Midterm Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What is the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms called?
A
phylogeny
2
Q
What is the science of classifying organisms?
A
taxonomy
3
Q
What is the diagram used to reflect the evolutionary relationships between organisms or group of organisms called?
A
phylogenic tree
4
Q
What is a single level in the taxonomic classification system?
A
taxon
5
Q
What is the system of two-part scientific names for an organism, which includes genus and species names?
A
binomial nomenclature
6
Q
What is the science of determining the evolutionary relationships of organisms?
A
systematics
7
Q
What is the many different kinds of life, or number of species in a particular area called?
A
biodiversity
8
Q
What is it called to belong or be native to a particular people or country?
A
endemic
9
Q
What are the three main levels of biodiversity?
A
- genetic diversity
- species diversity
- ecosystem diversity
10
Q
What is genetic diversity?
A
refers to the variation in genes within a species, or across different populations of the same species
11
Q
What is species diversity?
A
measure the number of different species in a specific area or ecosystem
12
Q
What is ecosystem diversity?
A
refers to the variety of ecosystems in a given area and their complex interactions with organisms and their environment
13
Q
What are the benefits of biodiversity?
A
- provides food and resources
- helps make medicines
- keeps ecosystems stable
- supports industries like farming and tourism
14
Q
What are alpha, beta, and gamma diversity
A
- alpha: within a specific area or ecosystem
- beta: between different ecosystems
- overall diversity across multiple ecosystems within a region
15
Q
Why is biodiversity important?
A
provides food, clean air, water, and medicines, and supports healthy ecosystems
16
Q
What is the best measure of biodiversity?
A
genetic diversity, because it looks at differences in genes within a species
17
Q
What is the Linnaean system?
A
a method of classifying organisms into a hierarchy of categories, created by Carl Linnaeaus
18
Q
What is the classification hierarchy?
A
the system of organizing organisms into groups from broad to specific
19
Q
Name the classification system from broad to specific?
A
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
20
Q
What is the most inclusive level of classification?
A
domain
21
Q
What is the least inclusive level of classification?
A
species
22
Q
How do you correctly write a scientific name?
A
written in italics or underlined. The genus is capitalized, and the species is lowercase. Example: Homo sapiens (italicized)
23
Q
What is the genus in the classification hierarchy?
A
a group of closely related species. It is more specific than family but broader than species
24
Q
What are the three domains of life?
A
bacteria, archaea, and. eukarya
25
What is the domain Bacteria?
consists of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that lack a nucleus and have simple cell structures
26
What is the domain Archaea?
includes unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments. Their cell walls and genetics differ from bacteria
27
What is the domain Eukarya?
includes organisms with eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
28
How are the domains Bacteria and Archaea different?
Bacteria are more common and have simpler cell structures, while Archaea have unique cell membranes and can live in extreme environments.
29
What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?
1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
30
What is the kingdom Protista?
mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms, like algae and protozoa, that do not fit into other kingdoms
31
What is the kingdom Fungi?
includes mostly multicellular organisms like mushrooms and molds, as well as unicellular yeasts. They are heterotrophic and absorb nutrients from organic matter
32
What is the kingdom Plantae?
consists of multicellular, autotrophic organisms (plants) that produce their own food through photosynthesis
33
What is kingdom Animalia?
includes multicellular, heterotrophic organisms (animals) that generally have specialized tissues and organs and a capable of movement
34
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cels have a true nucleus and complex organelles
35
What is the defining characteristic of organisms in the kingdom Fungi?
fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they absorb nutrients from organic matter and their cell walls contain chitin
36
Which kingdom includes organisms that are autotrophic and photosynthetic?
Kingdom Plantae
37
How do the kingdoms Protista and Animalia differ?
Protista consists mainly of unicellular organisms, while Animalia, includes multicellular organisms that are typically heterotrophic and more complex
38
What type of organisms are found in the kingdom Animalia?
includes multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, such as mammals, birds, and insects
39
What type of organisms are found in the phylum Platyhelminthes?
Flatworms
40
Which phylum includes insects and crayfish?
Arthropoda
41
Jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones belong to which phylum?
Cnidaria
42
Snails, clams, and octopuses are part of which phylum?
Mollusca
43
Starfish and sea urchins belong to which phylum?
Echinodermata
44
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals belong to which phylum?
Chordata
45
Which class includes humans, monkeys, apes, and lemurs?
Class Primates
46
What class do mammals belong to?
Class Mammalia
47
What characteristics do all animals share?
All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls.
48
What are the four types of body symmetry in animals?
1. Asymmetry
2. Radial
3. Bilateral
4. Pentadarial
49
What are the three main types of body plans in animals?
1. Acoelomate
2. Pseudocoelomate
3. Coelomate
50
What body plan has no body cavity?
acoelomate
51
What body plan has a body cavity, but is only partially lined with mesoderm?
Pseudocoelomate
52
What body plan has a true coelom and a fully lined body cavity within the mesoderm?
Coelomate
53
What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome?
In protostome, blastopore develops in the mouth first and in deuterostome is develops in the anus first
54
Which animal phyla are protostomes?
Mollusca (snails, clams, octopuses), Annelida (earthworms, leeches), and Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans).
55
Which animal phyla are deuterostomes?
Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins) and Chordata (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals).
56
What is a coelom?
fluid-filled body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
57
What is a polyp?
sessile (non-moving) body form of cnidarians
58
What is a medusa?
free-swimming, bell-shaped body form of cnidarians
59
How do polyps and medusas reproduce?
Polyps produce asexually by budding
Medusas produce sexually
60
What are stinging cells, and what is their function?
Also called cnidocytes, they are specialized cells found in cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, anemones) used for defense and capturing prey.
61
What are nematocysts?
harpoon-like structures inside cnidocytes that inject venom into prey or enemies.
62
How do cnidarians capture food?
use tentacles lined with cnidocytes to paralyze prey with venom from nematocysts and then pull it into their mouth.
63
What 4 characteristics makes sponges unique in the animal kingdom?
1. simplest animals and lack true tissues and organs
2. asymmetrical body plan with pores
3. do not have muscles, nerves or digestive system
4. rely on filter feeding
64
What do sponges use to obtain food?
filter feeders
65
How do sponges reproduce?
Asexually (budding) and Sexually
66
How do sponges move?
they are sessile and do not move
67
How do cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) reproduce?
Polyps - asexually
Medusa - sexually
68
How do cnidarians move?
Polyps are sessile (do not move)
Medusa move by pulsing their bell-like body in the water
69
How do cnidarians get food?
capture prey using tentacles and use nematocysts to paralyze it
70
How do sponges differ from cnidarians in movement and feeding?
Sponges are sessile filter feeders
Cnidarias have nerve nets to make and catch food
71
What are tapeworms
Parasitic flatworms that live in intestines and absorb nutrients.
72
What are trematodes?
Parasitic flatworms (flukes) that infect organs like the liver and lungs.
73
Why are arthropods important?
They are the largest animal group, including insects, spiders, and crustaceans.
74
What are the major classes of Arthropoda?
Insects, Arachnids, and Crustaceans
75
What are the three body parts of an insect?
head, thorax, and abdomen
76
What is the function of the insect head?
contain eyes, mouth, and antennae
77
What is the function of an insect's thorax?
holds legs and wings for movement
78
What is the function of an insect's abdomen?
contains digestive and reproductive organs
79
What type of circulatory system do arthropods have?
open circulatory system
80
What pumps the blood in arthropods?
a simple heart
81
What are the major classes of mollusca?
gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods
82
Where are mollusks most dominant?
marine environments
83
What do gastropods include?
snails and slugs; also have a coiled shell
84
What do bivalves include?
clams, oysters; have two shells and filter feed
85
What do cephalopods include?
Squid, octopuses; have tentacles and jet propulsion
86
How many legs and body parts do insects have?
6 legs and 3 body parts
87
How many legs and body parts do arachnids have?
8 legs and two body parts
88
What do crustaceans include on or in their body?
hard exoskeleton and two pairs of antennae
89
What are the two body parts of arachnids?
cephalothorax and abdomen
90
What are the major classes of Annelida?
oligochaete, polychaete, and hirudinea
91
What do oligochaetes include?
earthworms; improve soil
92
What do polychaetes include?
marine worms; have bristles
93
What do hirudinea include?
leeches; some are bloodsuckers
94
What are major structures of an earthworm?
mouth, segments, clitellum, and anus
95
What type of symmetry do echinoderms have?
penta-radial symmetry
96
What organisms belong to Echinodermata?
starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers
97
What are the four key features of chordates?
Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
98
What are the major invertebrate chordates?
Tunicates and Lancelets
99
What are tunicates?
sessile filter feeders
100
What are lancelets?
small, fish-like burrowers
101
What are the major classes of vertebrates?
fish, amphibians, repitles, birds, and mammals
102
What is the most abundant class of vertebrates?
fish
103
What is a special adaptation in primates?
large brains
104
What is a virus?
A non-living particle made of genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat.
105
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria.
106
What is a virion?
A single, complete virus particle outside a host cell
107
What is the structure of a virus?
A protein coat (capsid) surrounding genetic material
108
What kind of genetic material do viruses have?
DNA or RNA, depending on the virus
109
How do viruses spread?
Through air, water, bodily fluids, and direct contact
110
What types of organisms can be infected by viruses?
all living organisms
111
What happens when a virus lyses a cell?
The virus bursts the host cell, releasing new viruses
112
Name some diseases caused by viruses
Flu, COVID-19, HIV, measles, rabies
113
What is a vaccine?
A weakened or dead virus used to build immunity
114
What are antiviral drugs?
Medications that slow or stop viral replication
115
What are the evolutionary relationships among Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, but Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria
116
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
Spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral
117
What role did cyanobacteria play in evolution?
Produced oxygen through photosynthesis, helping create Earth’s atmosphere.
118
What is an autotroph?
An organism that makes its own food
119
What is a photoautotroph?
Uses light to make food
120
What is a chemoautotroph?
Uses chemicals (like sulfur) to make food
121
What is a heterotroph?
Consumes other organisms for food
122
How can bacteria survive extreme conditions?
: By forming endospores, which protect them until conditions improve
123
How do Bacteria and Archaea differ?
Bacteria – Have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, live in common environments.
Archaea – No peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments (hot springs, salt lakes).x
