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Bio 102 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What things are found in all types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes.

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2
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic: no nucleus, small, simple.
Eukaryotic: has a nucleus, organelles, larger, complex.

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3
Q

What are the basic traits of protists (Kingdom Protista)?

A

Mostly unicellular, live in water, eukaryotic, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

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4
Q

How are protists different from each other?

A

Some move, some don’t. Some make food by photosynthesis, others eat things.

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5
Q

What are the structures of protists like?

A

They have a nucleus, organelles, and can have flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia for movement.

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6
Q

What are three ways protists move? Give examples.

A

Cilia (short hairs) – Paramecium
Flagella (long tail) – Euglena
Pseudopodia (cytoplasm ‘arms’) – Amoeba

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7
Q

How do protists get their energy?

A

Photosynthesis (like algae)
Eating other organisms (like amoebas)
Absorbing nutrients

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8
Q

How do protists reproduce?

A

Asexual: binary fission (split in two)
Sexual: conjugation (exchange DNA)

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9
Q

What are some protists that cause disease?

A

Plasmodium → Malaria
Trypanosoma → Sleeping sickness
Giardia → Diarrhea

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10
Q

How are protists helpful in ecosystems?

A

They are food for many animals and help break down dead things (decomposers).

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11
Q

What are the basic traits of fungi?

A

Eukaryotic, have cell walls made of chitin, heterotrophs (absorb food).

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12
Q

Where do fungi live?

A

Damp, dark places — soil, water, on other organisms.

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13
Q

How do fungi get their food?

A

They absorb nutrients from dead or living things.

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14
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

By releasing spores; can be sexual or asexual.

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15
Q

What are examples of fungi?

A

Yeast, molds, mushrooms.

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16
Q

What are examples of harmful fungi?

A

Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Plant diseases like rusts

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17
Q

Why are fungi important to the environment?

A

They recycle nutrients by decomposing dead material.

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18
Q

How do fungi help humans?

A

Make bread, cheese, beer
Make antibiotics like penicillin

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19
Q

What are the 4 major groups of fungi?

A

Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota.

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20
Q

What is a thallus?

A

The body of a fungus.

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21
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Thread-like structures that make up fungi.

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22
Q

What is mycelium?

A

A mass of hyphae — the main part of a fungus.

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23
Q

What is a mycorrhizal association?

A

Fungi living with plant roots to help each other.

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24
Q

What is a mycologist?

A

A scientist who studies fungi.

