Final Exam Flashcards by skylyr **

Who is a philosopher, in the original sense of the world? (p.2T)
A. Someone who studies the stars and planets
B. A person primarily interested in the truth about moral matters
C. A lover and pursuer of wisdom, regardless of the subject matter
D. A clever and tricky arguer

C. A lover and pursuer of wisdom, regardless of the subject matter

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Which is a common characteristic of philosophical questions? (p.3T)
A. They are strictly empirical questions
B. They involve real-life ethical dilemmas.
C. They are purely semantic questions
D. They aren’t relevant to ordinary, everyday situations.

B. They involve real-life ethical dilemmas.

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In philosophy, what is an argument? (p.8T)
A. A factual disagreement between people
B. Giving a reason for accepting it
C. A shouting match
D. Any verbal attempt to persuade

B. Giving a reason for accepting it

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Which is the branch of philosophy that studies issues concerning art and value judgment about art? (p.13T)
A. Aesthetics
B. Epistemology
C. Logic
D. Metaphysics

A. Aesthetics

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Which of the following branches of philosophy does not involve questions related to values? (p.13T)
A. Moral
B. Metaphysics
C. Social
D. Political

B. Metaphysics

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What does the branch of philosophy called metaphysics study? (p.20T)
A. Knowledge
B. God
C. Beauty
D. Being

D. Being

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What does the branch of philosophy called epistemology study? (p.20T)
A. Knowledge
B. Being
C. Good and Bad
D. Politics

A. Knowledge

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What are Thales, Anaximenes and Anaximander collectively known as? (pp. 22-24T)
A. The Atomists
B. The Pythagoreans
C. The Milesians
D. The Particle Theorists

C. The Milesians

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What was the essence of reality for Heraclitus? (p.26T)
A. Change
B. Permanence
C. Water
D. Apiron

A. Change

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After his trail and conviction for “corrupting” the minds of young men and for not believing in the city’s gods, Socrates died by (p.37T)
A. Natural causes
B. Drinking hemlock
C. The sword
D. Crucifixion

B. Drinking hemlock

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How are the Forms apprehended, according to Plato? (p.38T)
A. By reason, intellectually
B. By the senses
C. By intuition
D. By mystical experience

A. By reason, intellectually

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The Theory of Forms by Plato are (p.40T)
A. Unchanging, unmoving and indivisible
B. Concepts, changeable and movable
C. Objects, moveable and changeable
D. Unchanging, moveable and unreal

A. Unchanging, unmoving and indivisible

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For Plato the ultimate way of knowing and realizing truth was through (p.46T)
A. Knowledge
B. Reasoning
C. Love
D. Forms

C. Love

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Aristotle’s primary area of interest was? (p.63T)
A. Moral philosophy
B. Metaphysics
C. Epistemology
D. Political philosophy

B. Metaphysics

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Aristotle’s works include all the following except: (p.64T)
A. Confessions
B. Metaphysics
C. Poetics
D. Nicomachean Ethics

A. Confessions

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What did Aristotle say about all change? (p.66T)
A. It is an illusion
B. It is a movement from potentiality to actuality
C. It does not happen
D. It does not require a God

B. It is a movement from potentiality to actuality

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How many souls did Aristotle believe humans have? (p.68T)
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four

C. Three

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What do Pyrrhonic skeptics maintain? (p.80T)
A. Nothing can be known
B. People should suspend judgment on all issues
C. Some topics of inquiry are unknowable
D. Some sources are ruled out as sources of knowledge

B. People should suspend judgment on all issues

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Which argument did St. Augustine use to refute total Academic skepticism? (p.82T)
A. When I am doubting, it follows automatically I exist because I am a doubter
B. Memory can give us accurate knowledge of past events.
C. Statistically speaking, if you believe enough things you can know that you are bound to be right about some of them
D. God guarantees that our clear and distinct perceptions and ideas will be true

