Final Exam

Question 1

When do we do embryo transfer

Answer 1

At day 5 after ovulation

Question 2

What day does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur

Answer 2

Day 8

Question 3

When can we see an embryo on the ultrasound

Answer 3

Day 12

Question 4

When does fixation occur

Answer 4

Between days 16-17

Question 5

At what days do the placenta and fetus maintain pregnancy

Answer 5

Days 135-260

Question 6

When do endometrial cups form

Answer 6

Day 35-maintain pregnancy

Question 7

If the pregnancy is lost, how long do the endometrial cups remain

Answer 7

120 days

Question 8

What is considered the 1st trimester

Answer 8

15-120 days

Question 9

What is considered the second trimester

Answer 9

135-240 days

Question 10

What is considered the third trimester

Answer 10

255-360 days

Question 11

CL from ovulation is supported by what

Answer 11

Progesterone

Question 12

What are endometrial cups (ECG) good for

Answer 12

Maintain the 1st Cl and support grwoth of accessory CL’s

Question 13

What maintains the fetoplacnetal unit

Answer 13

5 alpha pregnanes

Question 14

What type of placenta does a mare have

Answer 14

Epithelialchorial

Question 15

When do we use transrectal ultrasonography

Answer 15

Day 12- only way to look for twins

Question 16

When do we use rectal palpation as a strategy

Answer 16

Around day 30

Question 17

Management of twins

Answer 17

Reduce to one embryo early on

Question 18

Twin statistics

Answer 18

91% end in abortion, 5.8% carry to term with both foals dead, 1.9% carry to term with one alive, 1.3% carry to term with both alive

Question 19

Toxicosis

Answer 19

the state of being intoxicated

Question 20

poison

Answer 20

Any solid, liquid or gas that can adversley affect a biological system

Question 21

Signs to suspect poison

Answer 21

Sudden death in multiple animals, confirmed exposure, signs consistent with a common toxicant, recent change in diet

Question 22

10 importnat equine toxicants

Answer 22

Endophyte+ Tall Fescue/Ergot
 Black Walnut/Butternut
 Red Maple
 Lead/Arsenic
 NSAIDs
 Cantharidin/Blister Beetles
 Oleander/Yew
 Ionophores
 Yellow Star Thistle/Russian Knapweed
 Fumonisins

Question 23

Six less important toxicants

Answer 23

“Clover” Syndromes (Slaframine, “Moldy” Sweet Clover, and Alsike Clover)
 Tropane Alkaloids
 Locoweeds
 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
 White Snakeroot/Box Elder
 Botulism

Question 24

Clinical Signs of Fescue Toxicosis in Late Gestational and PostParturient Mares/Foals:

Answer 24

AGALACTIA,
* Prolonged Gestation/Dystocia/Retained Fetal Membranes possible
* Abortion
Stillbirth/trauma

Question 25

Effects of fescue toxicosis on non preganant mares

Answer 25

Delayed Transitional Phase in the Spring possible * Conception Failure/Early Embryonic Loss possible * Possible effects of Vasoconstriction * Possible increased susceptibility to Laminitis * Possible Hyperthermia

Question 26

Signs of fescue toxicosis

Answer 26

Agalacita, and thickened fetal membranes (redbag)

Question 27

Tall fescue poison

Answer 27

Ergot alkaloids produced by the tall fescue endophyte

Question 28

How to limit problems from tall fescue

Answer 28

Remove preganant and liminitic mares from fescue at least 60 days before they are due- can put on domperidone (dopamine receptor agonist)

Question 29

Plants associated with laminitis in horses

Answer 29

Black walnut/butternut

Question 30

Poisons in black walnut/ butternut

Answer 30

Juglone different toxins in hoary alyssum

Question 31

What does black walnut/ butternut do to horses?

Answer 31

Causes laminitis, increase in PGF2a, vasospasm, ischemia of dorsal laminae, increase of sytokins and inflammation- leads to leg edema

Question 32

Preventing black walnut toxicity

Answer 32

No access to walnut shavings/trees

Question 33

how do horses get red maple toxicosis

Answer 33

Have to consume > 1 kg of wilted leaves or bark

Question 34

What are symptoms of red maple toxicosis

Answer 34

Methemoglobinemia, hypoxia, death, swolllen dark kidneys, brown blood (no oxygen)- caused by tannins

Question 35

Taxus plant poison- cardiotoxic

Answer 35

Taxine alkaloids, all parts are toxic except fruit, consumption of 0.1-0.5 % of BW is lethal

Question 36

What are symptoms of taxus plant poision

Answer 36

Systemic hypoxia, heart arrythmias, death- inhibition of conduction of the action potential across the myocardium

Question 37

How to prevent taxus poisoning

Answer 37

No access to any plant clippings

Question 38

Ionophore feed additives

Answer 38

Includes monensin, caiuses a problem with sodium adn potassium transport across membranes, leads to an increase in intracellular Ca- cardiotoxic

Question 39

Symptoms of ionophore feed additives

Answer 39

Myocardial necrosis, sudden death during excercise

Question 40

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia

Answer 40

Moldy corn poisoning (fumonisins) - limit accesst to homegrown corn

Question 41

Parasympathomimetic Toxins

Answer 41

Slaframine (myotoxin) - slobbers syndrome, excess salication

Question 42

What produces slaframine

Answer 42

"black patch" on clovers

Question 43

Parasympatholytic Toxins

Answer 43

No salivation- dilated pupils, rapid heart rate

Question 44

Plants containing tropane alkaloids

Answer 44

Deadly nightshade, henbane

Question 45

Blister beetles

Answer 45

Contain cantharidin (inhibits protein phosphatases)

Question 46

Symptoms of blister beetles

Answer 46

Ulcers, colic, myocardial necrosis, death

Question 47

Treating blister beetles

Answer 47

Use pain relief, GI protectants/ correction of any cardiac arrythmias and use IV fluids for electrolyte imbalances

Question 48

How to avoid blister beetles

Answer 48

Feed first cut alfalfa, avoid feeding in bloom stage, inspect alfalfa for beetles