Final Exam Flashcards by Jaclyn Neal

The hallmark of psychology’s separation from philosophy was its reliance on ____.
a. physics
b. biology
c. psychophysics
d. experimentation
e. deduction

d. experimentation

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A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of the ____.

a. economic context of the United States
b. fact that the first generation of American psychologists learned all their courses in German and thus could not practice Wundt’s psychology
c. political context of Europe
d. great number of psychologists Wundt trained
e. political context of the United States

a. economic context of the United States

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According to Schultz & Schultz, a course in the history of psychology is useful because ____.

a. it helps to integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology
b. it helps us to understand why modern psychology has so many different movements
c. it provides a fascinating story on its own
d. None of the choices are correct
e. All of the choices are correct

e. All of the choices are correct

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The school of thought that is distinct in its focus on the role of the unconscious in determining behavior is the ____ school.
Unselected

a. cognitive
b. functionalist
c. behaviorist
d. psychoanalytic
e. Gestalt

d. psychoanalytic

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The term historiography refers to ____.
a) historical biography
b) the techniques, principles, and issues involved in historical research
c) the scientific study of history
d) the study of the history of psychology
e) methods used in psychological autopsy

c) the scientific study of history

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Modern psychology emerged from philosophy approximately ____ years ago.
a) 100
b) 200
c) 250
d) 300
e) 150

b) 200

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The school of thought that deals with how the conscious mind enables and facilitates one’s adaptation to one’s environment is the ____ school.
a) humanistic
b) cognitive
c) functionalist
d) structuralist
e) Gestalt

c) functionalist

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Which contextual influence on psychology led to the growth of psychology in the areas of personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering psychology?
a) Psychological needs of combat pilots
b) Prosperity of the 1920s and 1930s in the United States
c) Need to provide education for an unexpected surge in the U.S. population
d) Demands generated by the world wars
e) Emigration from Germany of the top psychologists when Hitler took power

d) Demands generated by the world wars

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The term “Zeitgeist” refers to ____.
a) the intellectual and cultural climate of the times
b) the moment of change in scientific revolutions
c) the moment of discovery
d) a blizzard of activity
e) a German dessert

a) the intellectual and cultural climate of the times

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What conclusions can be drawn from the study of the Invisible Gorilla?
a) Counting can be a difficult task when one is being watched
b) It is difficult for people to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time
c) Extraordinary events can induce extreme stress when presented to unsuspecting people
d) Doing homework and watching television at the same time are as efficient as if the two are done separately
e) All psychology students can multitask when presented with multiple stimuli at one time

b) It is difficult for people to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time

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Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn the ____.
a) origins of the experimental methods
b) issues at the root of the pure versus applied research conflict in psychology
c) evolution of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical psychology
d) contributions of the classic Greek philosophers
e) relationships among psychology’s ideas, theories, and research strategies

e) relationships among psychology’s ideas, theories, and research strategies

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The school of thought that deals solely with observable behaviors that can be described in objective terms is the ____ school.
a) humanistic
b) structuralist
c) behaviorist
d) cognitive
e) Gestalt

c) behaviorist

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The terms ego and id, which do not precisely represent Freud’s ideas, are examples of ____.
a) distortions intended to protect Freud’s reputation
b) eyewitness errors
c) lost data
d) suppressed data
e) data distorted by translation

e) data distorted by translation

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The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of ____.
a) philosophy and physics
b) physics and physiology
c) philosophy and physiology
d) philosophy and ethics
e) physics and biology

c) philosophy and physiology

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The theory would support the claim: “Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to uncover the human psyche.”
a) evolution
b) ortgeist
c) personalistic
d) naturalistic
e) Zeitgeist

c) personalistic

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Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways?
a) Modern psychology is concerned with the study of mental processes such as learning, memory, and perception. Philosophy is concerned with the study of human nature.
b) Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions.
c) Modern psychology studies only the brain. Philosophy studies only the mind.
d) Modern psychology is based upon the use of inductive reasoning. Philosophy is based upon the use of deductive reasoning.
e) None of the choices are correct.

b) Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions.

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The feature of modern psychology that distinguishes it from its antecedents is its ____.
a) focus on learning
b) methodology
c) use of deductive logic
d) focus on abnormal behavior
e) focus on motivation

b) methodology

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According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has ____.
a) engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole
b) been substantially more discriminatory against women than have other sciences
c) been substantially more discriminatory against minorities than have other sciences
d) focused on the reduction of discrimination since its beginnings
e) None of the choices are correct

a) engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole

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Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will always be influenced by the ____.
a) scientists’ political beliefs
b) contextual forces of the time
c) policies of the government that funds that science’s research
d) amount of funding it receives
e) scientists’ religious beliefs

b) contextual forces of the time

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The notion of secondary qualities was proposed by Locke to explain
a) the distinction between the physical world and one’s experience of it
b) the need for objectivity in psychology
c) Descartes’s dualism
d) the difference between simple ideas and complex ideas
e) the role of positivism in the new science of psychology

a) the distinction between the physical world and one’s experience of it

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Materialism is the belief that
a) the mental world exists on a plane of its own
b) speculation and inference are acceptable
c) ideas exist only in Descartes’ mind
d) all things can be described in physical terms
e) consciousness exists beyond physics and chemistry

d) all things can be described in physical terms

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The three contextual forces in the history of psychology were ____.
a) cognition, motivation, and effect
b) famine, pestilence, and death
c) economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination
d) theory, research, and application
e) social, political, and economic

c) economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination

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For Locke, the difference between a simple and a complex idea is that a simple idea
a) cannot be reduced
b) is contiguous
c) is the result of inductive logic
d) contains more premises
e) is the result of deductive logic

a) cannot be reduced

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Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?
a) George Berkeley
b) David Hartley
c) James Mill
d) Rene Descartes
e) John Locke

a) George Berkeley

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____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations. a) George Berkeley b) James Mill c) John Stuart Mill d) David Hume e) John Locke

b) James Mill

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics? a) effects are predictable and measurable b) the laws of association c) the deductive method of logic d) the paradigm of the source or identity of "cause" e) the nature of human beings is basically good, moving toward self-actualization

a) effects are predictable and measurable

7. For Locke, ideas are the result of ____. a) primary sensations and secondary sensations b) reasoning about sensations c) reflection and sensations d) primary qualities and secondary qualities e) experience and cognition

c) reflection and sensations

8. Contemporary cognitive psychologists' computer model of artificial intelligence is a direct descendant of ____. a) Babbage's calculating machine b) La Mettrie's self-winding watch c) Bessel's personal equations d) Newton's clocks e) Descartes's automata

a) Babbage's calculating machine

9. Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology? a) a mechanistic conception of the body b) the theory of reflex action c) mind-body interaction d) localization of mental function in the brain e) All of the choices are correct

e) All of the choices are correct

10. The idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called ____. a) observation b) positivism c) materialism d) factualism e) absolutism

b) positivism

11. Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature? a) The mind directs all the activities of the body b) The body directly controls the activities of the mind c) None of the choices are correct d) The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions e) The brain contains derived ideas; the mind contains innate ideas

d) The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions

12. Derived ideas ____. a) arise from the direct application of an external stimulus b) are part of our genetic makeup when we are born c) come into being as a consequence of being socialized into society d) are taken from innate ideas e) come from God

a) arise from the direct application of an external stimulus

13. The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities refers to ____. a) the bipartisan problem b) theology c) the freethinking problem d) positivism e) the mind-body problem

e) the mind-body problem

14. The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____. a) theory of respondent behavior b) theory of operant behavior c) Einfall theory d) reflex action theory e) cogito ergo sum theory

d) reflex action theory

15. The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____. a) mechanism b) materialism c) reductionism d) positivism e) determinism

c) reductionism

What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas? a) The only acquired ideas are verbal ideas; all other ideas are innate b) All ideas are innate; experience just makes us aware of their presence c) All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate d) Innate ideas don't change; derived ideas are malleable e) Some innate ideas exist, such as self, God, and time

c) All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate

17. The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____. a) humanism b) scientific revolution c) mechanism d) political revolution e) determinism

c) mechanism

19. In the 20th century, Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas, axioms, and postulates. Thus, he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science? a) Berkeley's b) John Stuart Mill's c) Kepler's d) Descartes's e) Locke's

d) Descartes's

20. Empiricism attributes all knowledge to ____. a) environmental influences b) reinforcement schedules c) objectivity in methods d) overt behavior e) experience

e) experience

18. What was the most influential doctrine to modern psychology? a) History b) Positivism c) Chemistry d) Materialism e) Empiricism

e) Empiricism

1. The practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies has its roots in the ____. a) extirpation method b) electrical stimulation method c) postmortem method d) implementation of the experimental method in physiology e) doctrine of the specific energies of nerves

a) extirpation method [Correct]