A. When I am doubting, it follows automatically I exist because I am a doubter

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How did St. Thomas Aquinas distinguish philosophy from theology? (p.87T)
A. Philosophy is limited to the natural world and theology is limited to the supernatural world
B. Philosophy is based on reason while theology is based on divine revelation and faith
C. Philosophy is a source of ignorance, error, and illusion while only theology can give us truth
D. theology is dependent on philosophy but not vice versa

B. Philosophy is based on reason while theology is based on divine revelation and faith

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Which view did Aquinas accept? (p.88T)
A. A physical thing are composed of matter plus form
B. All reality is material
C. Forms exist independently of matter
D. Nothing changes

A. A physical thing are composed of matter plus form

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What did Aquinas maintain concerning the human soul? (p.89T)
A. It is the passive potentiality of the body
B. It is finite and destructible
C. It cannot exist without the body
D. It is a direct creation of God

D. It is a direct creation of God

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Which claim did Descartes used to establish the certainty of his own existence? (p.102T)
A. To be is to be perceived
B. I think, therefore I am
C. Nothing exists except bodies in motion
D. Every created thing has both mental and physical properties

B. I think, therefore I am

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What was clarity and distinctness a mark of, for Rene Descartes? (p.103T)
A. God
B. Goodness
C. Truth
D. Rationality

C. Truth

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Which claim about God did Anne Conway make?? (p.109T) A. God is part mental, part physical B. God is in time and space and subject to change C. God created the universe in a single, past creation event D. God is an eternal creator, existing outside the dimension of time

D. God is an eternal creator, existing outside the dimension of time

What did Benedict Spinoza think a person is? (p.110T) A. A substance with God and with nature B. an immaterial mind C. A physical body D. An immaterial mind in a physical body

A. A substance with God and with nature

Why is there no mind/body interaction problem for Spinoza? (p.110T) A. Only minds exist B. Only bodies exist C. Minds and bodies are simply aspects of the selfsame unit of infinite substance D. God guarantees that our mental states correlate with our bodily states

C. Minds and bodies are simply aspects of the selfsame unit of infinite substance

What do we directly observe, according to David Hume? (p.131T) A. Physical objects B. Sense Impressions C. Ourselves D. Our brains

B. Sense Impressions

What is the self, according the Hume? (p.133T) A. A successive perceptions B. an immaterial, unchanging substance C. A physical body D. A social entity

A. A successive perceptions

What does Kant mean by the noumenal world? (p.138T) A. The world as it really is, independently of our knowledge of it B. the world as it is presented to us in experience C. The world of mind D. The world of matter

A. The world as it really is, independently of our knowledge of it

What is the highest reality (the Absolute), for Hegel? (p.140T) A. The entire material world B. A God who exists beyond the world C. Infinite thought reflects on itself D. a vast group of independent particulars

C. Infinite thought reflects on itself

What was the fundamental philosophical question for Albert Camus? (p.160T) A. Does God exist? B. Is there any reason not to commit suicide? C. What should I wear to my funeral? D. Will I survive death?

B. Is there any reason not to commit suicide?

How can we give life purpose in a purposeless world, according to Camus? (p.163T) A. Kill yourself B. Seek God C. Revolt against the absurd D. It can’t be done

C. Revolt against the absurd

Which best describes what Sartre means by good faith? (p.166T) A. Being honest and keeping our promises B. Believing in God no matter what C. Taking responsibility for the choices we make D. Wanting to do the objectively right thing

C. Taking responsibility for the choices we make

For French structuralist anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, what is a culture? (pp. 174-175T) A. A system of signs B. A conversation C. A common heritage D. A common language

A. A system of signs

Which view about truth is common to all pragmatists? (p.206T) A. Truth is what all investigators will ultimately agree to B. Truth is relative to place, time, and purpose C. Truth is what works for the individual D. Truth is unchanging

B. Truth is relative to place, time, and purpose

According to the epistemological foundationalist, when is a belief knowledge? (p.206T) A. When it is clearly and distinctly true B. When it logically follows from propositions that are incorrigible C. When it follows from other beliefs that are true D. When it meets the current standards of rationality of the group to which the person belongs