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25
What is a lichen?
A partnership between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.
26
What are the main characteristics of plants?
Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, have cell walls with cellulose.
27
What challenges did plants face when moving onto land?
Drying out Getting water/nutrients Supporting their bodies Reproducing without water
28
What adaptations helped plants live on land?
Waxy cuticle Vascular tissues (xylem, phloem) Seeds and spores
29
What is alternation of generations in plants?
Plants switch between a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage.
30
Define sporophyte.
Diploid, makes spores by meiosis.
31
Define gametophyte.
Haploid, makes gametes (sperm/egg).
32
Define haploid and diploid.
Haploid = 1 set of chromosomes (n) Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)
33
Define zygote.
Fertilized egg (diploid).
34
Define apical meristem.
Region of plant growth (tips of roots and shoots).
35
What is the vascular bundle?
A group of xylem and phloem tissues.
36
What is xylem?
Moves water up from the roots.
37
What is phloem?
Moves sugars down through the plant.
38
What is a stoma (stomata)?
Pores that allow gas exchange in leaves.
39
What are gymnosperms?
Plants with seeds not enclosed in fruit (ex: pine trees).
40
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants with seeds inside fruits.
41
Compare fibrous and taproot systems.
Fibrous: many small roots (grass). Taproot: one large root (carrot).
42
What are the main parts of a leaf and why are they important?
Leaves do photosynthesis; parts include blade, petiole, veins.
43
How are vascular and nonvascular plants different?
Vascular: have xylem/phloem (ferns, trees). Nonvascular: no xylem/phloem (mosses).
44
What are seedless plants?
Plants that reproduce with spores (not seeds).
45
What types of plants made early forests and coal?
Giant ferns, horsetails, club mosses.
46
What are the three types of bryophytes?
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts.
47
What new traits appear in seedless vascular plants?
True roots, stems, leaves.
48
Major classes of seedless vascular plants?
Ferns, horsetails, club mosses.
49
Define rhizome.
Underground stem.
50
Define sori.
Clusters of spores under fern leaves.
51
Define frond.
A fern leaf.
52
What kind of seeds do gymnosperms have?
Naked seeds (not in fruits).
53
What are the four modern groups of gymnosperms?
Conifers, cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes.
54
Life cycle of seed plants (both gymnosperms and angiosperms)?
Pollination → Fertilization → Seed → Plant.
55
Two drought adaptations in seed plants?
Pollen (no need for water to reproduce) Seeds (protect embryo).
56
Define flower, pollen, seed, and endosperm.
Flower: reproductive structure. Pollen: carries sperm. Seed: protects embryo. Endosperm: food for embryo.
57
Main parts of a flower and their jobs?
Petals: attract pollinators Stamen: male part (makes pollen) Pistil/Carpel: female part (holds ovules)
58
Life cycle of an angiosperm?
Pollination → Fertilization → Seed forms → New plant grows.
59
Difference between monocots and dicots?
Monocots: 1 seed leaf, parallel veins (grass, lilies). Dicots: 2 seed leaves, branching veins (roses, oak trees).
60
What are the main types of evidence for evolution?
Fossils, anatomy, molecular (DNA), embryology, biogeography.
61
Define homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures.
Homologous: same structure, different function (bat wing vs human arm). Analogous: different structure, same function (bird wing vs insect wing). Vestigial: leftover structures (human tailbone).
62
Define continental drift.
Movement of continents over time, affects evolution.
63
Define natural selection.
Best-adapted organisms survive and reproduce.
64
How does evolution happen?
Through genetic changes + environment selecting traits.
65
Who was Charles Darwin and why is he important?
Developed theory of natural selection; wrote On the Origin of Species.
66
What is biodiversity?
The variety of life in an area.
67
Define invasive, native, keystone, and pioneer species.
Invasive: harms new area. Native: originally from area. Keystone: very important to ecosystem. Pioneer: first species to colonize an area.
68
Who was Thomas Malthus and what did he say?
Population grows faster than resources; influences Darwin.
69
Define population growth rate, birth rate, death rate, exponential growth.
Population growth = birth rate – death rate. Exponential growth = rapid increase without limits.
70
What happens if human population keeps growing exponentially?
Resource shortages, habitat loss, species extinction.
71
What is mimicry? Give an example.
One species copies another (ex: Viceroy butterfly mimics Monarch).
72
Define symbiosis, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism.
Symbiosis = close relationship. Parasitism = one benefits, one harmed. Commensalism = one benefits, one not affected. Mutualism = both benefit.
73
What is succession?
Natural changes in ecosystems over time.
74
What is a food chain?
A series of steps showing who eats whom.
75
What is a food web?
Connected food chains in an ecosystem.
76
Define producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, apex predator.
Producer: makes its own food (plants). Primary consumer: eats producers. Secondary consumer: eats primary consumers. Tertiary consumer: eats secondary consumers. Apex predator: top of the food chain.
77
Define prey and predator.
Prey: gets eaten. Predator: eats other animals.
78
What is a keystone predator?
A predator that is crucial for ecosystem balance.
79
Define trophic level.
A level in a food chain or web.
80
Define ecosystem, community, population, and biome.
Ecosystem: all living and non-living things in one area. Community: all living things in one area. Population: all individuals of one species. Biome: large area with a specific climate and types of organisms.
81
What are the three broad types of ecosystems?
Terrestrial (land), freshwater, marine.
82
Know the major terrestrial biomes.
Tropical rainforest, desert, tundra, grassland, temperate forest.
83
How does matter cycle through ecosystems?
Through biogeochemical cycles: nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, water, phosphorus.
84
What six elements are most common in living things?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur (CHNOPS).
85
What is ecosystem equilibrium?
When an ecosystem is balanced and stable.
86
Important freshwater and marine zones?
Lakes, rivers, wetlands; intertidal zone, open ocean, coral reefs.
87
Define autotroph, photoautotroph, chemoautotroph.
Autotroph: makes its own food. Photoautotroph: uses sunlight (plants). Chemoautotroph: uses chemicals (some bacteria).
88
Why is biodiversity important?
It helps ecosystems stay healthy and stable.
89
What threatens biodiversity?
Habitat loss, pollution, climate change, invasive species.
90
How can we protect biodiversity?
Conservation efforts, habitat protection, laws against poaching.

Bio 102 (2 decks)

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