Final Exam Flashcards
(139 cards)
What are the primary senses that develop in newborns?
Newborns are born with all five senses: touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight. Touch and hearing are the most developed at birth, while vision is the least developed and improves significantly over time.
How does vision change from birth to six months?
At birth, infants see only about 8–12 inches in front of them and can detect light, shapes, and movement. By 2–3 months, they start tracking moving objects and seeing colors more clearly. By 6 months, their vision sharpens significantly—they can see more clearly, perceive depth, and recognize faces and objects.
Why is touch important for newborns?
Touch is crucial for emotional bonding, physical growth, and neurological development. It helps regulate their body temperature and stress levels, and physical contact (like skin-to-skin) promotes secure attachment and comfort.
At what age do infants typically begin to recognize familiar sounds?
Infants can recognize familiar sounds, especially their mother’s voice, from birth, due to auditory learning in the womb. By 2–3 months, they show preferences for familiar voices and sounds.
How do sensory experiences impact cognitive development in infants?
Sensory experiences help infants learn about the world, forming the basis for perception, memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. Repeated sensory input strengthens neural pathways, supporting brain development and early learning.
What are the essential needs of a newborn?
A newborn needs nutrition (feeding), warmth, sleep, hygiene, medical care, and emotional bonding. These meet their physical and psychological needs, supporting growth and development.
How often should a newborn be fed?
Newborns typically need to be fed every 2–3 hours, or 8–12 times in a 24-hour period, whether breastfed or formula-fed. Their stomachs are small, so they need frequent, small meals.
What are the signs of a healthy newborn?
Healthy newborns show regular feeding and weight gain, frequent wet and dirty diapers, alertness when awake, responsive reflexes, and steady breathing and skin color. Crying is normal, but they should also have periods of calm and sleep.
Describe the importance of bonding with a newborn.
Bonding helps develop a secure attachment, which is vital for emotional and social development. It promotes trust, brain development, and helps the baby feel safe and loved. Bonding can happen through holding, talking, eye contact, and skin-to-skin contact.
What safety precautions should be taken when caring for a newborn?
Key safety precautions include: Always placing the baby on their back to sleep (reduces SIDS risk), Never shaking a baby, Supporting the baby’s head and neck, Using a proper car seat, Keeping the sleeping area free of loose bedding, pillows, and toys, Ensuring clean hands before handling, Supervising the baby during bath time and diaper changes.
What are the major physical milestones for children aged 0–3?
0–12 months: Lifting head, rolling over, sitting without support, crawling, standing, beginning to walk. 12–24 months: Walking independently, climbing, beginning to run, using hands for feeding or stacking. 2–3 years: Running more confidently, jumping, kicking a ball, starting to dress themselves, improved fine motor skills (e.g., scribbling, turning pages).
How can caregivers encourage cognitive development in toddlers?
Talking and reading to the child regularly, Offering age-appropriate toys and puzzles, Encouraging exploration and problem-solving, Providing consistent routines, Responding to questions and curiosity with simple explanations, Allowing safe independent play to build thinking skills.
What social milestones should be observed in children by age 3?
Showing interest in other children, Engaging in parallel play (playing near others) and starting interactive play, Expressing emotions like affection, jealousy, or frustration, Imitating adult behaviors (e.g., cleaning, talking on the phone), Showing increased independence and sometimes defiance.
How does language development progress in the first three years?
0–12 months: Cooing, babbling, responding to voices, recognizing names. 12–24 months: Saying simple words, combining two words, following simple directions. 2–3 years: Vocabulary rapidly expands, forming short sentences, asking questions, clearer speech.
What role do play and exploration have in development during this age?
Play and exploration are essential for learning. They promote cognitive skills (problem-solving, imagination), language development (through interaction and storytelling), social-emotional growth (learning cooperation, empathy), physical coordination (gross and fine motor skills), Exploration builds confidence, curiosity, and a love for learning.
What characteristics define a constructive classroom?
A constructive classroom is one where: Students are actively involved in their learning, Learning is student-centered and encourages exploration, There is a supportive, respectful environment, Teachers guide rather than dictate, facilitating critical thinking, Students build on prior knowledge and engage in meaningful tasks.
How can teachers create an inclusive environment?
Teachers can create inclusivity by: Valuing diversity and respecting all backgrounds, Adapting lessons to different abilities and needs, Using inclusive language and materials, Creating safe spaces for expression, Encouraging participation from all students, Addressing bias and promoting equity.
Why is collaboration important in the classroom?
Collaboration builds communication and teamwork skills, Encourages peer learning and diverse perspectives, Improves problem-solving and creativity, Increases engagement and social-emotional growth, Prepares students for real-world work environments.
What strategies can be used to engage students actively?
Using interactive activities (group work, discussions, games), Incorporating technology (videos, apps, online tools), Connecting lessons to real-life experiences, Using questioning techniques to promote thinking, Offering choices and student-led learning opportunities.
How can teachers accommodate different learning styles?
Using multimodal instruction (visual, auditory, kinesthetic), Providing varied assessments (presentations, projects, tests), Offering flexible seating and pacing, Using visual aids, hands-on materials, and storytelling, Encouraging students to use their strengths to learn and express understanding.
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the process of detecting stimuli through the senses (e.g., sight, sound, touch). Perception is how the brain organizes and interprets those sensory inputs to make sense of the environment.
How do infants perceive depth and distance?
Infants begin to perceive depth by around 4–6 months using binocular cues (using both eyes) and visual experiences. This is often studied using the visual cliff experiment, where infants show hesitation when approaching a perceived drop.
What role does experience play in perception development?
Experience helps refine perception by: Strengthening neural pathways through repeated exposure, Helping infants learn to interpret sensory input more accurately, Supporting the development of preferences, attention, and recognition.
How can sensory activities enhance learning in young children?
Sensory activities (e.g., sand play, finger painting, music) support cognitive development through exploration and problem-solving, language development by connecting words to sensations, motor skills through hands-on manipulation, emotional regulation by engaging and calming the senses.