B. When it logically follows from propositions that are incorrigible

Which view maintains that, although mental states require a physical system to exist, they are not reducible to states of any particular physical system? (pp. 229-2304T) A. Dualism B. Behaviorism C. Identity Theory D. Functionalism

D. Functionalism

How is knowledge of good obtained, according to Plato? (p.261T) A. By the senses B. By reason C. Through the emotions D. By mystical vision

B. By reason

The just or well-ordered soul manifests which viture, according to Plato? (p.261T) A. Temperance B. Courage C. Wisdom D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which desires did Epicureans say you should occasionally satisfy? (p.267T) A. Those that are both natural and necessary B. Those that are natural but not necessary C. Those that are neither natural nor necessary D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Where does moral evil come from, according to St. Augustine? (p.271T) A. Misdirected love B. Misguided education C. The Devil D. The body and its urges

A. Misdirected love

What is evil, according to Socrates and Plato? (p.271T) A. Willful disobedience of God B. Unnaturalness C. Ignorance of the good D. Desiring what is known to be bad

C. Ignorance of the good

What are the principles of morality ultimately based on, according to Immanuel Kant? (p. 282T) A. Reason B. God C. Consequences D. Nature

A. Reason

What is not true of the natural law, for St Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas? (p.313T) A. When there is a conflict between it and human law, human law takes precedence B. It is the eternal moral law of God made manifest to human conscience and reason C. It is the same for all people everywhere D. It is the standard by means of which the justice of human laws is measured

A. When there is a conflict between it and human law, human law takes precedence

In which of the following was the power of the Supreme Court to declare law unconstitutional established? (p.328T) A. the Declaration of Independence B. The original Constitution C. The Bill of Rights D. Marbury v. Madison

D. Marbury v. Madison

John Stuart Mill believed that? (p.331T) A. One has God-given natural rights B. One should seek personal happiness C. One should seek general happiness D. One should seek happiness for others

C. One should seek general happiness

Karl Marx viewed history as the struggle between two classes. What are they? (p.338T) A. A dominant class consisting of men and a subordinate class consisting of women and children B. A dominant class that owns and controls the means of production and a subordinate class that doesn’t C. A dominate class of white Europeans and a subordinate class of nonwhite non-Europeans D. A dominate class of the priesthood and a subordinate class of the laity

B. A dominant class that owns and controls the means of production and a subordinate class that doesn’t

In terms of what did G. E. Moore define goodness? (p.359T) A. Pleasure B. Power C. Personal affection and aesthetic enjoyment D. He claimed that it can’t be defined

D. He claimed that it can’t be defined

What is the name of the influential publication by John Rawls? (p.364T) A. Killing and Starving to Death B. Anarchy, State, and utopia C. A Theory of Justice D. After Virtue

C. A Theory of Justice

Which of the following is the political philosophy based on respect for established traditions and practices? (p.383T) A. conservatism B. communism C. facism D. socialism

A. conservatism

Which of the following is a system that elects executive and legislature and have not state ownership of business but provide social safety net for the poor, the old and the sick? (p.383T) A. fascism B. democratic socialism C. communism D. conservatism

B. democratic socialism

What did Anselm believe about proving God’s existence? (p.398T) A. You could do it using just the concept of God as the greatest being conceivable B. God’s existence follows from his definition in just the way that the existence of the most perfect island follows from its definition C. If you want to prove God’s existence, you must first look at how the world is D. The existence of God can only be known by mystical experience

A. You could do it using just the concept of God as the greatest being conceivable

St. Thomas Aquinas’s first three ways are all versions of which sort of argument? (p.402T) A. Ontological B. Cosmological C. Teleological D. Moral

B. Cosmological

How did mystical experience compare with reason as a source of knowledge about God, according to Julian of Norwich? (p.384T) A. It is a better source than reason B. It is as valid a source of knowledge as reason C. It is a worse source than reason D. It is not a source of knowledge at all

