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Science 24-25 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Life cycle of a low mass star

A

nebula, protostar, nuclear fusion, main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf

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2
Q

Life cycle of a high mass star

A

nebula, protostar, nuclear fusion, main sequence, super giant, supernova, then EITHER neutron star or black hole

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3
Q

What is nuclear fusion

A

When the star’s core has a very high temperature and hydrogen fuses into helium and then into denser elements

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4
Q

Before the BIg Bang, what were the characteristics of the universe?

A

A very high temperature and dense area that eventually expanded.

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5
Q

What are some advantages of space telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope?

A

It can study distant stars and galaxies and how they form.

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6
Q

What is a popular space telescope?

A

Hubble Space Telescope

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7
Q

What did Christian Doppler’s study of waves eventually lead to us understanding about the Doppler shift?

A

Lead to us learning about red and blue shift. How fast galaxies are moving to and from us.

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8
Q

What do light years measure?

A

How many years it takes for light to travel a distance. The speed of light

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9
Q

What trends are visible on an HR diagram?

A
  • star colors change to color and brightness
  • higher temp. higher brightness
  • cool stars are less massive
  • hot on the left
  • cool on the right
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10
Q

How can you describe the speed of galaxies the farther they are away from us?

A

The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it moves away from us.

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11
Q

What are the typical temperature ranges of white dwarf stars?

A

15,000 - 25,000 K

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12
Q

How do white dwarfs compare in brightness to the sun?

A

They are dimmer but hotter

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13
Q

What types of stars are hotter and brighter than the sun?

A

White and blue high mass stars on the main sequence and SOME super giants

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14
Q

What is the luminosity of the sun?

A

1 L

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15
Q

How would you describe the sun as compared to other stars?

A

An average yellow star

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16
Q

Where is the sun located in our galaxy?

A

The sun is located in the middle of a spiral arm in our galaxy.

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17
Q

What are nebulas and how do they form?

A

They are giant clouds of dust and gas. Planetary nebulae form from dying stars. Stars are also born in nebulae.

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18
Q

What are 3 types of galaxies

A

Spiral, irregular, and elliptical

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19
Q

Spiral galaxies

A

Rotating disc of spiral arms. Arms curl arounds a dense center. More gas and dust in arms, starts for in the arms.

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20
Q

Irregular galaxy

A

Does not have a distinct shape and is not regular. Has younger stars and more dust and gas. No defined shape because may have formed in a star collision

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21
Q

Elliptical galaxy

A

Oval or sphere shape with many older stars. Older and has less dust and gas.

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22
Q

What does the movement of galaxies tell us about the size of the universe?

A

They continue to move which proves the UNIVERSE CONTINUES TO EXPAND!

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23
Q

YOU GOT THIS TEST

A

YOU CAN DO IT

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23
Q

Oval or sphere shape with many older stars. Older and has less dust and gas.