2. The point of sensitivity below which no sensation can be detected and above which sensation can be experienced is a definition of the ____. a) absolute just noticeable difference b) just noticeable difference c) absolute threshold d) differential just noticeable difference e) differential threshold

c) absolute threshold [Correct]

3. In modern medicine, the cause of a person's dementia typically cannot be determined until autopsy. Thus, ____ clinical research method continues to be of significance in medicine and psychology. a) Flourens’s b) Fritsch’s c) Broca’s d) Marshall’s e) Helmholtz’s

c) Broca’s

4. Whose major contributions to the new psychology involved the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference? a) Ernst Weber b) Gustav Fechner c) Wilhelm Wundt d) Friedrich Bessel e) Hermann von Helmholtz

a) Ernst Weber

5. Fechner's most important contribution to psychology was the ____. a) quantification of the mind-body relationship b) qualitative relationship between a physical stimulus and the mental sensation of it c) determination of the pleasure principle d) study of the differential threshold e) determination that the effect of a stimulus intensity change is relative to the intensity that already exists

a) quantification of the mind-body relationship

6. Which of the following is true of Fechner? a) All of the choices are correct b) He was "cured" of some symptoms by eating spiced raw ham soaked in Rhine wine and lemon juice c) He seriously damaged his eyes by looking at the sun through colored glasses d) He developed the notion of the pleasure principle e) He taught at Leipzig

a) All of the choices are correct

7. With regard to the speed of the nerve impulse, perhaps the most important conclusion of Helmholtz's research for psychology was the determination ____. a) that thought and movement are not simultaneous b) of the nature of harmony c) that the nerve impulse's speed is 900 feet/second d) of the specific energies of nerves e) of the problem of resonance

a) that thought and movement are not simultaneous

8. Weber's experiments led to two important contributions: (a) further research and (b) the focus of attention of later physiologists and the new psychology on the development of ____. a) the field he called "psychophysics" b) the method of introspection c) cranioscopy d) experimental methods for studying mind-body relationships e) the application of experimentation to physiological events

d) experimental methods for studying mind-body relationships

9. Electrical stimulation as a method of mapping the cerebral cortex was introduced by ____. a) Gall and Spurzheim b) Fritsch and Hitzig c) Galvani and Aldini d) Broca and Kinnebrook e) Flourens and Hall

b) Fritsch and Hitzig

10. Weber suggested that discrimination among sensations depended on ____. a) a constant ratio that would be consistent for all of the senses b) audition c) the relative difference or ratio between two weights d) the absolute difference between two weights e) vision

c) the relative difference or ratio between two weights

11. ____ was a pioneer in research on reflex behavior showing that reflexes could occur in the absence of brain involvement. a) Galvani b) Hall c) Broca d) Gall e) Flourens

b) Hall

12. The method of logic that characterizes psychology and that was favored in Germany of the 19th century was ____. a) structural equation modeling b) the inductive method c) the experimental method d) the deductive method e) the hypothetico-deductive method

b) the inductive method

13. The scientific study of the relations between mental and physical processes is a definition of ____. a) Wundt's psychology b) cranioscopy c) psychophysics d) Fechner's Law e) Weber's Law

c) psychophysics

14. Bessel’s discovery had an impact on which of the following sciences? a) All of the above b) Astronomy c) Biology d) Psychology e) Physiology

a) All of the above

15. German universities were especially fertile ground for scientific advances because ____. a) the British and the French were using unscientific methods to research the mind b) anyone with independent income could be a gentleman-scientist c) None of the answers are correct d) there were only two of them, so each received only the most talented faculty and students e) there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike

e) there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike

16. Fechner proposed two ways to measure the lowest level of a sensation. One was the point of stimulus intensity below which no sensation is reported and above which subjects do experience a sensation; the other was ____. a) the point of sensitivity at which the least change in a stimulus results in a change of sensation b) whether or not a stimulus is present or absent, sensed or not sensed c) the smallest difference that can be detected between two physical stimuli d) None of the choices are correct e) the level at which two points of stimulation can be distinguished

a) the point of sensitivity at which the least change in a stimulus results in a change of sensation

Psychology was founded by ____. a) Weber b) Helmholtz c) James d) Wundt e) Fechner

d) Wundt

18. The most effective criticisms of phrenology came from whom? a) Fechner b) Hall c) Flourens d) Broca e) Spurzheim

c) Flourens

19. Until the work of ____, experimentation was not the preferred method in physiology. a) Newton b) J. Müller c) Wundt d) Galileo e) Broca

b) J. Müller

20. How did the British empiricists and the German physiologists differ in their approach to the study of the senses? a) The BritE concentrated on the study of vision and the GerP studied hearing b) The BritE applied mathematics to the study of the senses whereas the Germans did not c) They did not differ d) The BritE developed more precise experiments than the GerP to study the senses e) The BritE studied the senses from the viewpoint of philosophy. The GerP used scientific methods to study the senses.

e) The BritE studied the senses from the viewpoint of philosophy. The GerP used scientific methods to study the senses.

Külpe's method emphasized all of the following except ____. a) subjective reports b) qualitative reports c) investigating unconscious processes d) having subjects perform a complex task e) after-the-fact questions to direct observers' attention

c) investigating unconscious processes

According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely ____. a) immediate experience and mediate experience b) images and feelings c) sensation and perception d) sensation and images e) sensation and feelings

e) sensation and feelings

Systematic experimental introspection involves ____. a) introspection b) retrospection and the performance of a complex task c) the performance of a complex task d) the presentation of sensory stimuli e) retrospection

b) retrospection and the performance of a complex task

Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____. a) use of the deduction and induction b) subject matter c) use of the experimental method d) focus on behavior e) emphasis on physiology

c) use of the experimental method

Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____. a) ability of the individual to “make the nonconscious conscious” b) individual's choice to apply his/her knowledge base to a situation c) elements of consciousness d) power of the will to organize the contents of the mind e) idea that a stimulus in the environment can force us to pay attention

d) power of the will to organize the contents of the mind

Which of the following is not a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology? a) German universities did not have the economic resources to support scientific psychology. b) Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work. c) The pragmatic culture of the United States precluded Wundt's system. d) Wundt's approach was overshadowed by the development of Gestalt psychology in Germany and psychoanalysis in Austria e) Wundt's approach represented a pure science of psychology with little opportunity for practical application.

b) Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work.

Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ____. a) perception b) the process of organizing mental elements into a whole c) the process of training introspective observers over 10,000 observations d) None of the choices are correct e) the breaking down of mental elements

b) the process of organizing mental elements into a whole

Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ____. a) making it more objective b) counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material c) counting associations that had already been formed d) using an a priori method e) looking at the relationship between a behavior and its consequence

b) counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material

The fundamental purpose of creating nonsense syllables is to ____. a) offset the influence of past reinforcements and punishments that one may associate with certain words b) control for apperception c) control for previous learning d) assess word associations that are not influenced by unconscious material e) be able to replicate the research in all languages that use the same alphabet

c) control for previous learning

Wundt classified sensations according to which characteristics? a) clearness, quality, and duration b) reaction time and intensity c) intensity, duration, and sense modality d) sense modality, clearness, and quality e) intensity and extensity

c) intensity, duration, and sense modality

In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____. a) pay attention to two things at once b) not pay attention to two things at once c) sustain his attention on one thing for a little less than 12 minutes at a time d) pay attention to two things at once, but not three e) pay attention to three things at once, but not four

b) not pay attention to two things at once

Wundt’s most important contribution to psychology was ____. a) beginning the first psychological journal b) All of the above c) describing psychology as an experimental science d) his publications, which are still widely read today e) “selling” psychology to the scientific community

b) All of the above

For Wundt, the subject matter of psychology was ____. a) associations b) perceptions c) consciousness d) introspection e) sensations

c) consciousness

This popular lecturer at the University of Vienna influenced many students including von Ehrenfels and Freud and was the intellectual antecedent of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology. a) Edward Titchener b) Carl Stumpf c) Franz Brentano d) Hermann Ebbinghaus e) Oswald Külpe

c) Franz Brentano

The significance of Ebbinghaus's work is in his ____. a) ability to further the approach and findings of Wundt b) rigorous use of experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data c) use of large numbers of subjects to replicate his experiments d) finding that longer material takes more time to learn e) tolerance for boredom

b) rigorous use of experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data

____'s work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology. a) Ebbinghaus'; learning b) Brentano's; mental activity c) none of the other choices d) Wundt's; sensation e) Fechner's; psychophysics

a) Ebbinghaus'; learning

Other than Stumpf's research, his greatest influence on psychology may have been ____. a) educating the founders of Gestalt psychology b) the legitimization of introspection as an experimental technique c) the legitimization of untrained observers to do introspection in experimental research d) the discovery of imageless thought and the ensuing debate with Wundt e) the legitimization of music as a therapy for mentally ill and developmentally disabled persons

a) educating the founders of Gestalt psychology

The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____. a) language, myths, customs, law, and morals b) studies of children and their thinking c) philosophy d) a content analysis of contemporary newspapers e) experimentation

a) language, myths, customs, law, and morals

What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology? a) Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) b) Helmholtz's Handbook of Physiological Optics (1856–1866) c) Schultz and Schultz's A History of Modern Psychology (2012–2016) d) Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858–1862) [Correct] e) Müller's Handbook of Physiology of Mankind (1833–1840)

d) Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858–1862)

Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's goals for his psychology? a) To analyze conscious processes b) To determine the principles of the linking that occurs in the organization of the elements c) To identify the principles that govern the synthesis of those elements into higher cognitive processes such as learning d) To identify the basic elements of consciousness e) To determine how the elements of consciousness are synthesized

c) To identify the principles that govern the synthesis of those elements into higher cognitive processes such as learning

1. The sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime is Titchener's definition of ____. a) apperception b) learning c) memory d) consciousness e) mind

e) mind

2. Feelings or emotions lack clearness because ____. a) quality and intensity are sufficient to explain emotion b) None of the choices are correct c) if we focus on them to determine clearness, the feeling or emotion becomes more intense d) duration, not clearness, is the essence of emotion e) if we focus on them to determine clearness, the feeling or emotion disappears

e) if we focus on them to determine clearness, the feeling or emotion disappears

3. Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is ____. a) mental and behavioral events b) conscious experience c) behavioral events d) anything that could be observed scientifically e) both conscious and unconscious experiences

b) conscious experience

. Titchener's research identified three elements of consciousness: sensations, affective states, and ____. a) elements of emotion b) images c) subliminal perception d) behavioral intention e) perception

b) images

For Titchener, distinct sensations combined with others to form ____. a) beliefs b) apperceptions c) perceptions and ideas d) emotions e) affective states

c) perceptions and ideas

One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener ____. a) took great care to scrupulously present all of Wundt's ideas, whether he agreed with them or not b) did not depart from Wundtian ideas in any significant manner c) was Wundt's cousin d) did not, himself, have any creative ideas e) translated Wundt's books from German into English

e) translated Wundt's books from German into English

7. Which of the following is NOT one of the three essential problems for psychology, according to Titchener? a) None of the answers is correct b) to connect these elements with their physiological correlates c) to reduce conscious processes to their simplest components d) to study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes e) to determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated

d) to study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes

Toward the end of Titchener's career, he came to favor the ____ method instead of the ____ method. a) psychophysiological; psychological b) phenomenological; introspective c) introspective; Wundtian d) behavioristic; mentalistic e) psychoanalytic; structuralist

b) phenomenological; introspective

The criticisms directed at the method of introspection are more relevant to the kind of introspection practiced by ____ than by ____. a) Wundt; Külpe b) Külpe; Titchener c) Wundt; Titchener and Külpe d) Wundt; Locke e) Titchener and Külpe; Wundt

e) Titchener and Külpe; Wundt

Titchener's descriptors of sensations did NOT include which of the following? a) clearness b) intensity c) duration d) propensity e) quality

d) propensity

Titchener opposed the development of areas such as child psychology and animal psychology because ____. a) these areas were more subject to the stimulus error b) None of these answers is correct c) he supported applying psychological knowledge d) these areas did not focus on discovering the structures of mind e) psychology should instead be interested in curing sick minds

d) these areas did not focus on discovering the structures of mind

Wundt's focus was on ____, whereas Titchener's was on ____. a) synthesis of conscious elements; nature of elementary conscious experiences b) elements of conscious experiences; synthesis of conscious elements c) introspection; inspection d) apperception; perception e) synthesis; apperception

a) synthesis of conscious elements; nature of elementary conscious experiences

Because some time elapsed between the experience and the reporting of it, critics charged that introspection was really a form of ____. a) inspection b) illusion c) delusion d) retrospection e) error

d) retrospection

____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology (as a student of Titchener). a) Margaret Mead b) Margaret Floy Washburn c) Cora Friedline d) Karen Horney e) Christine Ladd-Franklin

b) Margaret Floy Washburn

Substantial doubts about and attacks on introspection ____. a) were unknown before the work of Titchener b) began when Titchener started using it as a method of study c) None of the choices are correct d) began when Titchener started using it as a method of study and were unknown before the work of Titchener e) existed long before Titchener used the method

e) existed long before Titchener used the method

Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women: a) could not be admitted without their husbands, and none had married experimental psychologists b) were believed unable to grasp the pure research methods of experimentation c) were too pure to smoke d) were not admitted to graduate programs in psychology e) psychologists were almost exclusively engaged in applied research

c) were too pure to smoke

The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following? a) both Wundt and Külpe b) Titchener c) Wundt d) both Wundt and Titchener e) Külpe

b) Titchener

To confuse the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed was to commit ____. a) introspective error b) retrospection rather than introspection c) inspection rather than introspection d) stimulus error e) retrospective error

d) stimulus error

When Titchener died, the era of structuralism ____. a) was taken over by his student, E. B. Boring b) reverted to Wundtian psychology c) was turned over to the Chicago school of thought d) collapsed e) continued vigorously for another decade

d) collapsed

Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ____. a) attach measuring devices to their bodies to record their physiological responses during sexual intercourse b) All of the choices are correct c) record their sensations and feelings during urination and defecation d) swallow a stomach tube e) make notes of their sensations and feelings during sexual intercourse

b) All of the choices are correct

A theory of evolution based on natural selection was developed independently by ____. a) Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace b) Charles Darwin and Charles Lyell c) Erasmus Darwin and Charles Darwin d) Jean Lamarck and Charles Darwin e) Joseph Hooker and Charles Darwin

a) Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

One of the early sources of modern child psychology was an article in 1877 by ____. a) J. M. Cattell b) F. Galton c) K. Pearson d) E. Darwin e) C. Darwin

e) C. Darwin

Which of the following did Galton not endorse in the material from Hereditary Genius? a) definite limits to muscular and intellectual powers b) None of the choices was endorsed by Galton c) babies are born alike d) limiting one's undertakings to matters within one's reach e) the idea of natural equality

e) the idea of natural equality

____ was a confidant of Darwin who introduced the concept of evolution into geological theory. a) Butler b) Lyell c) Galton d) Wilberforce e) Huxley

b) Lyell

Mental tests were originated by ____. a) Morgan b) Romanes c) Galton d) Simon e) Binet

c) Galton

The most important consequence of functionalism was ____. a) the introduction of evolution b) the replacement of experimentalism c) the development of clinical psychology d) the status it gave to pragmatism e) the development of applied psychology

e) the development of applied psychology

The early 20th-century American government policy of sterilizing females with intellectual disability is an example of ____. a) product-moment correlations b) eugenics c) Darwin's theory of evolution d) artificial selection e) natural selection

b) eugenics

According to Darwin, human emotional expressions reflect ____. a) evidence of animal intelligence b) a correspondence of the "fight or flight" responses in humans and animals c) a similarity of nervous systems between people and animals d) evidence of instincts in humans e) the inheritance of animal responses that may not be adaptive for humans

e) the inheritance of animal responses that may not be adaptive for humans

Galton proposed that measurement of human traits could be defined and summarized by two numbers, which are ____. a) the mean and the standard deviation b) the mean and the median c) the mean and the mode d) the variance and the standard deviation e) the median and the mode

a) the mean and the standard deviation

Despite Romanes's deficiencies in methodology, he is respected by scientists for his ____. a) subjective interpretations b) phenomenological psychology c) stimulation of the development of comparative psychology d) critical thinking regarding the inner workings of the animal mind e) reliance on experimentation

c) stimulation of the development of comparative psychology

Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin's work was his ____. a) idea of survival of the fittest b) hard data to support such a theory c) idea of natural selection d) focus on lower animals e) work on emotions

b) hard data to support such a theory

To study mental imagery, Galton used which self-report method? a) retrospection b) introspection c) the questionnaire d) projective tests e) dream analysis

c) the questionnaire

Today, our acceptance that the study of individual differences is appropriate subject matter for psychology is due to whose work? a) Galton b) Spencer c) Helmholtz d) Quetelet e) Pearson

a) Galton

The aim of the research at the Anthropometric Laboratory was to assess ____. a) the sensory capacities of humans b) the collective mental resources of the British people c) developmental trends over the lifespan d) eugenics policy development e) the correlates of intelligence among eminent men

b) the collective mental resources of the British people

The ____ ask, "What's the mind made of?" whereas the ____ demand, "What does it do?" a) structuralists; functionalists b) functionalists; structuralists c) functionalists; behaviorists d) Gestalt psychologists; functionalists e) experimentalists; structuralists

a) structuralists; functionalists

What additional interest(s) did Galton research? a) Paranoid disorders b) The power of prayer c) None of these d) Arithmetic by smell e) All of these

e) All of these

Who arrived at the concept of the "average man" to describe findings from a large group of subjects? a) Galton b) Pearson c) Cattell d) Huarte e) Quetelet

e) Quetelet

____ was an early evolutionary theorist who argued that acquired characteristics could be inherited. a) Charles Darwin b) Erasmus Darwin c) Bain d) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck e) Charles Lyell

d) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Galton’s Hereditary Genius was mainly concerned with ____. a) All of the above b) None of the above c) isolating the gene responsible for making geniuses d) exploring his lineage and the eminent men in his family e) a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring

e) a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring

Who could be described as the driving force of England's scientific establishment? a) Hooker b) Darwin c) Lyell d) Huxley e) Wilberforce

d) Huxley

According to Woodworth, psychological knowledge must begin with ____. a) nonexperimental observation b) animal psychology and then move to human psychology c) the stimulus and response [Correct] d) animal psychology only e) introspection

c) the stimulus and response

Woodworth's system of psychology, concerned with causal factors and motivations in feelings and behavior, was known as ____. a) synthetic psychology b) act psychology c) dynamic psychology d) pragmatism e) motivational psychology

c) dynamic psychology

Hall's framework for human development was ____. a) animal psychology b) physiological psychology c) evolutionary theory d) life-span psychology e) functionalism

c) evolutionary theory

James recommended the ____ method to supplement introspection and experimentation. a) observational b) comparative c) structural d) cumulative e) Wundtian

b) comparative

"The study of living people as they adapt to their environment" is the central tenet of ____. a) James's psychology b) James's philosophy of pragmatism c) Butler's evolution theory d) Darwin's theory of the evolution of humans and their emotional expressions e) Spencer's systematic philosophy

a) James's psychology

Spencer developed synthetic philosophy, which was an attempt to ____. a) ban the use of animal experimentation in psychology b) argue that consciousness had no use since it did not aid survival, therefore psychology should give up the study of consciousness c) use evolutionary theory as a way to understand any process that undergoes change and development d) bring together the works of Darwin and Wundt to form a new school of psychology e) introduce the idea that evolution should be guided by governmental programs to "synthetically" direct evolution in a particular direction

c) use evolutionary theory as a way to understand any process that undergoes change and development

Who pioneered an innovative method (i.e., punch cards) of information processing? a) Spencer b) Hollerith c) Babbage d) James e) Dewey

b) Hollerith

James believed that a person has three components that make up their self. Which of the following elements were included in James’s theory of self? a) feelings, free will, and actions b) materials, social, and actions c) spiritual, material, and conscious experience d) feelings, actions, and conscious experience e) materials, social, and spiritual

e) materials, social, and spiritual

The major antecedent of functionalism in the United States was the work of ____. a) Galton b) Jung c) Titchener d) d) Pierce e) James

e) James

Which of the following statements expresses the James-Lange theory of emotions? a) Emotion results from the activation of certain neural centers in the brain. b) Emotion results from how an individual perceives a situation, with or without physiological arousal. c) The emotion is experienced first, which is followed by physiological arousal. d) Emotion is completely a psychological state. There are no physiological equivalents to the emotions. e) Physiological arousal precedes the experience of an emotion.

e) Physiological arousal precedes the experience of an emotion.

Hall may be the best representative of the earliest roots of modern psychology in that his education included ____. a) philosophy b) physiology c) None of the choices are correct d) All of the choices are correct. e) physics

d) All of the choices are correct.

According to Spencer, the universe operates in accord with ____. a) mathematical principles b) principles of pragmatism c) what we call "chaos theory" d) principles of functionalism [Correct] e) the principle of the survival of the fittest

e) the principle of the survival of the fittest

John Dewey is credited with initiating the early development of functional psychology in his paper entitled, "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology." What was the major point that Dewey made in this paper? a) Psychology should try to become a biological science and attempt to explain mental processes in terms of brain activity. b) Behavior cannot be properly understood or analyzed into simple stimulus-response units. Behavior must be understood in terms of its result and the adaptive significance of the behavior to the organism. c) Psychology should only apply the evolutionary doctrine to the development of organisms. The evolutionary doctrine should not be used to analyze society. d) Psychology should be concerned with behavior only. e) Psychology should try to analyze behavior into stimulus-response units only.

b) Behavior cannot be properly understood or analyzed into simple stimulus-response units. Behavior must be understood in terms of its result and the adaptive significance of the behavior to the organism.

Hall was one of the first American psychologists to become interested in ____. a) psychoanalysis b) sexual equality c) physiological psychology d) equal political opportunity for women e) behaviorism

a) psychoanalysis

Functionalism is said to have been indirectly founded by ____. a) Titchener b) Angell c) James d) Calkins e) Dewey

a) Titchener

Lifespan developmental psychology is reflected in whose work? a) Hall b) Scott c) Yerkes d) Münsterberg e) Cattell

a) Hall

While today people might suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome, in James's day a very fashionable disorder to suffer from was ____. a) suicidal depression b) neurasthenia c) syphilis d) opium or heroin addiction e) phrenology

b) neurasthenia

Perhaps the most important factor that enabled functionalist psychology to flourish in the United States was the ____. a) American temperament as a whole b) fruition of Darwin's theory in the United States c) political Zeitgeist d) American disinterest in philosophy e) social Zeitgeist

a) American temperament as a whole

In his later life, "an elaboration of the obvious" was James's description of ____. a) the introspective method b) functionalism c) psychology d) structuralist e) psychoanalysis

c) psychology

Woolley's research on sex differences and alleged male superiority was ____. a) the first experimental test of the variability hypothesis of male superiority b) attributed to genetic differences c) supported by contemporary research d) challenged by the "men's issues" movement e) refuted by contemporary research

a) the first experimental test of the variability hypothesis of male superiority

Scott's hypothesis that consumers will do what they are told is called the ____. A) "tea and sympathy" approach to advertising B) law of suggestibility C) "trial and accidental success" method D) law of least effort E) contraliminal perception principle

B) law of suggestibility

Behavioral and cognitive disorders would be attributed most heavily to ____ by Witmer. A) genetic factors B) cultural differences C) race D) inbreeding E) environmental factors

E) environmental factors

Galton's influence on Cattell led to ____. A) Cattell promoting the use of experimental and control groups B) the study of large groups rather than single subjects C) Cattell's method of average error D) Witmer's work with dyslexic children E) Cattell's work on the army Alpha and army Beta tests

B) the study of large groups rather than single subjects

Cattell's interest in mental tests probably was aroused most by ____. A) Hall's use of questionnaires B) Freud's development of projective tests C) Hall's child study movement D) his work on reaction times in Wundt's laboratory E) his meeting with Galton while at Cambridge University

E) his meeting with Galton while at Cambridge University

Who was hired by Coca Cola to perform research in their 1911 court case? A) James McKeen Cattell B) Robert Yerkes C) Harry Hollingworth D) Walter Dill Scott E) Hugo Munsterberg

C) Harry Hollingworth

Which of the following methods did Cattell develop? A) the standard deviation formula B) correlational methods C) the eugenics formula D) the order-of-merit ranking method E) the chi-square test

D) the order-of-merit ranking method

Forensic psychology was established with the work of ____. A) Healey B) Münsterberg C) Scott D) Hall E) Witmer

B) Münsterberg

The main reason Wundt's and Titchener's systems did not survive in the United States was that they ____. A) were not fruitful B) were opposed to the behavioristic bent of Americans C) were German psychologies D) were not pragmatic E) relied on introspection

D) were not pragmatic

Cattell was a strong proponent of ____. A) social Darwinism B) eugenics C) the single-subject design D) United States involvement in World War I E) Watson's behaviorism

B) eugenics

One consequence of the adoption of the Stanford-Binet test in the United States is that ____. A) special education courses were established by 1919 B) gifted programs were established by 1923 C) Terman used it to study genius among cross-sections of ethnic groups D) public education has revolved around the IQ construct ever since E) the campaign to identify learning disabilities was firmly established by 1920

D) public education has revolved around the IQ construct ever since

The purpose of adopting metaphors from medical and engineering terminology was to ____. A) reduce the stigma attached to seeking psychological help by adopting the terms "doctor" and "patient” B) show that psychology was scientific C) establish psychology as a legitimate profession in medical and industrial settings D) refocus the public's attention on the experimental and statistical methods of psychology E) liken psychology to the established sciences

E) liken psychology to the established sciences

According to Cattell, by 1895 psychology was ____. A) most vigorously opposed by the traditional natural sciences B) still synonymous with metaphysics for most Americans C) relatively unpopular in those few colleges that offered courses in it D) being irreparably damaged by the Structuralist-functionalist quarreling E) a required subject for an undergraduate degree

E) a required subject for an undergraduate degree

What persuaded psychologists to apply their expertise to problems in education? a) Intelligence testing b) An increase in public school enrollment c) The popular appeal and status of psychology d) World War I and immigration e) James's Talks to Teachers and the need to test and educate newly arrived immigrants

b) An increase in public school enrollment

Witmer's "clinical psychology" is today known as ____. A) genetic psychology B) counseling psychology C) the child guidance movement D) the child study movement E) school psychology

