with an attractive person, as it enhances
our own image.
Radiating effect of beauty -
57
We tend to like people who have similar attitudes, values, and interests to us.
Similarity –
58
The tendency to choose people similar to us in a variety of levels in our relationships.
Matching principle -
59
Simply being exposed to someone/something increases our liking towards that person/thing. Only works when you initially have some level of liking to the object; if
you hated someone/something from the start, no level of exposure will increase your liking.
Mere exposure effect -
60
Physical closeness to others, which increases familiarity and similarity.
Proximity –
61
Two people that have a mutual influence on each other and are interdependent.
Relationship –
62
A relationship where there is frequent interaction over a long period of time, many different kinds of activities and events are shared, the influence on each other is
strong, and strong emotions are aroused.
Close Relationship –
63
The rewards and costs we give and receive in a relationship. We
select partners who we think will provide us with the greatest rewards so that we can maximize our profits (not necessarily tangible).
Social Exchange Theory –
64
The rewards minus the costs in a relationship.
Profits –
65
When we receive rewards, we’re expected to return them. Also, when
someone reveals something personal, we feel obligated to reply with a comparable disclosure.
Norm of Reciprocity –
66
The baseline for what we feel we deserve. We evaluate our relationships based on past experiences and what we know about relationships from other sources.
Comparison Level –
67
Evaluating our relationships based on how our relationship compares
to others that are currently available to us.
Comparison Level Alt –
68
Coordinates outcomes in regard to concerns with fairness in relationships. Each person’s profits are proportional to their contributions.
Equity Theory –
69
A process that occurs when the actions of one member of the relationship interfere with the actions of the other.
Conflict
70
When couples voice their problems and try to compromise.
Voice –
71
A passive approach to problem-solving in which couples wait until the problem passes and hope things get better with time.
Loyalty –
72
Partners spend less time with or ignore each other.
Neglect –
73
When the relationship ends (exits the relationship).
Exit –
74
Resolving conflict through either voice or loyalty. Couples tend to
continue their relationships.
Constructive Approach –
75
Resolving conflict through either neglect or exit. Couples tend to end
their relationships.
Destructive Approach –
76
Sharing personal information and intimate feelings with another person.
Self-disclosure –
77
Indifference, rejection, loss of control, and betrayal.
Risk of Disclosure –
78
Attachment, caring, trust & self-disclosure...caring is most
important to being in love.
3 Major Themes of Love –
79
Emotions are central, it involves uncontrollable passions, and there is a preoccupation with the other person. This type of love can strike very suddenly but fade very
quickly.
Passionate Love –
80
A practical type of love, in which emotions are moderate. Affection and warmth are emphasized. This is the basis for enduring relationships
Companionate Love –
81
Situations where the presence of others enhances our performance. Most common when performing tasks that are simple or we can do well.
Social Facilitation -
82
Situations where the presence of others inhibits our performance. Most common when we perform an unfamiliar task or a challenging/complex task.
Social Inhibition -
83
The concern people feel when they believe other people are
evaluating them. Impacts performance and behavior in the presence of others.
Evaluation apprehension –
84
A phenomenon where a person puts in less effort while working in a group; “slacking” in groups.
Social Loafing –
85
The basic tendency for humans to group people into various social
categories. Done to simplify the social world, as we are cognitive misers.
Social Identity Theory –
86
The groups we identify with, e.g. Stony Brook student. Reference groups influence our values and opinions.
Reference Groups –
87
Occurs when our personal identity is replaced with our identification in a certain group. The group’s goals/actions become our own, and we have reduced self-
awareness of our own values/actions.
Deindividuation –
88
A group task where overall productivity is the sum of the effort of all individuals in a group, like pushing a car.
Additive Task –
89
A group task where all members in a group have to succeed in order for
the groups to succeed, like an undercover spy mission.
Conjunctive Task –
90
A group task where only one person needs to solve the problem for the
group to succeed, like a lab finding a cure for a disease.
Disjunctive Task –
91
The phenomenon of group members becoming more extreme/polarized when they discuss topics in a group.
Group Polarization –
92
A phenomenon where an otherwise reasonable and intelligent group of people arrive at a disastrous decision. Examples include the Bay of Pigs Fiasco, the escalation of
America’s involvement in the Vietnam War, the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger explosion, and
the attempted cover-up of the Watergate Scandal.
Groupthink –
93
One person’s gain in another person’s loss. Only one person
can win
Competitive reward structure –
94
A group’s/team’s rewards are linked; one person’s decisions affect everyone. The group/team has to work together to succeed.
Cooperative reward structure –
95
One person's success is independent of others, like a test score on an exam.
Individualistic reward structure –
96
A type of game used in lab studies to examine whether people play
cooperatively or competitively. Players earn more points if they play cooperatively, but usually end up competing.
Trucking Game –
97
Another game used in lab studies to examine whether people play
cooperatively or competitively; based on a situation where two suspects in a crime are
separated by police and given the opportunity to confess. Players earn more points if they play
cooperatively, as the best outcome for both players is if they both stay silent.
Prisoner’s Dilemma –
98
When assigned their role within a group and given uniforms, the prisoners and guards lost a sense of their personal identity and behaved differently.
Deindividuation –
99
Certain guards reduced the dissonance caused by acting sadistically by legitimizing their actions, such as by claiming to have been running their own experiment.
Dissonance Reduction –
100
Thinking that people end up in prisons because they are
innately bad, rather than considering the conditions that may have led them to commit crimes.