A

Elliptical galaxy

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24
What are the pieces of evidence for the Big Bang Theory?
Expansion of the universe (red-shift), and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)
25
Rotating disc of spiral arms. Arms curl arounds a dense center. More gas and dust in arms, starts for in the arms.
Spiral galaxy
26
What is Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation?
The leftover low frequency radiation from the Big Bang.
27
Does not have a distinct shape and is not regular. Has younger stars and more dust and gas. No defined shape because may have formed in a star collision
Irregular galaxy
28
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative?
Qualitative data is descriptive and applies to the 5 senses while Quantitative is numerical, measurements, and calculates data
29
What's qualitative?
Qualitative data is descriptive and applies to the 5 senses
30
What's quantitative?
Quantitative is numerical, measurements, and calculates data
31
What's Adhesion?
When molecules stick to something else
32
What's Cohesion?
When molecules stick to itself/each other
33
What's Surface Tension?
When cohesion is used on the top of water and it is strong
34
Why are small insects such as water striders able to walk on the surface of water?
The force of the water strider is not strong enough to overcome surface tension
35
How does the surface tension of water impact plants and the movement of water in those plants?
The water sticks to itself (cohesion) and pulls itself up the plant (adhesion). The water sticks to the walls of the xylem to move the water throughout the plant.
36
In a Bohr model, where do we find valence electrons?
You find valence electrons on the outer ring
37
What do valence electrons determine for groups of atoms?
How reactive the atoms are. Helps us understand chemical properties of atoms.
38
If we want to determine the density of a regularly shaped object, what tools would we need?
A scale, ruler, and calculator
39
If we want to determine the density of an irregularly shaped object, how would we do that and what tools would we use.
The water displacement method. Water graduated cylinder, calculator, and scale.
40
What determines the mass of an atom?
Protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of the atom.
41
What are the 3 subatomic particles?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
42
What is the charge and location of protons?
Protons - +1, nucleus Neutrons - 0, nucleus Electrons - -1, orbits in the electron cloud
43
What is the charge and location of neutrons?
0 - nucleus
44
What is the charge and location of electrons?
-1 - orbits in the electron cloud
45
Describe what is happening in a chemical reaction?
Chemical bonds are broken, rearranged and new bonds are formed. They have substances that have new chemical and physical properties
46
What is a coefficient?
The number before the chemical formula which tells how many molecules of that substance.
47
How do you apply a coefficient when counting the number of atoms in a compound?
You multiply it to the atoms - similar to the distributive property in math
48
What is the law of conservation of mass?
Mass can't be created or destroyed. It must carry through the whole equation
49
What are properties of acids?
-Sharp or sour -blue paper -> red -reacts with active metals and produces hydrogen -Ph<7 -corrosive, -electrolyte conducts electricity
50
What are properties of bases?
-Bitter -red paper -> blue -reacts with acids to form salt and water -Ph>7 -corrosive, -electrolyte conducts electricity -slippery when mixed with water
51
How does gravity affect adhesion with a moving object such as a car?
Larger droplets feel effect of gravity vs smaller drops
52
What is the pH for an alkaline solution such as water?
pH=7
53
Why are halogens and alkali metals so reactive, and often extremely reactive together?
Because they only need 1 or take away 1 atom
54
Discuss how we determine valence electrons in element using a periodic table?
The group number tells how many there are. Groups 1-2 and 13-18
55
What is the difference between mass number and atomic mass?
Mass number is rounded and a whole number. It is the count of protons and neutrons. The atomics mass is the real average mass and normally a decimal.
56
What does the period tell us on the periodic table?
How many energy levels (rings) there are around the nucleus.
57
What is an element?
One type of atom - pure substance
58
What is an compound?
Multiple types of atoms that are pure substances and are chemically combined and can not be broken
59
What is an heterogeneous mixture?
Not evenly mixed and can be physically seperated
60
What is an homogeneous mixture?
Evenly mixed and can't be separated
61
What is a common examples of a homogeneous mixtue?
Something dissolved in water - sugar, kool ade, etc.
62
Define inertia
The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion
63
Newton's 1st law of motion
Law of inertia
64
Newton's 2nd law of motion
Force, mass, and acceleration are all directly related, F=ma
65
Newton's 3rd law of motion
Every action has an opposite and equal reaction
66
How does friction affect movement
Friction puts force on the opposite direction of he moving object - resists movement and is an opposing force
67
How does friction apply to Newton's 1st law of motion?
Friction is a force that acts against an object and pushes oppositely against it.
68
What is force?
Force is energy exerted on an object - push or pull that causes motion
69
What is an independent variable
The variable that is tested/being intentionally changing and impacts another variable.
70
What is a dependent variable?
The variable that depends on another variable to change and is measured
71
How to calculate force?
F=ma
72
How to calculate mass?
m=F/a
73
How to calculate acceleration?
a=F/m
74
How to find net force of forces acting in the same way?
Add them
75
How to calculate force of objects moving in opposite directions?
Subtract them
76
If 5 cars all accelerate at the same rate, what happens to allow this to happen if the cars have different masses?
The force applied to each car is different. Higher mass needs a higher force to move
77
What is a wavelength?
The distance from two corresponding parts on a wave. Crest to crest or trough to trough
78
What is frequency?
The number of wave cycles repeat in a second. Measured in hertz (Hz)
79
Compare how wavelength and frequency are related. Different?
Wavelength is the distance while frequency is how often something occurs. When frequency is higher, wavelength is shorter
80
Arrange the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum from the lowest to the highest frequency?
Radio-microwave-infrared-visible-UV-X-ray-gamma ray
81
Which part of the EM spectrum has the highest frequency in hertz (Hz), and what does that mean about its energy and wavelength?
Gamma rays. They have a -Higher frequency -Higher energy -Shortest wavelength
82
Which part of the EM spectrum has the lowest frequency in hertz (Hz), and what does that mean about its energy and wavelength?
Radio rays. They have a -Lowest frequency -Lowest energy -Longest wavelength
83
Where do radio waves fall on the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency (Hz)?
They fall on the far left and have the lowest frequency of Hz 10^4.
84
What are some everyday uses for radio waves?
Communication - radios, navigation, alarm systems, TV controls, garage doors
85
Where do microwaves fall on the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency (Hz)?
They fall between radio waves and infrared waves and have a frequency of Hz 10^8.
86
What are some everyday uses for microwaves?
Microwaves, cell phones, satellites, and radar
87
Where do infrared waves fall on the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency (Hz)?
They fall between microwaves and visible light and have a frequency of Hz 10^12
88
What are some everyday uses for infrared waves?
Remote controls, night vision, thermographs, heat sensing animals, and thermal imaging
89
Where do visible light waves fall on the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency (Hz)?
They fall in the middle of the spectrum have a frequency of Hz 10^15
90
What are some everyday uses for visible light waves?
VISIBLE LIGHT SO YOU CAN SEE only EM waves that humans can see
91
Where do ultraviolet waves fall on the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency (Hz)?
They fall between visible light and X-rays and have a frequency of Hz 10^16
92
What are some everyday uses for ultraviolet waves?
They are used for disinfection, medical applications, can impact cells, and can sterilize water.
93
Where do X-rays waves fall on the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency (Hz)?
They fall between UV and Gamma rays and have a frequency of Hz 10^18
94
What are some everyday uses for X-ray waves?
They are used X-ray images
95
Where do Gamma waves fall on the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency (Hz)?
They are the last type of waves d have a frequency of Hz 10^20
96
What are some everyday uses for Gamma waves?
Fighting tumors and cancer treatment. Can also be used in astronomy
97
What part of the electromagnetic spectrum can you see?
Visible light
98
How is frequency and energy related?
Higher frequency, higher energy
99
Explain a wavelength and how it changes over the electromagnetic spectrum
As it moves from radio to gammas, -wavelength shorter -energy higher -frequency higher
100
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency when waves travel at a constant speed?
The longer the wavelength, the less frequent. The shorts the wavelength, the more frequent
101
What is a medium
A medium is what a wave travels through. It can be solid liquid and gas
102
What needs and does not need a medium
Mechanical waves do. EM waves do not need a medium

Science 24-25 (5 decks)

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