E) school psychology

The original purpose for the founding of The Psychological Corporation was to ____. A) create a corporation that would publish Cattell's many books and journals B) take revenge on G. Stanley Hall, who Cattell detested C) bolster the public image of psychologists after Cattell's public dalliance with the occult D) bolster the public image of psychologists after Cattell's termination for disloyalty to the United States in World War I E) deliver applied psychological services

E) deliver applied psychological services

The two most profound influences on the growth of clinical psychology as a specialty were ____. A) Witmer's work and the world wars B) the influx of German psychologists in the 1930s and the VA hospital system C) World War I and World War II D) the works of Binet and Freud E) World War II and the VA hospital system

E) World War II and the VA hospital system

Binet and Simon's test differed from those of Galton and Cattell in its ____. A) inclusion of Hall's questionnaires as a device for assessing mental abilities B) emphasis on using sensorimotor tests to assess mental abilities C) emphasis on the evolution of children's mental abilities D) emphasis on the relationship of higher cognitive processes to intelligence E) emphasis on the recapitulation of childhood abilities in adolescence

D) emphasis on the relationship of higher cognitive processes to intelligence

If a 10-year-old can perform the same tasks as the average 15-year-old, then the child's ____ is 15 and ____ is 150. A) mental age; developmental quotient B) mental age; IQ score C) developmental quotient; IQ score D) IQ score; mental age E) developmental quotient; mental age

B) mental age; IQ score

The fundamental difference between the Binet tests and the army Alpha and Beta tests was that ____. A) Binet's tests were individually administered; the army tests were for groups B) the army tests could not assess mental ages lower than 17 C) Binet's tests were in French; the army tests were in English D) Binet's tests required literate subjects; the army tests did not E) the army tests included sensorimotor skills and reaction times

A) Binet's tests were individually administered; the army tests were for groups

At the end of the 19th century, the field of ____ demanded the application of psychological principles to practical problems with rise in private school education. A) physiology B) social casework C) military science D) education E) criminal justice

D) education

The term psychic reflexes reflects ____. A) Pavlov's early inclination to use mentalistic terms B) Pavlov's familiarity with Watson's dissertation on the psychic development of the white rat C) the distortion of the data of history by an error in translation D) Pavlov's early identification with the new science of psychology E) Pavlov's training as a neurologist

A) Pavlov's early inclination to use mentalistic terms

By the second decade of the 20th century, psychologists agreed on the ____. A) existence of mental elements B) need for psychology to be a pure science C) value of introspection D) None of the choices are correct E) replacement of structuralism by functionalism

D) None of the choices are correct

Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and, according to one historian, ____ is considered the grandfather of Watson's behaviorism. A) Pavlov B) Bekhterev C) Fechner D) Cattell E) Thorndike

D) Cattell

Thorndike used ____ measures of learning to record his data. A) qualitative as well as quantitative B) quantitative C) outdated D) qualitative E) no

B) quantitative

For Loeb, if an animal's response is forced by a stimulus, the ____. A) behavior requires no inferences about consciousness B) behavior does not need explanation C) behavior is positivist D) animal is unable to perceive and discriminate between objects E) animal is unable to display purposive behavior

A) behavior requires no inferences about consciousness

The particular contribution of Pavlov's work to Watson's behaviorism was Pavlov's ____. A) evidence of the feasibility of an objective psychology B) refutation of Dewey's criticisms of the reflex arc concept C) refutation of the laboratory animal D) objective methodology E) refutation of Thorndike's law of effect

D) objective methodology

The case of Clever Hans served to ____. A) demonstrate transference between animals and humans B) demonstrate the importance of studying both human and animal subjects C) refute Lashley's equipotentiality principle D) focus public attention on introspection by analogy E) illustrate the importance of objective, experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions

E) illustrate the importance of objective, experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions

Watson's dissertation was on ____. A) the conscious experience of rats B) fear conditioning in rats C) the conscious experience of toddlers D) the latent learning of rats E) fear conditioning in toddlers

A) the conscious experience of rats

Which of the following statements best describes the change that took place in animal psychology following the work of Romanes and Morgan? A) The field was growing in popularity in Russia but was never a major part of psychology in the United States. B) The field became more subjective as methods to study animal consciousness were perfected. C) The field stopped growing after Angell's 1906 presidential address describing functionalism. D) The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior. E) There was no change, the methods of Romanes and Morgan are still widely used today.

D) The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.

While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia, an American named ____ also discovered the existence of conditioned reflexes. A) Walter Pillsbury B) Willard Small C) Edwin Burket Twitmyer D) Edward Thorndike E) John Watson

C) Edwin Burket Twitmyer

Thorndike's revision of his law of effect stated that ____. A) rewards are unrelated to the strength of connection between stimuli and responses B) All of the choices are correct C) the law of exercise was unrelated to it D) punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection E) stimuli that satisfy physiological needs are most effective as rewards

D) punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection

Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal's ability to respond to ____. A) None of the choices are correct B) voice commands C) touches D) odors E) head movements

E) head movements

Which of the following terms should be banned from psychology according to behaviorism? A) image B) None of the choices are correct C) consciousness D) All of the choices are correct E) mind

D) All of the choices are correct

The Animal Mind, the first textbook on comparative psychology, was written by ____. A) Mary Cover Jones B) Rosalie Rayner C) Maude Merrill D) Margaret Washburn E) Mary Calkins

D) Margaret Washburn

Bekhterev discovered ____. A) the reflex arc B) the associated reflexes C) one-trial learning D) that punishment is not effective E) the knee-jerk response

B) the associated reflexes

For Comte, valid knowledge is that which is ____. A) truthful, as defined by internal observation B) reliable C) objectively observable D) social in nature E) objectively observable and social in nature

E) objectively observable and social in nature

The early 20th-century Zeitgeist in science was marked by ____. A) behaviorism B) positivism C) experimentation D) functionalism E) nihilism

B) positivism

The "original" law of effect states that ____. A) reward strengthens a response, but punishment does not always weaken a response B) any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again; any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again C) any act that produces reward will always be extinguished D) punishment always weakens a response E) rewards stamp in connections, and punishments stamp out connections

B) any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again; any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again

For Thorndike, learning is ____. A) a stimulus-response unit B) making connections C) complex associations D) "satisfaction" E) simple associations

B) making connections

What led Pavlov to shift from a study of theology to that of animal psychology? A) Darwin's theory B) the case of Clever Hans C) becoming familiar with the psychology of Wundt D) the work of Thorndike E) the work of Cattell

A) Darwin's theory

All of Watson’s methods are based on the concept of ____. A) animal psychology B) observation C) physiology D) functionalism E) structuralism

B) observation

The most significant public impact of Watson's varied undertakings was to ____. A) transform childrearing practices B) prepare the way for Skinner C) introduce pop psychology as a new field D) eliminate all remains of functionalism from the science of psychology E) reverse the trend toward applied psychology in the United States

A) transform childrearing practices

According to the text, Watson's primary contribution to psychology was ____. A) his rejection of the instinct theory B) his advocacy of a science of behavior that was objective in methods and language C) the rejection of consciousness D) his acceptance of social Darwinism E) openness to different viewpoints

B) his advocacy of a science of behavior that was objective in methods and language

McDougall's argument that the data of consciousness are an appropriate focus of research was later upheld by the ____. A) physiologists B) humanistic school C) social learning theorists D) structuralists E) humanistic school and social learning theorists

E) humanistic school and social learning theorists

After his dismissal from Johns Hopkins, Watson ____. A) lectured at universities throughout Europe B) published for the American public through popular media C) published in scholarly journals under a pseudonym D) abandoned his research on behavioral psychology E) joined the army to conduct research on personnel selection

B) published for the American public through popular media

Watson has been criticized for which of the following? A) methods of behaviorism B) his childrearing beliefs C) his personality D) A and B only E) All of the above.

E) All of the above.

In his 1914 book, Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology, Watson argued ____. A) for the acceptance of animal psychology B) for positivism in psychology C) that mental concepts are "valueless to science" D) for experimental research on human infants E) for a functional and pragmatic approach to psychology

A) for the acceptance of animal psychology

Watson described conditioning in terms of ____. A) stimulus substitution B) associated reflexes C) respondent substitution D) symptom substitution E) response substitution

A) stimulus substitution

Watson predicted that the laws of behavior would be identified when ____. A) behaviors were reduced to their basic S-R units B) the stimulus elements could be perfectly controlled C) the smallest elements of responses were discovered D) the response elements could be perfectly predicted E) Both B and D are correct

A) behaviors were reduced to their basic S-R units

Watson argued that consumer behavior was ____. A) controlled by the law of resemblance B) controlled according to the law of suggestibility C) under the control of fundamental or conditioned emotional stimuli D) vulnerable to the law of exercise E) immune to aversive conditioning

C) under the control of fundamental or conditioned emotional stimuli

Mary Cover Jones's study of Peter ____. A) showed that fears are instinctive B) predates the Little Albert study C) has never been replicated D) was a forerunner of behavior therapy E) supports the notion of one-trial learning

D) was a forerunner of behavior therapy

Watson proposed that consumer behavior ____. A) was driven by the message in an ad, rather than the style in the ad B) was driven by emotionless pleas C) could not be controlled D) should be studied in the lab E) was unpredictable

D) should be studied in the lab

Watson’s work has been involved with which of the following divisions of psychology? A) animal psychology B) industrial/organizational psychology C) behaviorism D) developmental psychology E) All of the above

E) All of the above

For Watson, the distinction between humans and animals is ____. A) necessary if psychology is to be a natural science of behavior B) at the point where language is observed C) arbitrary D) an explanatory fiction E) explained by one's efficiency in adapting to the environment

C) arbitrary

Watson's second career was in ____. A) behavior modification B) pediatric psychology C) advertising D) personnel selection E) developmental psychology

C) advertising

Which of the following statements would Watson endorse? A) The human has no conscious perception of his or her emotions. B) Emotions are equal to internal physiological changes. C) Emotions are implicit. D) All of the choices are correct. E) All emotions are learned.

