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NEUR 321 > Final exam 2 > Flashcards

Final exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sleep

A

Not wake
Wake = eating, drinking, thinking, exercise , etc
Complex state with many distinct parts
Typically quality and quantity of sleep decreases as you age

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2
Q

What waves are predominant while awake with mental activity?

A

Beta
Low voltage, high frequency

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3
Q

What waves are predominant with relaxed wakefulness, eyes closed?

A

alpha waves
bit bigger amplitude, lower frequency
Sign that the membrane potentials of cortical neurons are becoming more synchronized.

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4
Q

What is slow wave sleep?

A

Non-REM sleep
N-sleep
EEG activity has increasing amplitude and decreasing frequency.
3-4 ish stages - changes on EEG throughout

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5
Q

What is paradoxical sleep?

A

REM sleep R - sleep
- occurs with dreaming
- wake-like EEG

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6
Q

How do the waves through N-sleep progress?

A

Low amp, high frequ to high amp, low frequ

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7
Q

Stage N1

A

Transition from wake into sleep
Lasts several minutes
Low amp, mixed frequ
Includes some theta waves!

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8
Q

N2 Stage

A

EEG gets a little slower and higher amplitude
Also shows sleep spindles and K complexes
Sleep spindles - high frequ waves
K -complexes - very high amplitude

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9
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Very high frequency portion on an EEG
found in N2

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10
Q

K complex

A

Very high amplitude waves on EEG
Found in E2

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11
Q

Stage N3+4

A

Deep sleep
Slow wave sleep (in humans)
high amplitude, low frequency (delta waves)

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12
Q

REM SLEEP

A

low amplitude, high frequency on the EEG
Resembles the EEG of a wake person
rapid eye movements
Dreams!
Muscle atonia - reduced muscle tone
antigravity muscles turn off (reflexes turn off)
Some muscle movements - eye muscles, muscles in the ears, diaphragm
Some twitching in postural muscles

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13
Q

Dreaming in N3?

A

Little dreaming, lack of content, vague images moreso
Night terrors (parasomnia) occur in this stage - wake up in a panic attack

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14
Q

Dreaming in REM

A

Rich dreams that occur in real time
Night mares occur here
More frequent and longer dreams as the night progresses
Part of encoding is impaired during dreaming so dreams are hard to remember the next day

Why?
Random activity?
Protect the cortex?

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15
Q

Asymmetrical sleep

A

Unihemispheric slow wave sleep
EEG slows slow wave on one side but wake on the other
Eye corresponding to the slow wave sleep side is closed while the other remains open
suggests that sleep serves some essential function

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16
Q

What does NREM sleep seem to be most important for for memory storage?

A

Explicit/declarative memories
ex. word learning in humans

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17
Q

What does REM sleep seem to be most important for for memory storage?

A

Implicit, non-declarative memories
ex. visual search task in humans

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18
Q

Explicit memory

A

Declarative
Conscious recollection of factual information, previous experience, personal experience

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19
Q

Implicit memory

A

Non-declarative
Unconscious/automatic memories
Influenced by learned past experiences

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20
Q

Does adenosine promote wake or sleep?

A

Facilitates sleep

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21
Q

Wake promoting systems

A

ACh produced from RAS or basal forebrain
5HT from Raphne Nuclei
NE from locus coeruleus
tubermammilary nucleus produce histamine
Orexin

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22
Q

Ventrolateral preoptic area( VLPO)

A

of the hypothalamus releases GABA (inhibitory NT)
this INHIBITS activity of wake promoting regions
PROMOTES SLEEP

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23
Q

Melatonin

A

Sleep hormone
Derived from 5HT
Secreted by the pineal gland
Highest levels during night

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24
Q

ADenosine binding in brain

A

Promotes sleep!
caffeine blocks adenosine binding - promotes wake!

