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Childbearing Families > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

3 common menstrual problems

A

Dysmenorrhea,Menorrhagia,Amenorrhea

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2
Q

Dysmenorrhea and treatment

A

Painful menstruation, usually accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
tx:NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives

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3
Q

Menorrhagia and treatment

A

Heavy menstrual bleeding, often due to fibroids
treatment:hormonal therapy or a D&C

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4
Q

Amenorrhea and treatment

A

Absence of menstruation, which can be primary or secondary. Causes include pregnancy, stress, or hormonal imbalances
tx:Treatment depends on underlying cause (e.g., oral contraceptives or lifestyle changes).

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5
Q

What is dyspareunia

A

pain experienced during sexual intercourse, either before, during, or after

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6
Q

3 possible causes of dyspareunia

A

infections, Vaginal Atrophy, Psychological Factors

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7
Q

What is Infertility

A

the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse.

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8
Q

Initial Assessment of infertility

A

Basal body temperature charting, semen analysis for males, and ovulation tracking for females.

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9
Q

what Percentage of Unintended Pregnancies:

A

45

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10
Q

Endometrial Cancer and diagnostic test

A

MOST common
GOOD prognosis,
slow growing
DX: Endometrial biopsy

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11
Q

Ovarian cancer and diagnostic test

A

2nd most common
Causes more deaths
than any other female
genital CA!!!
Fast growing,
painless tumors
beginning s/s Subtle and late, lower
abdominal discomfort
bloating, mild digest-
ive complaints. Later
disease – pelvic pain
-More menstrual
periods risk factor
DX:No good screening
test. Yearly bimanual
exams, ultrasound if
needed. Tumor
markers like CA 125
not for screening.

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12
Q

Cervical cancer and diagnosis

A

3rd most common
Incidence increased,
but earlier detection
reduces invasive
disease
Slow growing
Asymptomatic until
invasive
Abnormal vaginal
bleeding, especially
after intercourse
DX:Pap smear detects
90%!
Repeat paps,
CULPOSCOPY, cone
biopsy of cervix

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13
Q

Vulvar cancer and diagnosis

A

4th most common
Increased in elderly
women (65-80 y/o)
Asymptomatic, then
burning, itching or
pain of vulva, white
lesions of vulva,
lesions bleed easily
DX:Biopsy of lesions

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14
Q

Chlamydia effects on pregnancy/fetus

A

Can cause preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and low birth weight

Can be transmitted during delivery, leading to neonatal conjunctivitis or pneumonia

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15
Q

Chlamydia screening

A

Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) from urine or cervical swab at the first prenatal visit

Rescreen in the third trimester if high risk

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16
Q

Gonorrhea effects on pregnancy/fetus

A

Risk of miscarriage, preterm labor, chorioamnionitis, and neonatal sepsis

Can cause neonatal eye infections (ophthalmia neonatorum)

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17
Q

Gonorrhea screening

A

NAAT test from cervical/urine specimen at first prenatal visit

Rescreen in third trimester for high-risk clients

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18
Q

Syphilis effects on pregnancy/fetus

A

Can cause stillbirth, miscarriage, preterm birth

If untreated, results in congenital syphilis, which may lead to blindness, deafness, bone deformities

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19
Q

Syphilis screening

A

RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) or VDRL at first prenatal visit

Rescreen in third trimester if high risk or in high-prevalence areas

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20
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) effects on pregnancy/fetus

A

Greatest risk is primary infection during late pregnancy

Can cause neonatal herpes if active lesions are present during vaginal delivery—leads to serious CNS and systemic infection

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21
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) screening

A

No routine screening unless symptoms or history present

Viral culture or PCR of lesions if present

C-section recommended if active genital lesions are present at labor

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22
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) effects on pregnancy/fetus

A

Can be transmitted perinatally (pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding)