B) Emotions are equal to internal physiological changes.

Watson argued that areas of applied psychology can be considered scientific because they ____. A) are obviously so by their very nature B) were considered to be so even by Wundt C) were consistent with the theory of evolution D) seek general laws for the prediction and control of behavior E) None of the choices is correct.

D) seek general laws for the prediction and control of behavior

Watson's position on the use of the term consciousness was to ____. A) eliminate it entirely from psychological research because it is not an objective method B) infer its processes from its measurable blood metabolites C) infer the elements of consciousness from overt behaviors D) infer the elements of consciousness from observable physiological substrates E) examine its relevance to overt behaviors

A) eliminate it entirely from psychological research because it is not an objective method

The efficiency of learning is a function of the total amount of brain tissue; this is ____ law of ____. A) Lashley's; equipotentiality B) Lashley's; mass action C) Jastrow's; mass action D) Watson's; equipotentiality E) Jastrow's; cortical substitution

B) Lashley's; mass action

Behaviorism was officially established in ____. A) 1911, with McDougall's Psychology: The Study of Behavior B) 1908, with Watson's lectures at Yale C) 1913, with Watson's "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" D) 1904, at the St. Louis Exposition E) 1907, with Bekhterev's Objective Psychology

C) 1913, with Watson's "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"

For Tolman, each experience with a task strengthens the relationship between cues in the environment and the organism's ____. A) learned responses B) learned associations C) response cues D) habit strength E) expectations

E) expectations

A concept of Bandura that reflects one's beliefs about one's own adequacy is ____. A) self-esteem B) striving for superiority C) self-concept D) self-efficacy E) feelings of inferiority

D) self-efficacy

A point on which the neobehaviorists agreed AND to which they gave much more emphasis than did Watson was ____. A) operationism B) positivism C) the rejection of the concept of consciousness D) learning and conditioning as the crux of the science of psychology E) the importance of human subjects

A) operationism

Skinner's research was unique among that of the major neobehaviorists in his ____. A) use of the single-subject design B) relative lack of a theoretical framework C) concern with describing rather than explaining behavior D) rejection of variables inside the organism E) All of the choices are correct.

E) All of the choices are correct.

The dominant area of study for the neobehaviorists was ____. A) perception B) the neurophysiology of the brain C) learning D) unconscious mental processes E) None of the choices is correct

C) learning

The technique that Hull added to the then-accepted battery of experimental methods was ____. A) one-trial learning B) experimental testing of hypotheses C) simple observation D) systematic controlled observation E) the hypothetico-deductive method

E) the hypothetico-deductive method

Parents and employers must determine when and under what conditions children will be rewarded and employees will be paid. In both cases, they must select ____. A) extinction schedules B) applied psychology principles C) rates of responding D) schedules of reinforcement E) only continuous schedules

D) schedules of reinforcement

In Hull's system, the reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis of ____. A) purposive behavior B) reinforcement C) intervening variables D) the degree of satisfaction the organism expects E) the length of deprivation of a physiological need

B) reinforcement

Watson's behaviorism ____. A) was essentially the same as neobehaviorism B) led directly to the cognitive revolution C) was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought D) transformed psychology overnight E) eventually was abandoned by psychology

C) was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought

According to Schultz and Schultz, "perhaps no other psychologist was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method" than was ____. A) Watson B) Tolman C) Hull D) Holt E) Skinner

C) Hull

Operationism means that a concept ____. A) must be defined in logical terms B) is synonymous with its methods of measurement C) must be mathematical D) operates to control human mental processes E) All of the choices are correct

B) is synonymous with its methods of measurement

People who believe reinforcement depends on their own behavior have ____. A) a tendency toward depression B) an internal locus of control C) an external locus of control D) a low locus of control E) a subjective expectations and experiences

B) an internal locus of control

Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method as the means to develop learning theory. Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull's method? A) Psychology should try to develop strictly empirical principles of behavior. Theory should only include statements as to how reinforcement controls behavior. B) From a set of theoretical postulates, deductions are made. These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally. The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary. C) Data from experiments are used to produce theories of learning. Once the theory is formed, there is no need to test the theory, since theory is more important than data. D) Any of the choices might be correct, depending on the circumstances. E) None of the choices is correct.

B) From a set of theoretical postulates, deductions are made. These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally. The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary.

It was assumed by Tolman and others that research on white rats would ____. A) provide the basic foundation from which other studies could be devised in order to replicate the results with other species B) yield basic information on motivation C) demonstrate the role of reinforcement in learning D) provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals E) serve as an intervening variable between higher and lower species

D) provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals

Skinner's former students demonstrated which of the following with the advent of the IQ Zoo? A) Behaviorism is a very lucrative business after receiving a Ph.D. from Skinner. B) Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world. C) Animals, like humans, are intelligent and have vastly complex minds. D) Behaviorism is useless to solving real-world problems. E) There are many hardships associated with animal psychology.

B) Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.

Tolman specified that the independent variables (stimuli) affect processes within the organism. These processes then control the occurrence of behavior (response). These internal processes are known as ____. A) mental sets B) intervening variables C) concrete variables D) operational variables E) cognitive variables

B) intervening variables

According to Tolman's learning theory, as a rat learns all of the sign-Gestalt relationships in a maze, the rat has acquired a ____. A) cognitive map B) Tropism C) Drive D) Habit E) good habit

A) cognitive map

The use of positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups is called ____. A) sneaky B) behavior modification C) chaining D) trial-and-learning E) omission training

B) behavior modification

Bandura proposed that reactions to stimuli ____. A) are self-activated B) occur in one trial C) are often overlooked because of the focus on acts rather than movements D) require observable S-R contiguity E) require reinforcement for acquisition

A) are self-activated

Which of the following did Tolman not consider to be a cause of behavior? A) age B) motivation C) environmental stimuli D) heredity E) physiological drives

B) motivation

The most outstanding feature of Lewin's social psychology is ____. a) sensitivity dynamics b) psychological action research c) leadership styles d) group dynamics e) the social field

d) group dynamics

Wertheimer defined "peripheral factors" as ____. a) those that distort perceptions b) those that mediate experiences c) those that determine whether a component is figure or ground d) the organizing principles present in the stimuli e) those that influence perception

d) the organizing principles present in the stimuli

____ was the spokesman for the Gestalt movement who studied the thinking processes of chimpanzees, left Germany because of his anti-Nazi activities, came to the United States, and eventually became president of the American Psychological Association. a) Kurt Goldstein b) Max Wertheimer c) Kurt Koffka d) Kurt Lewin e) Wolfgang Köhler

e) Wolfgang Köhler

Concurrent with the rise of Gestalt psychology, the Zeitgeist in physics was embracing ____. a) operationism b) phenomenology c) positivism d) topology e) field theory

e) field theory

According to Lewin, life space ____. a) represents the goals a person has in life b) is similar to sensitivity training c) is another term for locus of control d) corresponds to all the events that can influence a person's behavior e) refers only to the physical environment in which a person lives

d) corresponds to all the events that can influence a person's behavior

Gestalt psychologists believed that ____. a) perception is exactly what meets the eye - no more, no less b) there is less to perception than meets the eye c) All of the choices can be true, depending on the situation. d) there is more to perception than meets the eye

d) there is more to perception than meets the eye

In what way was the phi phenomenon a challenge to Wundt's system? a) The phi phenomenon could not be reduced to its basic elements. b) Specially trained observers proved that the empirical methods used to prove the phi phenomenon were more applicable to their perceptions than that of Wundt's introspective method. c) Although it contradicted Wundt's reductionistic theory, Wundt adequately demonstrated that the phenomenon could be reduced to basic elements. d) The phi phenomenon demonstrated the existence of consciousness in humans. e) None of the above.

a) The phi phenomenon could not be reduced to its basic elements.

