Final Exam Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells have lipopolysaccharide outer membranes.
A
False
2
Q
Which external structure is very specific to certain host cells?
A
Capsule
3
Q
A new drug is found to act on special sterols found in some bacterial cell membranes. Which statement is true?
A
This drug would target Mycoplasmas.
4
Q
The term that refers to flagella at both poles of the cell is ________.
A
amphitrichous
5
Q
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers specifically target lipids, making them most effective when trying to eliminate ________.
A
Gram-negatives
6
Q
Although the amount of turbidity doesn’t give an exact cell count it might be useful to at least get a feel for amount cell growth (ex. high, low or no growth).
A
True
7
Q
A cell cytometer would be considered a technique to directly count the number of cells.
A
True
8
Q
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called ________.
A
diffusion
9
Q
Most of a cell’s enzymes are………..
A
proteins
10
Q
An osmophile would grow best in ________.
A
salt lakes
11
Q
A lactose repressor in an operon system would repress the enzyme _________________.
A
RNA polymerase
12
Q
The smallest unit of heredity is a chromosome.
A
False
13
Q
RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules because only RNA.
-does not have thymine
-has uracil
-has ribose
-is typically a single standed chain of nucleotides
-all of the choices are correct
A
All of the choices are correct.
14
Q
Which process could not occur during multiplication of an enveloped ssRNA virus that lacks the reverse transcriptase enzyme?
A
DNA replication
15
Q
Which process could not occur during multiplication of a naked dsDNA virus?
A
fusion
16
Q
What is the first step of inflammation in the list below?
A
vasodilation
17
Q
Which white blood cell type / or cell product does not directly disarm / destroy antigens?
A
T Helper Cells
18
Q
Cytotoxic T cells are activated by B helper cells.
A
False
19
Q
Put the steps of cell-mediated immunity in the best order from the list below.
A
__1__ Presentation of an antigen to a phagocytic cell (ex. dendritic cell or macrophage)
__2__ Phagocytosis by a macrophage or dendritic cell
__3__ Binding of TCR (T cell receptor) and CD8 to presented antigen fragment (epitope) on MHC of the phagocytic cell
__4__ Clonal expansion of Cytotoxic, Regulatory and Memory T cells form
__5__ Cytotoxic T cell binds to epitope on infected host cell
__6__ Channels are formed in infected cell membrane by perforins and granzymes leak through the membrane
__7__ Infected host cell ruptures
20
Q
B cells can sometimes be directly activated by some very small antigens such as protein molecules (ex. latex and food proteins).
A
True
21
Q
All Fungi have hyphae
A
False
22
Q
When the bacterial glycocalyx is easily removed, it is more likely to be a capsule rather than a slime layer.
A
false
23
Q
The cell membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane comprise the ________.
A
Cell Envelope
24
Q
Lysozyme and penicillin based antibiotics are most effective against ___________
A
Gram-positive organisms
25
The products of the glycolysis pathway include all of the following except.........
-NADH
-CO2
-ATP
-pyruvate
CO2
26
The primary role of fermentation is to convert pyruvic acid into desirable nutrients such as amino acids and / or sugars.
false
27
In aerobic cell respiration, the majority of NADH is produced in ________.
the Krebs cycle
28
An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a(n) ________.
Thermophile
29
Microorganisms that live in severe habitats, such as very hot, acidic, or salty environments, are called ________.
extremophiles
30
The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid into the host cell cytoplasm is called_________________.
uncoating
31
Bacteriophage multiplication includes all of the following except........
-adsorption
-release via host cell lysis
-penetration through endocytosis
-synthesis of capsid and nucleic acid
-injection of a nucleic acid over the cell wall
penetration through endocytosis
32
The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell is termed ________.
Transformation
33
Lactose (also called allolactose) sugar acts a repressor for the lac operon.
False
34
Uncoating of viral nucleic acid in host cells.......
-exposes the genome so that it can be replicated
-occurs in animal virus multiplication
-occurs during penetration in the multiplication cycle
-occurs before synthesis of DNA
-most than one of the above choices are correct
more than one of the above choices are correct
35
In graft rejection the body rejects transplanted tissues or organs targeting them as non-self and destroying them. Which lymphocyte type below would play the most direct role role in graft rejection?
cytotoxic T cells
36
A person develops a case of measles and then recovers. Their resistance to future measles infections is an example of naturally acquired active immunity.