Without treatment, transmission risk is 25%; with treatment, reduced to <2%

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23
Q

HIV screening

A

HIV antibody/antigen testing at first prenatal visit

Retesting in third trimester for high-risk clients

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24
Q

Hepatitis B effects on pregnancy/ fetus

A

Can lead to chronic infection in the newborn

Risk of liver disease or cancer later in life

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25
Hepatitis B screening
HBsAg test (Hepatitis B surface antigen) at first prenatal visit Newborn receives HBIG and Hep B vaccine within 12 hours of birth if mother is positive
26
Trichomoniasis effects on pregnancy/fetus
May increase risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight, and PROM
27
Trichomoniasis screening
Vaginal swab for wet mount microscopy or NAAT Not routinely screened unless symptomatic
28
How can you best help a woman with her first routine pelvic examination?
Explain the procedure to her informed consent provide comfort ensure they are menstruating ensure privacy warm instruments
29
What is the Cycle of Violence
helps nurses understand the pattern of intimate partner violence (IPV) 1-Tension-Building Phase 2-Acute Battering Phase 3-Honeymoon Phase
30
🩺 How Cycle of violence Influences Nursing Counseling:
Avoid Blaming the Victim assess for safety Build Trust educate provide resources
31
Endometriosis 🧬 Pathophysiology
chronic gynecological condition in which endometrial tissue (normally lining the uterus) grows outside the uterus, such as on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, pelvic peritoneum, or bowel.
32
Endometriosis S/S
Dysmenorrhea Dyspareunia pelvic pain inferility Abnormal bleeding pain w BM or urination Pain with bowel movements or urination fatigue gi symptoms
33
Endometriosis complications
Infertility chronic pelvic pain Ovarian cysts (endometriomas) Bowel or bladder dysfunction
34
Endometriosis 💊 Treatment
Nsaids oral contraceptives lupron Surgical Treatment
35
Magnesium Sulfate indications
- Prevent seizures in preeclampsia/eclampsia - Neuroprotection in preterm labor
36
Magnesium Sulfate s/e and complications
- Respiratory depression - Decreased DTRs - Hypotension - Flushing - Toxicity (antidote: calcium gluconate)
37
Magnesium Sulfate effective?
- No seizures - Stable DTRs (2+) - RR > 12/min - Urine output > 30 mL/hr
38
Oxytocin (Pitocin) indications
- Induce or augment labor - Control postpartum hemorrhage
39
Oxytocin s/e and complications
- Uterine tachysystole (contractions too frequent) - Uterine rupture - Fetal distress (bradycardia, decelerations)
40
Oxytocin effective?
- Regular, effective contractions - Cervical dilation - Minimal side effects to mother/fetus
41
Methylergonovine indications
- Postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony
42
Methylergonovine s/e and complications
- Hypertension (do not use if BP > 140/90) - N/V, headache
43
Methylergonovine effective?
- Firm uterus - Reduced vaginal bleeding
44
Terbutaline indications
- Tocolytic (delay preterm labor)
45
Terbutaline s/e and complications
- Tachycardia (maternal and fetal) - Pulmonary edema - Hypotension - Hyperglycemia
46
Terbutaline effective?
- Contractions slow or stop - No signs of distress in mother/fetus
47
Betamethasone indications
- Promote fetal lung maturity in preterm labor (24–34 wks gestation)
48
Betamethasone s/e and complications
- Maternal hyperglycemia - Possible fetal hypoglycemia after birth
49
Betamethasone effective?
- Increased fetal lung surfactant - Lower risk of RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) in newborn
50
Apgar score
7–10 = normal 4–6 = moderate distress 0–3 = severe distress → immediate resuscitation done at 1 and 5 mins after birth
51
Naegle’s Rule – Estimate due date (EDD)
First day of last menstrual period (LMP) – 3 months + 7 days + 1 year
52
GTPAL System
G = Gravida (total pregnancies) T = Term births (≥37 weeks) P = Preterm births (<37 weeks) A = Abortions/miscarriages (<20 weeks) L = Living children
53
Normal Newborn Weight Loss
Up to 10% of birth weight in first 3–5 days is normal Should regain birth weight by 10–14 days
54
Weight Gain in Pregnancy
1st trimester: ~1–4.5 lbs (0.5–2 kg) total 2nd & 3rd trimesters: ~1 lb/week (0.45 kg/week)
55
Placenta functions
Transfers oxygen to the fetus and removes carbon dioxide from fetal blood. Delivers glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals to fetus. Removes urea, uric acid, and creatinine from fetal blood to maternal circulation. Produces hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen (hPL). Acts as a barrier to some infections; passes maternal antibodies (IgG) to fetus
56
fetal circulation has _____ vein and _______ artery