For Wertheimer, rote memorization and/or rote learning ____. a) was an effective way to learn b) None of the choices are correct. c) was appropriate only for those of below-average intelligence d) had the fastest decay period e) was inefficient compared to insight learning

e) was inefficient compared to insight learning

The unbiased description of immediate experience as it occurs is ____. a) mediate experience b) phenomenology c) a temporal form d) an unarticulated insight e) the phi phenomenon

b) phenomenology

In Germany, the Gestalt protest of Wundt's system was ____. a) welcomed by colleagues at German universities who were annoyed at the limitations of Wundt's system but unable to challenge it b) All of the choices are correct. c) welcomed by the Nazi party because it was a direct assault on the power of the German university system and the German intelligentsia d) welcomed by the Nazi party because it led to the emigration of a number of influential Jewish intellectuals from Germany e) considered to be heresy

e) considered to be heresy

According to Köhler, insight involves ____. a) the learning of a connection between a response and reinforcement b) an immediate apprehension or cognition of relationships c) the ability to use intuition to solve problems d) the learning of a stimulus-response association

b) an immediate apprehension or cognition of relationships

Psychologists attacked which aspect of Gestalt psychology? a) the lack of rigor in its definitions b) its preoccupation with theory c) its qualitative results and lack of statistical analysis d) poorly defined physiological assumptions e) All of the choices are correct.

e) All of the choices are correct.

One of the major reasons that Gestalt psychology failed to become popular in the United States apparently was ____. a) American scholars' belief that Gestalt theory had only to do with perception b) the animosity toward the Germans that was provoked by events of World War I c) its coincidental association with the rise of the Nazi regime d) its focus on consciousness when Watson was criticizing the concept e) because it was vociferously opposed by Titchener and Watson

a) American scholars' belief that Gestalt theory had only to do with perception

The Gestalt protest against Wundt's system focused on his ____. a) denial of will b) determinism c) notion of imageless thought d) attempt to reduce consciousness to elements e) use of introspection

d) attempt to reduce consciousness to elements

The Gestalt system was introduced to American scholars by ____. a) Koffka b) Lewin c) Köhler d) Wertheimer e) von Ehrenfels

a) Koffka

Contrary to the notion of a passive mind, as portrayed by the British empiricists, the German philosopher Kant held that the mind ____. a) is a stream of consciousness b) actively organizes sensory information into a coherent experience c) actively organizes sensory information according to a mechanical process of association d) is sensitive to perceptions, not sensations e) All of the choices are correct.

b) actively organizes sensory information into a coherent experience

The Gestalt psychologists referred to Wundt's system as ____. a) brick and mortar psychology b) elementary psychology c) voluntarism d) elementism e) structuralism

a) brick and mortar psychology

Perhaps the major contribution of Gestalt psychology to contemporary systems was the ____. a) similarity between Gestalt insight learning and Freud's notion of insight b) precision of its methodology c) strict focus on the principles of perceptual organization d) legitimization of conscious experiences

d) legitimization of conscious experiences

The Gestalt school's major difference with behaviorists was over the ____. a) use of introspection b) utility of the concept of consciousness c) utility of the concept of perception d) existence of the phi phenomenon e) experimental method

b) utility of the concept of consciousness

The importance of perceptual constancies in the Wundt versus Gestalt debate was that the experience supported ____. a) the Gestalt position that "completeness" of an experience is not altered when the actual sensory components of the experience are altered b) Wundt's findings that analysis of an experience does not distort it c) Wundt's position that forms can always be reduced to constant elements (sensations and feelings) d) Wundt's findings that replication of experimental introspection methods provided the same or similar data e) the Gestalt finding that unless the animal changes an element of the problem, it cannot "see" (perceive) the solution

a) the Gestalt position that "completeness" of an experience is not altered when the actual sensory components of the experience are altered

Freud's overriding goal was to ____. a) describe and explain the dynamics of human behavior b) avoid practicing medicine c) analyze and overcome his own neuroses d) have an academic research career e) discover and develop an effective treatment methodology

a) describe and explain the dynamics of human behavior

The person who most strongly influenced humane reforms for the mentally ill in the United States was ____. a) Rush b) Freud c) Dix d) Pinel e) Vives

c) Dix

In Freud's system, personality development is built on the ____. a) resolution of the phallic stage b) efficacy of the ego c) psychosexual stages d) adequacy of the defense mechanisms e) reality principle

b) efficacy of the ego

Freud's view of instincts is that they are ____. a) sources of stimulation and motivation within the body b) inherited predispositions c) innate behaviors d) grouped into three general categories e) overrated

a) sources of stimulation and motivation within the body

Wundt's system dealt only with consciousness because ____. a) the unconscious cannot be reduced to basic elements b) he posited that the unconscious is a pseudo-problem c) the unconscious cannot be introspected d) the unconscious has only one element (feelings) e) the a priori knowledge of the unconscious cannot be distinguished from empirical knowledge

c) the unconscious cannot be introspected

A basic difference between psychoanalysis and the other systems of psychology was that ____. a) the other systems had an academic background and a focus on pure science b) the other systems were not grounded in a natural science c) psychoanalysis did not hypothesize physical or physiological referents d) psychoanalysis had only consciousness as its subject matter e) psychoanalysis came from Germany

a) the other systems had an academic background and a focus on pure science

By the era of Freud's medical training, the dominant view in psychiatry about the cause of mental illness (e.g., hysteria) was ____. a) psychosomatic b) bad luck c) psychophysiological d) somatic e) psychic

d) somatic

According to Herbart, if a new idea is incompatible with pre-existing ideas, the new idea will be ____. a) remembered b) forgotten c) denied d) inhibited e) rationalized

d) inhibited

According to Freud, the "third shock" to the collective human ego was the realization ____. a) that laws of association predict human behavior b) that psychoanalysis is the only way to resolve mental illness c) that humans are not the rational commanders of their lives d) of id forces e) of conscious forces of behavior

c) that humans are not the rational commanders of their lives

A major theme of Freud's system, borrowed from Darwin, was the ____. a) variability hypothesis b) recapitulation theory c) importance of the sex drive throughout life d) notion that sexual gratification was the only human instinct e) physical inferiority of females

c) importance of the sex drive throughout life

____ is the process of forcefully ejecting or excluding from consciousness any unacceptable ideas, memories, and desires. a) Reciprocity b) Regression c) Rationalization d) Projection e) Repression

e) Repression

The primary method of psychoanalysis was ____. a) clinical observation b) the experimental method c) extirpation of the unconscious d) systematic experimental introspection e) psychosynthesis

a) clinical observation

A new movement requires something to revolt against"; Freud opposed the current trends in ____. a) psychophysics b) the treatment of mental disorders c) philosophy d) applied psychology e) behavioral psychology

b) the treatment of mental disorders

Freud found that the free association method ____. a) operated freely b) did not occur during countertransference c) did not always operate freely because of resistance d) was identical with dream analysis e) required catharsis of strangulated affect c) did not always operate freely because of resistance

c) did not always operate freely because of resistance

The spirit of mechanism in relation to the treatment of mental illness portrayed mentally ill persons as ____. a) possessed by evil spirits b) needing a religious conversion to Christianity c) merely needing to be repaired d) defective e) “having a screw loose” c) merely needing to be repaired

c) merely needing to be repaired

As a result of Freud's analysis of his own dreams, he recognized ____. a) sexual longings toward his mother b) sexual wishes toward his daughter c) the outlines of the Oedipus complex d) hostility toward his father e) All of the choices are correct.

e) All of the choices are correct.

Upon birth, the infant relates to ____ objects. When the infant’s world expands, they then relate to ____ objects. Eventually the infant will relate to ____ objects. a) part; all; whole b) All of the choices are possible orders. c) all; part; whole d) None of the choices are correct. e) part; whole; all

e) part; whole; all

Which of the following is an original idea created by Freud, and not his predecessors? a) hypnosis b) the unconscious c) the mind as an iceberg d) All of the above. e) None of the above.

e) None of the above.

The first person to argue for the humane treatment of the mentally ill was ____. a) Vives b) Pinel c) Dix d) Rush e) Freud

a) Vives

The concept of threshold of consciousness is attributed to ____. a) Herbart b) Leibnitz c) Weber d) Freud e) Fechner a) Herbart

a) Herbart

Freud proposed that neurotic behavior cannot develop in persons who ____. a) had never been seduced b) were raised by sexually open and permissive parents c) led a normal sex life d) experienced the seduction trauma before the phallic stage e) experienced the seduction trauma before the superego emerged

c) led a normal sex life

Anna Freud's pioneering work was ____. a) on the id b) the founding of a clinic for training psychology teachers c) on the mechanisms of motivation d) realized only after her father's death and her self-analysis e) on child analysis

e) on child analysis

Maslow's data and research methodology have been criticized because of a(n) ____. a) use of subjective criteria b) small sample of subjects c) ambiguous and inconsistent use of terms d) All of the choices are correct. e) None of the choices is correct.

d) All of the choices are correct.