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25
Circannual biological rhythm
Occur every year (bird migration)
26
Infradian biological rhythm
24hrs
27
Circadian biological rhythm
circa = approx approx 1 day ie human sleep cycles
28
Ultradian biological rhythm
less than 24 hours. human eating cycles
29
Free-running activity
The activity of an organism in the absense of environmental cues studied with an actogram
30
Endogenous behaviour
A behaviour is endogenous (has an internal origin) if the behaviour continues to show every day independently of its external environmentq
31
entrainment
alignment of the internal biological clock to external time cues
32
Edison's Curse
The light bulb has caused people to be active at times of the day when we normally wouldnt be Shift workers working at times when the body would normally be sleeping rotating shift workers constantly jumping to new shifts
33
Suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN)
THe master clock in mammals It is a small nucleus located in the hypothalamus Very close to where the optic tract is - sensitive to light! neurons within the nucleus are rhythmic on their own - suggests that the clock rhythm is instrinsically regulated
34
How do the eyes input to the SCN?
Photoreceptive retinal ganglion - contain melanopsin - sensitive to blue light but also get input from classic photoreceptors -cover a wide area of the retina
35
Genes involved in the SCN regulation
PER , CRY, CLOCK, BMAL 24 hours for the loop Gene activated then mRNA produced then protein produced then protein feedsback into the nucleus and turns off its own transcription This takes about 24 hours
36
Period 2 gene Mutation
Human clock gene mutation that is associated with advance sleep phase syndrome - Fall asleep earlier and wake up earlier
37
Period 3 gene mutation
hUMAN clock gene mutation that is associated with delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD; night owls) - fall asleep much later than normal. and because society forces you to wake up early, you dont get enough sleep
38
cRY1 MUTATION
associated with a delayed sleep phase disorder as well. Just like the period 3 mutation
39
Learning
A change in an organism's behaviour as a result of experience
40
Memory
The ability to recall or recognize previous experience
41
memory trace
A mental representation of a previous experience Corresponds to a physical change in the brain, most likely involving synapses and ion channels
42
What kinds of memories decline with age?
Working memory and long term memory, speed of processing all decline with age World knowledge stays relatively constant
43
Reflex
Unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
44
Non-associative learning
Changes in behaviour toward a stimulus in the absence of any apparent associated stimulus or event (habituation, sensitization) Don't associate with anything but learning does occur
45
Associative learning
A type of behavioural learning Form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
46
Social learning
A type of behavioural learning New behaviours can be acquired by observing and imitating others (observational learning)
47
Behaviour learning
Theory that behaviour can be changed or learned through reinforcement, either positive or negative, by the introduction of a stimulus
48
Classical conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning - learning through association Explain the development of phobias
49
operant conditioning
Learning through consequence also called instrumental conditioning Thorndike and Skinner Consequence of a particular behaviour increase or decrease the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
50
Observational learning
Learning through observation Acquisition and later performance of behaviours demonstrated by others 4 stages required Attention, retention, production process and motivation attention - pay attention to the person doing to behaviour retention - remeber production process - ability to perform the actions we observe motivation - our need for the actions we witness - the usefulness to us
51
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response (UCR) ie. food is an UCS because it triggers salivating (an UCR)
52
Unconditioned response
The unlearned, natural response to the unconditioned stimulus
53
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
An originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus
54
Conditioned response
Same as the unconditioned response but the response occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus (neutral) rather than the unconditioned stimulus
55
What are the types of implicit memory?
aka unconscious, non-declarative -procedural -associative -non-associative -priming REM sleep is important for forming implicit memories
56
What are the types of explicit memory?
Conscious (declarative) memory Intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
56
What are the types of explicit memory?
Conscious (declarative) memory Intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts Episodic (personal firsthand experiences/events) Semantic (facts, concepts) NREM sleep is important for creating explicit memories
57
Emotional memory
Memory for events that evoke an emotional response Can be implicit or explicit
58
What part of the brain does the short-term memory involve?
The frontal lobes No single place, however, in the NS can be identifies as the location of memory and learning - several!
59
What part of the brain does the long-term memory involve?
Temporal lobes No single place, however, in the NS can be identifies as the location of memory and learning - several!
60
How is the prefrontal cortex involved in memory?
Central to maintaining temporary (short-term) explicit memories as well as memory for the recency of explicit events
61
How are implicit memories encoded?
IN A BOTTUM UP MANNER IT IS ENCODED IN THE SAME WAY THAT IT WAS RECEIVED separate from the limbic system structures (hypothal, hippocampus, amygdala)
62
How are explicit memories encoded?
Explicit memories are processed in a TOP -DOWN or conceptually driven manner Information is reorganized before it is encoded Active role of a person
63
What are the primary brain structures involved in explicit memory?
Medial temporal region (hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, perirhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex) Frontal cortex There are reciprocal connections between these areas
64
Parahippocampal cortex
part of the neural circuit for explicit memories -receives connections from the parietal cortex - believed to take part in visuospatial processing
65
Perirhinal cortex
Part of the neural circuit for explicit memories - receives connections from the visual regions of the ventral stream -believed to take part in visual object memory
66
Entorhinal cortex
Part of the neural circuit for explicit memories -received projections from the neocortex, para-hippocampal and perirhinal cortices -integrative function: first area to show cell death in Alzheimer's
67
What brain structure consolidates (stabilizes) new explicit memories?
The hippocampus
68
What is reconsolidation?
Restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited Whenever a memory is replayed in the mind, it is open to further consolidation new info is constantly being integrated into existing memory networks Possible to erase negative memories by using amnesic agents when the memory is revisited
69
Brain areas involved in Emotional memory
Amygdala Medial temporal cortex (explicit memory) brainstem (autonomic processes) hypothalamus (hormone release) periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter - pain basal ganglia (implicit memory)
70
Where are new neurons synthesuzed in the brain?>
Olfactory bulb, hippocampal formation, possibly the neocortex
71
What structure is the primary auditory cortex found within?
Heschl's Gyrus Primary auditory cortex is bigger on the right side of the brain`
72
Dr. Pepper (DP)
Dorsal stream in the AUDITORY PATHWAY is the primary auditory cortex to the posterior parietal cortex (where) Ventral steam is to further temporal lobe areas *what)
73
Prefrontal cortex
Plans movements It gets help from the supplemental cortex
74
Supplementary motor area
planning movement based on memory Implicit, rehearsal memory (automatic, unconscious)
75
Premotor area
Produces complex sequence of movements Coordinates simultaneous movements Doesn't specify the precise details of the action
76
phasic
Fast adapting Pacianian Meissners
77
tonic
slow adapting - Merkels Ruffinis
78
Focussing
Involves the cingulate cortex Posterior parietal cortex
79
MR. PC Mister Presidents Choice
M cells project from RODS P cells project from CONES

NEUR 321 (6 decks)

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