Final Exam Flashcards
(254 cards)
1
Q
What is exercise psychology?
A
study of antecedents and consequences of physical activity behavior including (but not limited to) exercise
2
Q
What is sport psychology?
A
study of psychological principles related to athletes + performance
3
Q
What are the 3 parts of the human gear train?
A
individual, mental, physical
4
Q
What is monoism?
A
the mind and body are connected
5
Q
What are the 3 themes of exercise psychology?
A
exercise behavioral promotion
dynamic exercise psychology
exercise and health psychology
6
Q
What is exercise behavioral promotion?
A
how exercise is facilitated
7
Q
What is dynamic exercise psychology?
A
state of mind during exercise
8
Q
What is exercise and health psychology?
A
how your health is impacted by exercise (psychologically and physically)
9
Q
What are the 5 approaches to studying exercise psychology?
A
personality perspective
social perspective
affective perspective
biological perspective
cognitive perspective
10
Q
What is affective perspective?
A
broad study of feeling states
ex. enjoying exercise
11
Q
What is biological perspective?
A
monoism
ex. endorphin release
12
Q
What is cognitive perspective?
A
investigates concepts of intelligence, language, memory, perception
ex. goal setting in your sport
13
Q
What is personality perspective?
A
investigates personality traits as facilitators and inhibitors of cognition, emotion, and behavior
ex. OCEAN and how it impacts your relationship with doing exercise
14
Q
What is social perspective?
A
study of social interaction and societies and how that impacts sports
ex. may like team sports over individual
15
Q
How can you integrate these?
A
i am extraverted (personality) so i like to run with my teammates (team sports) and it makes me release endorphins (biological) and influences my overall experience with running (affective) and helps me reach my goals (cognitive)
16
Q
What is the health action process approach?
A
actions and planning
includes a motivation and volition phase
16
Q
What are the 2 social cognitive theories we discussed?
A
health action process approach
temporal self-regulation theory
17
Q
What is the temporal self-regulation theory?
A
you have 2 phases of motivation (pre and post) that accounts for potential factors that may influence whether we act on intentions
18
Q
What is the humanistic theory we discussed in class?
A
self-determination theory
19
Q
What is the self-determination theory?
A
focuses on needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness and how it impacts well-being
20
Q
What are the 2 dual-process theories we discussed in class?
A
theory of effort minimization
hedonic motivation theory
21
Q
What is the theory of effort minimization?
A
humans have evolved to try and do the least amount of effort as possible when it comes to exercise
22
Q
What is the hedonic motivation theory?
A
environmental cues trigger dual motivational processes to influence behavior
23
Q
What is the agentic view?
A
people are seen as active decision makers and drivers guiding their own behavior
24
What is intention strength?
intensity of commitment to enact on the intended behavior or not
25
What is the intention-behavior gap?
intention does not always lead to behavior
behavior does not always lead to intention
26
What is task self-efficacy?
perceived capability to start a physical activity
27
What are outcome expectancies?
expected balance of +/- outcomes of engaging in an intended physical activity
28
What are connectedness beliefs?
Perceptions about the impact of behavior (physical activity) for later outcomes (health benefits)
29
What are temporal valuations?
perceptions of the value of behavior (physical activity) outcomes
30
What is self-regulatory capacity?
ability to effortfully regulate behavior accounting for both cognitive capacity and physiological energy
31
What is self-actualization?
reaching your full potential
32
What is extrinsic motivation?
motivated by external factors
33
What is reflective motivation?
influence from the desire to engage in physical activity or not based on the expectations of the activity
33
What is intrinsic motivation?
motivated by internal factors
34
What is hedonic motivation?
influence from the immediate/uncontrollable feeling or urge to do a physical activity
35
What is psychological hedonism?
avoid pain and pursue pleasure
36
What is an automatic evaluation?
spontaneous pleasant and unpleasant reactions to movement or sedentary related cues
37
What is a controlled evaluation?
pleasant and unpleasant reflective judgements about enjoyment and anticipated feelings about physical activity
38
What are the 2 main objectives of sport psychology?
1. understand how psychological factors might impact sport performance
2. understand how being an active participant in sport might affect one's psychological health/WB
39
What are the 5 myths of sports psychology we discussed?