True
37
Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to enhance phagocytosis?
opsonization
38
All of the following are physical actions / barriers to pathogens, except ________.
-mucous secretions
-T Cells
-flaking off of skin
-Defecation/diarrhea
-flushing of tears
T Cells
39
The antibody-secreting type of B cells are called .........
Plasma cells
40
What is a biofilm?
A group of bacteria that accumulate in layers and secrete a protective extracellular material.
41
All bacterial cells have ________.
a chromosome
42
What component provides for a stronger cell wall structure in gram-positive cells in comparison to gram-negative cells?
thick peptidoglycan layer
43
Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of
Fungi
44
Periplasmic flagella (also called endoflagella or axial filaments) allow for spirochetes to move in a whip-like motion.
False
45
Which of the following would be an example of a coenzyme?
vitamin A
## Footnote
Coenzymes are organic molecules like vitamins.
46
Select two....which two items in the list below are examples of waste-products produced in fermentation?
Acids, Alcohols
47
When peptide bonds are formed between amino acids to build a protein, this is an example of a / an ________ reaction.
anabolic
48
Heating inactivates enzymes by.......
changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape.
49
What is the main purpose for fermentation reactions?
Regenerate NAD+ molecules for glycolysis
50
A ________ is a specific segment of DNA that codes for the production of one functional product.
gene
51
When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains....
50% of the parent DNA.
52
Which of the following would be ineffective against viral infections and / or preventing viral infections?
antibiotics
53
Consider the following sentence: "The rat did not run." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like an insertion resulting reading frameshift mutation?
The ram tdi dno tru n
54
Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shape of a viral ________.
capsid
55
Monocytes are ____________ leukocytes that can later develop into _______________.
agranular; macrophages and dendritic cells
56
The molecular subunit or fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte actually recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.
epitope
57
Which of the following is NOT a chemical factor to protect the skin, hair, gut or mucous membranes from infection?
normal microbiota in the gut
58
All of the following are events of early inflammation except.............
mass die-off of white blood cells when exudate and pus can accumulate.
59
As an adult who never developed chickenpox infection as a child, you elect to receive the protective vaccine against this pathogen at the age of 35. This initial exposure from your first vaccine will stimulate...........
a primary immune response.
60
Bacteria that appear and clumped irregular clusters of spherical bacterial cells would be termed ________.
staphylococcus
61
Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls
true
62
An isolated gastrointestinal tissue sample is taken from a patient with an unknown microbial infection. A chemical analysis reveals a high concentration of pilin protein and O lipopolysaccharides embedded in the outer membrane. The type of organism most likely causing the infection is a / an...
Gram-negative bacterium
63
Teichoic acids are unique feature of Gram positive cell envelopes
true
64
Gram-negative bacteria.....
-appear purple after Gram staining.
-include all of the pathogenic bacteria.
-lack lipopolysaccharides
-have a complex cell envelope with different layers.
have a complex cell envelope with different layers
65
When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product that acts as a normal regulatory molecule, this control is called ________.
non-competitive inhibition
66
psychrophiles
requires cold temperatures to grow
67
mesophiles
optimal growth at body temperature
68
psychrotolerant
can grow at colder temperatures but does not require cold temperatures for growth
69
Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces...
4 ATP (2 net) without oxygen
70
Denaturing the protein portion of an enzyme will change the three-dimensional shape, making it either less functional (or even completely nonfunctional).
true
71
After binary fission, the new daughter bacterial cells will differ genetically
false
72
If the wild type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to THE CAT ATE THE BAG RAT?
point substitution
73
DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial chromosome
false
74
Uncoating of viral nucleic acid......
-does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication
-occurs during penetration in the multiplication cycle
-occurs before replication
-involves destruction or removal of the capsid inside the host cell
-all of the choices are correct
all of the choices are correct
75
All of the following correctly describe nitrogenous bases except that ...