Freud wanted ____ to take over the psychoanalytic school. a) Adler b) Anna Freud c) Jung d) Maslow e) Watson

c) Jung

As he himself acknowledged, Adler's childhood experiences are a direct reflection of his concept of ____. a) basic anxiety b) individual psychology c) social interest d) birth order e) inferiority

e) inferiority

One of Adler's criticisms of psychoanalysis was of its focus on ____. a) sexual factors in personality development b) unconscious determinants of behavior c) biological instincts d) All of the choices are correct. e) None of the choices is correc

d) All of the choices are correct.

For Jung, dream analysis was ____. a) the sole method of psychotherapy that he used b) a lifelong practice for resolving personal crises c) the source of his concepts of archetypes and the collective unconscious d) replaced by his system of analytical psychology e) a method of which he was skeptical

b) a lifelong practice for resolving personal crises

Anna Freud's most important revision of orthodox psychoanalysis ____ a) was called conservative psychoanalysis b) was called reformed psychoanalysis c) was to focus on the middle age crisis d) was to clarify the defense mechanisms e) None of the choices is correct.

d) was to clarify the defense mechanisms

For Klein, the adult personality is rooted in the nature of the mother-child relationship in the first ____ of life. a) six months b) month c) two years d) three months e) year

a) six months

In Horney's system, the central idea is ____. a) the need for freedom from fear b) the inferiority complex c) the neurotic needs d) basic anxiety e) the idealized self-image

d) basic anxiety

Maslow renounced behaviorism because it ____. a) did not reveal how to alter human behaviors b) was not relevant for enduring human issues c) was artificial and rarefied d) relied too heavily on the concept of free will e) did not reveal information on motivation

b) was not relevant for enduring human issues

"Striving for superiority," in Adler's system, ____. a) is universal b) is universal and takes a unique form in each of us c) takes a unique form in each of us d) is a response to learned feelings of inferiority e) serves to assuage basic anxiety

b) is universal and takes a unique form in each of us

The 1998 call for positive psychology has ____. a) not as yet had time to be reflected in research and publications but the potential is promising b) resulted in a strong increase in number of publications dealing with positive emotions c) not been well-received d) largely covered concepts introduced by Freud e) None of the choices is correct.

b) resulted in a strong increase in number of publications dealing with positive emotions

The ego psychologists amended Freud's original position by emphasizing that the ____. a) ego can carry out some functions independently of the id b) ego is servant to the superego c) None of the choices are correct. d) id is servant to the ego e) ego is derived from the id

a) ego can carry out some functions independently of the id

The essential difference between those who are classified as dissenters and those who are classified as carrying on in the Freudian tradition is that the dissenters ____. a) expanded and elaborated on Freud's system b) None of the choices are correct. c) were centrally concerned with ego development or object relations d) identified themselves as Freudians e) developed their own theories during Freud's lifetime

d) identified themselves as Freudians

Play therapy, a standard technique of contemporary psychotherapy with children, was introduced by ____. a) Anna Freud b) Melanie Klein c) Helene Deutsch d) Karen Horney e) Erik Erikson

a) Anna Freud

The ego psychologists emphasized the influence of ____ while de-emphasizing the role of ____. a) social forces; biological forces b) conscious forces; unconscious forces c) parents; biological forces d) the superego; the id e) conscious forces; social forces

a) social forces; biological forces

According to Jung, in our ____, we retain experiences of our ancestors, animal and human. a) collective unconscious b) personal unconscious c) anima/animus d) Archetypes e) Shadow

a) collective unconscious

Jung's theoretical system is known as ____. a) identity psychology b) postmodern psychoanalysis c) individual psychology d) neoanalytic psychology e) analytical psychology

e) analytical psychology

The basic human motivation in Rogers's system is ____. a) freedom from fear b) tension (need) reduction c) food and water d) authenticity e) the drive to actualize the self

e) the drive to actualize the self

Acceptance of conscious experiences led cognitive psychologists to take another look at the first research method of scientific psychology, the ____ method. a) experimental b) trial and error c) psychophysics d) correlational e) introspection

e) introspection

The point of Searle's Chinese room problem was to show that ____. a) Chinese is a difficult language to learn b) machines and humans use the same thinking strategies c) machines can and do display "thinking" d) machines can pass the Turing test and still not be "thinking" e) None of the choices is correct

d) machines can pass the Turing test and still not be "thinking"

The modern age of computers in the 20th century was initiated by ____. a) Babbage and Hollerith b) IBM c) the need for artillery firing tables in World War II d) Neisser e) None of the choices is correct

c) the need for artillery firing tables in World War II

Which of the following schools made substantial contributions to psychology's evolution? a) Gestalt psychology b) structuralism c) functionalism d) behaviorism e) All of the choices are correct

e) All of the choices are correct

The thesis of sociobiology challenged the assumption that ____. a) humans are irrational b) everyone is created equal c) biological forces alone foster or limit human development d) All of the choices are correct e) None of the choices is correct

b) everyone is created equal

The field of cognitive psychology was inaugurated by ____. a) Tolman's purposive behaviorism b) Köhler's and Koffka's books c) Miller's work in psycholinguistics d) Neisser's book on cognitive psychology e) Piaget's work on cognitive development

d) Neisser's book on cognitive psychology

The idea that although phobias are learned through classical conditioning, some fears that were adaptive to our ancestors are learned more easily is called ____. a) learning psychology b) instinctual drift c) evolutionary psychology d) positive psychology e) biological preparedness

e) biological preparedness

Cognitive psychologists view organizational abilities as ____ whereas behaviorists do not. a) haphazard b) innate c) None of the choices are correct d) learned e) organized

b) innate

Even those psychologists who support cognitive psychology point out that there ____. a) remains considerable confusion about terminology and definitions and are few concepts on which the majority of cognitive psychologists agree b) remains considerable confusion about terminology and definitions c) is really nothing that is truly cognitive d) are few concepts on which the majority of cognitive psychologists agree e) None of the choices are correct

a) remains considerable confusion about terminology and definitions and are few concepts on which the majority of cognitive psychologists agree

The study of cognitive factors is confined to research in(on) ____. a) basic psychology b) applied psychology c) social psychology d) clinical psychology e) None of the choices is correct; cognitive psychology affects almost all of psychology

e) None of the choices is correct; cognitive psychology affects almost all of psychology

Evolutionary psychology ____. a) incorporated the work of Wilson b) is very popular c) deals with psychological mechanisms that are programmed into humans because they were successful in human history d) All of the choices are correct e) None of the choices are correct

d) All of the choices are correct

Of all the schools of psychology initiated by 1930, only behaviorism and psychoanalysis ____. a) maintained a focus on the pseudo-problem of consciousness b) have maintained their identities c) have been absorbed into the mainstream d) are the primary schools of thought in contemporary psychology e) have been phased out of contemporary psychology

b) have maintained their identities

The founder of cognitive psychology was ____. a) Tolman b) Guthrie c) There was no single founder. d) Neisser e) Miller

c) There was no single founder.

The principle purpose of the Turing Test is to determine if ____. a) people are as smart as computers b) an interrogator can distinguish a computer from a human c) a grand tour of Europe is necessary d) computers can translate Chinese into English e) computers can calculate mathematical problems

b) an interrogator can distinguish a computer from a human

The "new" Zeitgeist in physics is characterized by ____. a) chaos theory b) the use of magnetic resonance as an index of conscious processes c) the notion of relativity d) Berkeley's argument that objective knowledge is subjective knowledge e) the notion that the objective universe is unknowable

d) Berkeley's argument that objective knowledge is subjective knowledge

Criticisms of evolutionary psychology ____. a) include learning theorists b) point to the broad range of behavior with which it deals c) point to the difficulty of testing the theory in any significant manner d) All of the choices are correct e) None of the choices is correct

d) All of the choices are correct

The cognitive movement was ____. a) a force against which evolutionary psychology rebelled b) All of the choices are correct c) suppressed shortly after its arrival by evolutionary psychology d) an antecedent of evolutionary psychology e) enthusiastic about the work of Wilson on sociobiology

d) an antecedent of evolutionary psychology

Bridgman's response to behaviorism's radical operationism was to recommend the use of ____. a) Gestalt principles of organization b) experimentation c) animals d) operational definitions e) introspection

e) introspection

One criticism of evolutionary psychology is the idea that there might be biological determinants of behavior and therefore no free will. How is this criticism answered by evolutionary psychologists? a) Evolutionary psychologists left this criticism unanswered. b) The environment has little influence on behavior. c) Not all behaviors are determined by genes. d) As uncomfortable as it may feel, it is true. e) Most psychologists say there is no free will (including Skinner).

c) Not all behaviors are determined by genes.

Wilson has concluded that the self-report of conscious processes ____. a) is retrospection, not introspection b) is worthless c) often predicts people's behaviors d) is mediate experience, not immediate experience e) addresses a pseudo-problem

c) often predicts people's behaviors

Final Exam Flashcards

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