1. you have a problem if you need an SP
2. SPs have a magic wand
3. SP is about mental illness
4. having been there and done it means you know best
5. only for elite athletes
40
What are the 3 different psychological profiles we discussed?
club captain
dedicated professional
the joker
41
What is club captain?
assume responsbility
42
What is dedicated professional?
role models
43
What is the joker?
wants to be liked by every one
44
What is the dark triad?
machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy
45
What did Edward R. Scripture do?
published the 1st sports psych studies
46
What did Norman Triplett do?
earliest researcher of sports psych
did things with cyclists
47
What did Coleman Griffith do?
father of sports psych in the US
48
What did Dorothy Yates do?
one of the first women in sports psych
49
What did Dorothy Harris do?
first sports psychologist hired for the olympics
50
What did Ema Geron do?
created a european sports psych group
51
What is performance enhancement?
use of supplements and medications for athletic improvement
52
What is mental health counseling?
use of therapeutic strategies for athletic improvement
53
What are the dimensions Nideffer came up with?
broad vs narrow
external vs internal
54
What is narrow attention?
ability to focus on one or two things and avoiding distractions
55
What is external attention?
focus on environmental cues
56
What is broad attention?
take in multiple cues from the environment at once
57
What is internal attention?
focus on one's own thoughts, feelings, and body movements
58
What is attentional control?
ability to shift focus between different types of attention as needed
59
What is the spotlight analogy for focus?
always on but maybe not in the right place
60
What are the components of self talk?
dynamic, multidimensional, instructional, motivational
61
What are the 8 categories of self-talk?
psyching up
confidence
instruction
anxiety control
worry
disengagement
somatic fatigue
irrelevant thoughts
62
What are the advantages of imagery?
free, adaptable, learnable
63
Whats the difference between imagery and mind wandering?
you do not get your mind off task with imagery
64
What is the point of a meta-analysis?
combines data from multiple studies to determine overall trends and effects
65
What are the benefits of imagery?
enhances motor performance
boost confidence and motivation
improve skill learning
reduce anxiety and stress
66
What are the 2 parts of the bio-informational theory of imagery?
stimulus propositions
response propositions
67
What are stimulus propositions?
what you are doing and what the environment is like
68
What are response propositions?
physiological and affective responses in the scenario
69
What is the triple code theory (ISM)?
image
somatic responses
meaning
70
What is image?
vivid mental picture of the movement
71
What is somatic responses?
body's physiological reaction to imagery
72
What is meaning?
personal significance attached to the image
73
What is the PETTLEP?
physical
environment
task
timing
learning
emotion
perspective
74
What is observational learning?
viewing someone else to learn
75
What are the 10 psychological gremlins?
anger
anxiety
fear
competitiveness
distractions
lack of motivation
stubbornness
perfectionism
self-consciousness
persistance
76
What are the 7 C's of mental toughness?
competitive
confidence
control
composure
courage
consistency
commitment
77
What is achievement goal theory?
competence based social cognitive theory
78
What do achievement goals do?
reflect and guide beliefs and help in decision making contexts
79
What does achievement goal theory assume about humans?
we are rational, intentional, goal directed beings
80
What happens with ego-involved orientations?
negative outcomes
81
What happens with task-involved orientations?
positive outcomes
82
What is self-determination theory?
the development and functioning of personality within social contexts
83
How is self-determined behavior nurtured/impeded in athletic contexts?
coach, environment, situations, etc
84
What are the 3 basic psychological needs?
autonomy, competence, relatedness
85
What are the 7 key features of autonomy supportive?
1 provision of choice
2 provide rationale for decisions
3 acknowledge feelings/perspectives
4 opportunity for problem solving
5 give non-controlling feedback
6 avoid controlling behavior
7 focus on self-referenced criteria
86
What are the features of controlling coach?
use of tangible awards
excessive control
conditional regard for individuals
87
What is TARGET?
task, authority, recognition, grouping, evaluation, time bound
88
What is MAC?
mastery approach to coaching
wants to incorporate mastery principles of AGT
89
What are the do's of MAC?
positive reinforcement
mistake-contingent encouragement
encouraging corrective instruction
technical instruction
90
What are the donts of MAC?
lack of reinforcement
punishing mistakes
punitive technical instruction
91
What is the premise of empowering coaching?
a psychological climate can be more or less empowering or disempowering
92
What are the 3 general themes of motivation in coaching?
design, coaching behaviors, monitoring
93
What are the 3 parts of design?
goals, plans, structure
94
What are the 3 parts of coaching behaviors?
relationship, feedback, empowerment
95
What are the 3 parts of monitoring?
reflection on action/in action/for action
96
What are the 10 student generated themes of a good coach?
