Final Exam Flashcards
extra things to remember (31 cards)
enthalpy
heat energy exchange between rxn and surroundings
bonds broken
energy needed (input)
bonds formed
energy released (output)
change in enthalpy
(BDE bonds broken)-(BDE bonds formed)
exothermic stability
bonds formed more stable
endothermic stability
bonds broken more stable
entropy
moleculur disorder, randomness, freedom
* change in S
positive change in G
not spontaneous and exergonic
negative change in G
spontaneous and endergonic
where do you look for change in G
line between reactants and products
what do you look at for activation energy
line from reactants to peak
what is change in G when it’s product favored
△G<0
more products
when keq=0.25, is it product or reactant favored
reactant
when keq=2, is it product or reactant favored
product
what to kinetic products favor
lower activation energy
what do thermodynamic products favor
higher △G
transition state for exothermic vs endothermic rxn
exothermic rxn - early transition state
endothermix rxn - later transition state
nucleophile
donate electrons
electrophiles
accept electrons
proton transfer
arrow goes from electrons on base to H of acid and then from the H-atom bond to the atom
what does rearrangment occur
- go from primary to seconary ot tertiary
- secondary to tertiary
- tertiary to tertiary w/ resonance
carbocation stability
3 - most stable
1- least stable
naming alkyl halides
F, Cl, I, Br
fluoro
chloro
iodo
bromo
naming rule
- Give the lowest possible number to the substituent (regardless of its priority)
- if tie, then do alphabetical
- if 1 chiral center, don’t have to put number in front of R/S; number after
(R/S)-X-substituent
ex. (R)-5-chloro - if more than one chircal center, number before R/S, no number after ex. (3R, 4S) - dichloro
(XR, XS)-di/tri-substitueint