1,2
57
1st trimester danger signs
Abdominal cramping/bleeding - Signs of infection (fever, chills) - Dysuria (UTI risk) - Shoulder pain (possible ectopic)
58
2nd trimester danger signs
- Sudden gush of fluid (PROM) - Absence of fetal movement - Persistent vomiting - Severe headache/visual changes (HTN)
59
3rd trimester danger signs
- Vaginal bleeding - Decreased fetal movement - Epigastric pain (possible preeclampsia/HELLP) - Signs of labor before 37 weeks |
60
Supine Hypotension signs
Dizziness Pallor Tachycardia Nausea Lightheadedness *cause:Uterus compresses the inferior vena cava when lying flat
61
supine hypotension prevention and treatment
Turn to the left side (or lateral position) Avoid lying flat on back Use a wedge/pillow under right hip
62
Nutrition Risk Factors
Underweight or overweight before pregnancy Teen pregnancy Multiple gestation History of eating disorders Low income (food insecurity) Anemia or chronic illness (e.g., diabetes, celiac) Excessive caffeine or substance use
63
Counseling the Client with Anemia
Encourage iron-rich foods: red meat, dark leafy greens, fortified cereals Take iron supplements with vitamin C (enhances absorption) Avoid taking iron with calcium, tea, or coffee (they inhibit absorption) Explain side effects: constipation, dark stools Recheck hemoglobin levels after treatment begins
64
Leopold’s Maneuvers and Fetal Heartbeat
Leopold’s maneuvers assess fetal position and presentation by abdominal palpation. To locate the fetal heartbeat: If the fetus is cephalic (head down) → heartbeat is usually below the umbilicus. If fetus is breech (buttocks down) → heartbeat is often above the umbilicus. Place Doppler or fetoscope on fetal back side (broad, smooth surface = best spot for auscultation).
65
Preconceptual Counseling for Client with Diabetes
Achieve optimal blood glucose control before conception to reduce risk of congenital anomalies Maintain A1C <6.5% pre-pregnancy. Emphasize strict glucose control to prevent neural tube defects, cardiac anomalies. Begin folic acid 400–800 mcg daily. Review all medications — switch from oral agents (like metformin) to insulin if needed. Nutrition and exercise counseling. Refer to high-risk OB or maternal-fetal medicine (MFM).
66
Placenta Previa causes/risk factors
Previous C-section, multiparity, uterine scarring
67
Placenta Previa symptoms and trimester and location
Painless bright red bleeding, 2-3rd Lower uterine segment
68
Placenta Previa interventions
No vaginal exams, bedrest, monitor fetal heart tones (FHTs)
69
Placental Abruption cause/risk factors
HTN, trauma, smoking, cocaine
70
Placental Abruption symptoms and trimester and location
Painful, dark red bleeding, rigid uterus, 3rd Behind placenta (concealed or revealed
71
Placental Abruption interventions
Emergency C-section, monitor for DIC
72
Molar Pregnancy causes/risk factors
Unknown; trophoblastic tissue overgrowth
73
molar pregnancy symptoms and trimester and location
Heavy bleeding, “grape-like” vesicles, ↑hCG, 1st, Uterine
74
molar pregnancy interventions
Suction curettage, monitor hCG for 6–12 months
75
Ectopic Pregnancy causes/risk factors
PID, IUD, previous ectopic
76
Ectopic Pregnancy symptoms and trimester and location
Unilateral pain, shoulder pain, spotting, 1st Fallopian tube (not intrauterine)
77
Ectopic Pregnancy Interventions
Methotrexate if stable, surgery if ruptured
78
Gestational HTN s/s and treatment
BP >140/90 after 20 weeks, no proteinuria tx:Monitor closely, possible meds
79
mild preeclampsia s/s and treatment
↑BP + 1+ proteinuria, edema, headache tx:Rest, monitor labs, possible delivery
80
Severe preeclampsia s/s and treatment
BP ≥160/110, 3+ proteinuria, vision changes, RUQ pain tx:Hospitalize, magnesium sulfate, deliver
81
Eclampsia s/s and treatment
seizures tx:Emergency care, magnesium, deliver
82
HELLP syndrome
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets tx:Deliver immediately, ICU-level care
83
what is HELLP syndrome
a serious pregnancy complication that affects the blood and liver, and is considered a severe form of preeclampsia. It's an acronym for Hemolysis, ELevated liver enzymes, and Low platelet count
84
Nursing Care for Trauma in Pregnancy
Priorities (ABCDE + Fetal): Airway: Secure airway first. Breathing/Circulation: Oxygen, fluids, monitor for shock. Displace uterus manually to the left to avoid vena cava compression. Fetal monitoring for at least 4 hours after trauma, even if minor. Kleihauer-Betke test: To assess fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Check for Rh incompatibility; give RhoGAM if mom is Rh-negative. Monitor for abruption, uterine rupture, preterm labor.
85

Childbearing Families (4 decks)

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