1 fair
2 empathetic
3 trustworthy
4 communicative
5 passionate
6 positive
7 approachable
8 adaptable
9 knowledgable
10 collected
97
What are situational cues?
external stimuli that trigger emotions in people
98
How is a leader defined?
influence others a part of a certain organization
99
What are the types of leaders?
prescribed, transactional, transformational, emergent
100
What is a prescribed leader?
person who possesses leadership qualities and is officially appointed
101
What is a transactional leader?
leader is the boss
(ego oriented)
102
What is a transformational leader?
fosters a social unit
103
What is an emergent leader?
someone that possesses qualities of a leader but is not officially appointed
104
What is the trait and behavioral approach of leadership?
there are certain traits and behaviors an appointed leader should have...
universal traits
universal behaviors
situational traits
situational behaviors
105
What (out of those 4) is used the most?
situational traits and behaviors
106
What is the meditational model of leadership?
says that one's memories/perceptions can impact coaching just as much as traits/behaviors
107
What is the path that leads is coach behaviors to athlete reactions?
antecedents, leader behaviors, consequences
108
What is the role of recall with athletes?
can guide one's perception and future behaviors
109
What is the multidimensional model of leadership?
says that both the trait and behavior and the meditational model contribute to leader behavior
110
What is the formula for the multidimensional model?
leader characteristics + leader preferred behavior + leader required behavior = actual behavior
111
What is interpersonal knowledge?
reflection with others
112
What is intrapersonal knowledge?
self reflection
113
How are coach-athlete relationships seen usually?
reciprocal and interpersonal
114
How does authentic leadership lead to transformational leadership?
promotes self-awareness, genuine values, ethical behavior
115
What is the definition of transformational leadership?
process of influencing major changes in attitudes and assumption of organization members and building commitment for major changes in an organizations objectives and strategies
116
What are the 4 transactional leader behaviors?
idealized influence
inspirational motivation
intellectual stimulation
individualized consideration
117
What are the 5 group characteristics we discussed?
shared instrumental goals
constant interaction
dependence on one another for achievements
embedded within social structures
collective identity as a distinct entity
118
How do athletes perceive their roles in a group structure?
role clarity/efficacy/structure/acceptance
119
What are some informal roles?
comedian, spark plug, informal leader (verbal/nonverbal), team player, star player, bad apple, malingerer, distractor, social conveyor
120
What are the 6 types of teams?
integrated
segregated
collective
cooperative
contrient
independent
121
What is an integrated team?
members coordinate efforts at the same time
122
What is a segregated team?
members compete together but actions may not be at the same time
123
What is a collective team?
members compete against each other but also for a team outcome
124
What is a cooperative team?
members compete separately from teammates but have a shared goal
125
What is a contrient team?
members compete against each other without a shared goal
126
What is an independent team?
members do not compete against each other and there is no team gaol
127
What are the 3 phases of teamwork?
preparation, evaluation, adjustment
128
What are emergent states?
group member's perceptions of the group that develop over time
129
What are the 5 emergent states?
collective efficacy
perceived interdependence
social identity strength
groupness
motivational climate
130
What are the 3 models of social support?
main effect model
stress buffering hypothesis
thriving thru relationships
131
What are the 6 types of emotional support?
emotional
instrumental
instructional
companionship
validation
esteem
132
What are the 6 team development principles?
1 TD should be deliberately implemented
2 strategies to develop groups should last the lifespan of the group
3 TD starts the moment a member joins the group
4 TD can replace hazing
5 athlete leaders can take ownership
6 TD requires the entire organization
133
What is the self-categorization theory?
ability to perceive yourself as part of a group and identifying with other group members
134
What is ACT backward?
accept your current state, assess strengths and weaknesses, create your desired state
135
What are SMART goals?
specific
measured
achievable
realistic
time bound
136
What are the 4 D's?
desire
determination
discipline
dedication
137
What are the 3 P's?
permanence
pervasiveness
personalization
138
What are the 2 parts of body image?
appearance / form
capabilities / function
139
What is form?
how do you look
140
What is function?
do i like what i am capable of?