Fundamental Attribution Error –
101
Social psychology applied to politics in which psychological
factors in people’s attitudes and behaviors are emphasized.
Political Social Psychology –
102
Party identification is usually developed before adulthood and is
strongly influenced by one’s parents. People also tend to choose the candidate their parents
favor. Opinions on subjective political issues are especially influenced by one’s peers.
Political Socialization –
103
Party and racial attitudes tend to be steady throughout one’s lifetime. When a significant event occurs during adolescence or an individual moves into an area with a different atmosphere, attitudes can change.
Stability of Socialization –
104
Students who most identified with their college that consisted of a liberal faculty became most liberal. Political views at college graduation tended to be the same 20
years later.
Bennington Study –
105
Believing that race has an underlying, unchangeable essence that makes people of a particular race who they are and leads people to think that members of a particular
racial group are all alike.
Race Essentialism –
106
Voting according to what people think is the condition of the national
economy rather than their own economic conditions.
Sociotropic Voting –
107
Women are more likely to vote democratic, more liberal, in
ways that benefit communities (sociotropic voting), in favor of supporting social services, and
are less likely to support military funding. Women are also more likely to vote in general.
Group Differences by Gender –
108
White male voters are more likely to vote Republican, more conservative vs. men of color who tend to vote Democratic, more liberal.
Group Differences by Race –
109
Occurs with everyone; one can oppose higher taxes but vote for
those who maintain social programs that are funded by taxes. People tend to not be conservative or liberal across all issues.
Inconsistency of Beliefs –
110
White Americans are more likely to attribute disadvantages to internal
factors - not working hard enough, not smart enough, etc.
Internal Attributions –
111
People of color are more likely to attribute disadvantages to situational factors - discrimination and restrictions to opportunities.
External Attributions -
112
Can make small changes, but overall is not successful in changing people’s attitudes. However, they are successful at setting the public agenda by making certain issues
important to the country.
News Media -
113
Recognizes that a person’s health is a complex interaction with biological factors (e.g. genetics, exposure to viruses), psychological factors (e.g.
stress), and social environments/situations. Has 4 major components:
1. Promoting/maintaining health
2. Preventing/treating illnesses and understanding the causes of health/illness
3. Improving the healthcare system
Biopsychosocial Model of Health –
114
Actions undertaken to enhance or maintain our health and survival (e.g. wearing masks during COVID, getting vaccines, exercising, etc.)
Health Behaviors –
115
Sleeping 7-8 hours, not smoking, eating breakfast, no more than
1-2 alcoholic drinks per day, exercising regularly, not eating between meals, and being not more
than 10% overweight.
Positive Health Behaviors –
116
Mass media changes people’s health attitudes, but has limited
impacts on health behaviors. According to a study conducted, face-to-face interactions that
educate people on risk factors is most successful in changing health behaviors.
Persuasive Messages –
117
It is based on what you consider to be stressful. Reducing stress enhances health. Includes the stimulus/stressor/event + perception/appraisal of stressor + stress responses (emotional, physiological, behavioral, cognitive).
Stress –
118
The process by which we evaluate what is happening to us. What may be stressful to us may not be stressful to others (e.g. is it the end of the world that my final is tomorrow, or am I confident and ready to take the exam?)
Appraisal –
119
– A quantifiable measure of how stressful an event is. It’s calculated
by the amount of change a person has to undergo to deal with an event (e.g. the death of a spouse has more LCUs than getting fired from your job). A person’s total LCUs is related to how likely they’ll get sick.
Life change units (LCU)
120
Any attempt made to manage stress, whether it is positive or negative, successful or unsuccessful.
Coping –
121
attempts to change the stressful circumstance (e.g. trying to get back together with an ex after a breakup) -- types of coping--
Problem-focused
122
attempts to regulate your emotional reactions to the stressful circumstance (e.g. playing video games to distract yourself from the breakup) -- types of coping --
Emotion-focused
123
Characterized by hostility, a sense of time urgency, and competitiveness. Hostility is the dangerous component, as it is related to a greater risk of heart
disease.
Type A Personality/Coping Style –
124
Any interpersonal exchange in which someone helps another person.
Social Support –
125
Expressing liking, love, care, or empathy for another person.
Instrumental Support – Providing people with goods or services (e.g. loaning money, giving someone a ride, bringing food to someone, etc.)
Emotional Support –
126
Giving someone information that may enable them to deal with a
stressful situation.
Informational Support –
127
Evaluating someone positively (e.g. saying, “You’re good at ___”, “You
made the right decision,” etc.)
Appraisal Support –
128
Influenced by attention, the situation, prior experience, our beliefs and expectations about the symptoms, and social comparison.
Symptom Detection –
129
Influenced by how satisfied the patient is with their quality
of care, if the patient understands the treatment, and how complex the treatment is.
Adherence to Medical Treatment –
130
A human health condition that is persistent or long-lasting in its effects.
Chronic Illness –
131
People’s beliefs about their illness or the attributions made about what
caused it
Illness Cognitions –
132
Hypothesis, control for extraneous variables, record data, analyze data,
draw conclusions
Scientific Method -
133
fundamental attribution error, external/internal attributions
Importance of situations vs personality -
134
smoking, prejudice Importance of information -bystander intervention, conformity
Inconsistency between attitude and behavior -
135
jigsaw classrooms, protests/movements/strikes
Social change –