B. It is as valid a source of knowledge as reason

According to Leibniz, what is the sufficient reason for the changing of the seasons? (p.410T) A. The earth’s direction of rotation B. The angle at which the earth’s axis is tilted relative to the sun C. Monads D. God

D. God

What kind of an argument did Kant use to justify the rationality of belief in God? (p.419T) A. Ontological B. Cosmological C. Teleological D. Moral

D. Moral

Which of the following is not a proponent of “intelligent design”? (p.428T) A. Michael Behe B. Philip Johnson C. Richard Dawkins D. William Dembski

C. Richard Dawkins

Which of the following is representative of the “First Way” of feminist philosophy? (p.448T) A. Simone de Beauvoir B. Julis Kristeva C. Harriet Taylor D. Nel Noddings

C. Harriet Taylor

According to Mary Wollstonecraft, which of the following virtues should be cultivated in women as well as men? (p.448T) A. Docility B. Dependence C. Wisdom D. Sensitivity

C. Wisdom

Who wrote: “One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman”? (p.449T) A. Mary Wollstonecraft B. Simone de Beauvoir C. Jacques Lacan D. Luce Irigaray

B. Simone de Beauvoir

Her focus is to demonstrate that language doesn’t exist outside the individual who is doing the writing? (p.467T) A. Sara Ruddick B. Helene Cixous C. Nancy Chodorow D. Carol Gilligan

B. Helene Cixous

What is not true of Hinduism? (p.487T) A. It has no known founder B. It has no single religious body to interpret orthodoxy C. It has no scriptures or holy writings D. It has no unified set of doctrines

C. It has no scriptures or holy writings

. What is the central doctrine of the Upanishads? (p.487T) A. The identity of mind and body B. The identity of God and nature C. The identity of Vishnu and Siva D. The identity of Brahman and Atman

D. The identity of Brahman and Atman

What is the main cause of human suffering, according to Siddhartha Gautama? (p.490T) A. The fleetingness and uncertainty of the world B. Ignorance and selfish craving C. Bad karma D. Sinful human nature

B. Ignorance and selfish craving

According to Confucius, this principle governs both the well-ordered family and the well-ordered state. (p.508T) A. The principle of yin/yang B. The principle of the Mean C. The principle of the equality of opposites D. The principle of the Parental Mind

B. The principle of the Mean

What must one do to discover ultimate reality and truth, according to Hui Neng, sixth patriarch of Ch’an Buddhism? (p.515T) A. Give up false attachments and selfish interests B. Practice the principle of the rectification of names C. Realize that the way human consciousness must conceive of the world is the way the world really is D. Train yourself to be self-reliant and ready for anything

A. Give up false attachments and selfish interests

Which did Dogen advocate? (p.522T) A. the Parental Mind B. The rectification of names C. The Lesser Vehicle D. The art of bushido

A. the Parental Mind

The emergence of colonialism in the fifteenth century was associated with which nation(s)? (p.539T) A. Spain and Portugal B. Great Britain C. France D. The United States

A. Spain and Portugal

What do all post-colonial thinkers recommend that is needed to restore a good life to oppressed people? (p.5457T) A. Socialism B. Justice C. Religion D. Capitalism

B. Justice

Which element of Latin-American thought directly challenged the dominance of Roman Catholic Metaphysics? (pp. 551-552T) A. French critical philosophy B. Marxism C. German existentialism and phenomenology D. Positivism

B. Marxism

. Martin Luther King was strongly influenced by this writer? (p.548T) A. Mahatma (Mohandas) Gandhi B. Karl Marx C. Desmond Tutu D. Bell hooks

A. Mahatma (Mohandas) Gandhi

From whence came the ideas of economic justice used in the remaking of post-colonial India? (p.554T) A. From imported British values B. From the values implicit in India’s social caste structure C. From the Vedic scriptures D. From America

A. From imported British values

Final Exam Flashcards

PHI 2113 Introduction to Philosophy