141
Where is the majority of the research for body image?
form
142
What are the 4 dimensions of body image?
perceptual, cognitive, affective, behavioral
143
What is perceptual?
individual representation of the body and how they relate to the whole or specific parts
144
What is cognitive?
individual thoughts/beliefs/behaviors/evals of body's form and function
145
What is affective?
emotions and feelings related to the body's appearance
146
What is behavioral?
decisions/actions you take that are formed by all of these
147
How do these dimensions relate to each other and how do they contribute to body image as a whole?
they can all either have a +/- impact on your body image
148
What are the +/- dimensions of perception?
accurate perceptions of the body
inaccurate perceptions of the body
149
What are the +/- dimensions of cognition?
positive thoughts and beliefs
negative thoughts and beliefs
150
What are the +/- dimensions of affective?
positive feeling toward the body
negative feeling toward the body
151
What are the +/- dimensions of behavior?
health promoting behaviors
risky/maladaptive behaviors
152
How does body image contribute to sense of self?
importance, meaning, and influence
153
How does investment impact body image?
the extent to which one relies on their appearance for their worth
154
What is internalization and how can it impact body image?
internalize what is presented in the media and have those unrealistic ideals impact your body image
155
Do improvements in physiological changes in the body fully explain the relation between high levels of physical activity and improved body image?
no because it is subjective
156
What are the 3 proposed mechanisms linking physical activity and body image?
1. perceptions of the body
2. efficacy beliefs
3. motivation
157
Does perceptions of the body explain the connection?
no it doesnt
158
Does efficacy beliefs explain the connection?
maybe, but need more research
159
Does motivation explain the connection?
relies on Self-Determination Theory
it could
external vs internal motivation
160
What does EXSEM stand for?
exercise and self-esteem model
161
What is EXSEM?
says that participation in exercise has the ability to improve self-efficacy, perceptions of competence, and self-esteem
162
What is sense of self?
person's understanding of their identity
163
What is investment?
how much time and energy you put into your appearance
164
What is internalization?
taking what you see and hear and internalize it
165
What is self-efficacy?
perceived capability to accomplish or do something
166
What is self-esteem?
how we value ourselves
167
What are the 3 theoretical perspectives on psychology stress and performance?
stimulus based
response based
transactional
168
What is stimulus based?
environmental stressors that exert demands on someone
169
What is response based?
focus on how people react to stimuli (fight or flight)
170
What is transactional theories?
stress resides neither in the environment or person
consider both environment and person
171
What are the 3 categories of stressors?
competitive
organizational
personal
172
What are competitive stressors?
demands associated with sport performance
173
What are organizational stressors?
demands associated with the sport organization
174
What are personal stressors?
demands associated with personal life
175
What is appraising?
evaluation of situation influenced by one's beliefs, values, goals
176
What is appraisal?
product of the evaluation you make
177
What is primary appraising?
evaluation of whether the encounter is relevant to you
178
What are the 3 evaluations of primary appraising?
irrelevant
benign-positive
stressful
179
What happens when the encounter is irrelevant?
not significant for loss or gain
180
What happens when the What happens when the encounter is benign-positive?
can enhance WB
181
What happens when the encounter is stressful?
significant for loss or gain, move to secondary appraising
182
What is secondary appraising?
evaluation of available coping resources when a stressor is encountered
183
What are the 4 outcomes of a stressful appraisal?
threat
challenge
harm/loss
benefit
184
What is challenge?
the stressor is in proportion to what someone can handle and gain may result
185
What is benefit?
perception that gain has already occurred
186
What is threat?
the stressor is out of proportion to what someone can handle and loss may result
187
What is harm/loss
perception that loss already occurred
188
What questions are asked with primary appraising?
what does the stressor mean, how does it influence me
189
What questions are asked with secondary appraising?
how much control do i have, how many resources do i have, how effective am i in this situation, how can i cope
190
What are the 5 ways of coping we discussed?
problem focused coping
emotion focused coping
avoidance focused coping
approach focused coping
appraisal focused coping
191
What is problem focused coping?
change the troubled person-environment by acting on the environment itself
192
What is emotion focused coping?
change how you attend the person-environment or the meaning of the stressor for the individual
193
What is avoidance focused coping?
actions/decisions to disengage oneself from a stressful situation
194
What is approach focused coping?
actions/decisions to attend to the stressor for the purpose of reducing the unpleasant experience
195
What is appraisal focused coping?
efforts to re-evaluate the situation
196
What is well-being?
how good is your life
197
What are the 6 components of well-being?