-thymine pairs with uracil in RNA
-guanine pairs with cytosine
-adenine pairs with uracil in RNA
-adenine pairs with thymine
Thymine pairs with uracil in RNA
76
which of the following drugs would have the least impact on a naked ssDNA virus?
-a drug that disrupts DNA synthesis
-a drug that prevents viral induced host cell lysis
-a protease drug that prevents cell budding
-a drug that prevents RNA synthesis
A protease drug that prevents cell budding
77
Individual antibodies are not made against the entire antigen molecule but instead against specific chemical groups located on the antigen. What is the name given to those particular chemical groups?
epitopes
78
Which item from the list below not a host benefit of fever?
-stimulation of immune reactions
-increase in natural physiological protection
-seizures by pediatric patients during highly elevated body temperatures
-less available iron for microbes
seizures by pediatric patients during highly elevated body temperatures
79
Each of the following are benefits of fever except.....
-stimulates immune reactions
-it increases metabolism
-it increases the availability of iron
-it decreases the availability of iron
-it reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply
it increases the availability of iron
80
PAMPs include molecules that are foreign to the host such as viral dsRNA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
true
81
All of the following comprise the second line of defense except ____________
-fever
-inflammation
-phagocytosis
-antibodies
-antimicrobial proteins
-interferon
Antibodies
82
The bacterial flagellum has three components. In order from the cytoplasm to the external environment, they are ________
basal body, hook, and filament
83
A cell contains a fertility (F) plasmid that allows it to produce a structure for exchanging DNA with another cell. What cell structure is coded for by the genes of this plasmid?
pilus
84
The primary function of axial filaments (also called periplasmic or endoflagella) is for ______
motility
85
Which is NOT a true statement about the two types of glyocalyx, the capsule and slime layer?
-a capsule can be used to help evade host defenses such as phagocytosis
-both are outside the cell envelope
- both play a role in motility for the bacterial cell
-the slime layer helps bacteria aggregate to form biofilms
both play a role in motility for the bacterial cell
86
which of the following is/are found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?
-nucleus
-mitochondria
-endoplasmic reticulum
-choroplasts
- all of the above
all of the above
87
Proteus sp. that can decompose urine to raise pH well above the neutral zone
alkalinophiles
88
Staphylococcus epidermidis - bacteria that can tolerate salt but don't necessary require high salt conditions
Facultative halophiles
89
Propionibacterium acnes (a microbe that colonizes the skin which has a pH of about 5)
Acidophiles
90
Arthrospira species (i.e. spirulina) which tolerate radiation from the sun
Phototrophs
91
Shewanella benthica a bacterium recently isolated from the deep sea Mariana Trench
Barophiles
92
When comparing fermentation and anaerobic respiration, which statement would be true?
-Both anaerobic respiration and fermentation can use glycolysis to start
-Anaerobic respiration and fermentation both use the electron transport chain
-Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are the same
-Fermentation requires oxygen, whereas anaerobic respiration does not
Both anaerobic respiration and fermentation can use glycolysis to start
93
How many phosphate groups are found on ATP?
3
94
In heterotrophs, ATP is ultimately made from the release of chemical energy from nutrients.
true
95
The duplication of a cell's DNA is called ________
replication
96
A mutation in the transcription process resulting in a mutation of a single base of mRNA would have less of a long-lasting impact than a mutation in a single base of DNA.
true
97
In operons, RNA polymerase binds at the _______ site and is blocked from moving further forward at the ____________ site.
promoter;operator
98
Which of the following is not associated with every virus?
envelope
99
Given a template Strand TACTATCAAAACGTTATC what is the complementary coding DNA strand?
ATGATAGTTTTGCAATAG
100
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) include......
-dendritic cells
-macrophages
-b cells
-all of these cells can be APCs
all of these
101
The adaptive immune system is complex, but it can be summarized in four consecutive stages:
i) lymphocyte encounter with an immunogen / antigen,
ii) development of lymphocyte specificity against that immunogen / antigen,
iii) 2nd encounter with the immunogen and lastly
iv) development of memory cells.
false
102
Vaccination would trigger artificially acquired active immunity
true
103
The body region where a ciliary epithelium helps to sweep foreign particles back out of trachea is associated with __________ system.
respiratory
104