1 autonomy
2 environmental mastery
3 personal growth
4 relationships
5 purpose in life
6 self-acceptance
198
What is autonomy?
one's perception of control and independence/regulation of their thoughts and behaviors
199
What is environmental mastery?
one's ability to create an environment that suites them
200
What is personal growth?
emphasis on continual growth and development
201
What is relationships?
one's ability to build strong relationships and feelings of empathy/affection toward others
202
What is purpose in life?
one's goals, ambitions, sense of direction
203
What is self-acceptance?
positive attitude toward the self
204
What is hedonic well-being?
happiness, subjective WB, positive emotions
205
What is eudaemonic well-being?
self-acceptance, personal growth, environmental mastery
206
What is the inverted U in terms of psychological stress and performance?
there is a subjective optimal state of arousalW
207
What is the individualized zone of optimal functioning (IZOF)?
athletes perform better at either a low, medium, or high level of arousal
208
What is stress?
imbalance between demand and response capacity
209
What is arousal?
level of physiological and psychological activation
210
What is anxiety?
emotional state characterized by nerves and worry
211
What should be considered?
athlete well-being
212
What are the 3 main parts of the 8-dimensional model of social support?
emotional, informational, tangible support
213
What are the 3 parts of emotional support?
listening support
emotional support
emotional challenge
214
What is listening support?
listen to client without giving advice or judgement
215
What is emotional support?
provide comfort for client and indicate that you are on their side
216
What is emotional challenge?
challenge client to evaluate their attitudes/values/feelings
217
What are the 3 parts of informational support?
reality confirmation
task appreciation
task challenge
218
What is reality confirmation?
have someone confirm your perspective of the world (student PT) and keep things in focus
219
What is task appreciation?
acknowledge efforts and appreciate the work you do
220
What is task challenge?
challenge your way of thinking about your work youre doing to motivate you
221
What are the 2 parts of tangible support?
tangible assistance
personal assistace
222
What is tangible support?
provide you with financial assistance, products, gifts
223
What is personal assistance?
provide you with services like running an errand
224
What is the 4-dimensional model of support?
emotional support
esteem support
informational support
tangible support
225
What is the injury timeline for athletes?
onset, rehabilitation, return to sport
226
What type of support is appreciated during onset?
practical and emotional
227
What do you feel during onset?
frustration, depression, lower self-esteem
228
What type of support is appreciated during rehabilitation?
informational
229
What do you feel during rehabilitation?
apathy and lack of motivation
230
What type of support is appreciated when you return to sport?
information and esteem
231
What do you feel when you return to sport?
re-injury anxiety, loss of confidence
232
What did Jaelin Llewellyn say helped him the most?
reading
233
What were the main themes of Dr. Cope's talk?
important to be patient and try different things during your recovery
234
What are support activities?
explicit/observable aspects of social support activities
what people DO
235
What are support messages?
implicit/unobservable aspects of social support messages
what people SAY
236
What is perceived support?
perceptions of available social support
237
What is received support?
perceptions of social support exchanges
238
According to Mind Gym, a wrong decision is better than ___
indecision
239
What types of careers might an SP go into?
military, education, performing arts, etc
240
What does a sport psychologist do? (2 responses)
functional response and practical response
241
What is the functional response?
SP helps improve people's performance by enhancing/developing their mental skills, interested in helping someone reach their potential
242
What is the practical response?
employed, self-employed, academics
243
What does IKEA psychology say?
there is no 'one size fits all' solution in psych and helping people because people are unique
244
What are the 6 skills needed for an SP?
1. interested in sport
2. flexible
3. logical and analytical
4. motivational
5. problem solver
6. build relationships
245
What accreditations do people get?
AASP - association for applied sport psych
CMPC - certified mental performance consultant
246
What is SEPP?
sport, exercise, and performance psych
247
What is rapport?
close/harmonious relationship where people understand others feelings and ideas
248
What is a white moment?
move from training to trusting
flow state
249
What are the 5 L's of a successful life according to Mind Gym?
love
labor
learn
laughter
leave, or let go
250
What are the 10 paradoxes according to Mind Gym?
1 less = more
2 the harder you try to get in the zone the further you get from it
3 trying easier = can be harder
4 over control = out of control
5 slowing down = faster
6 fear of failure = fear more likely
7 playing it safe = dangerous
8 a step backward = step forward
9 the probability of an outcome increases = let go of the need for it
10 must be present to win = must be absent to win
251
What are the 10 qualities of inner excellence according to Mind Gym?
1 the person who is a winner within has a dream
2 commitment
3 responsibility
4 openness to learning and growing
5 optimism
6 self-confidence
7 emotional control
8 adversity component
9 those with inner excellence possess the backbone of character
10 MVP is persistent and patient
252
What is a self-perception map/performance profile?
it is a way for athletes to understand their strengths and weaknesses when doing
