Final Exam 2017

Question 1

Moksha:

Answer 1

• not the same as Christian Salvation.
• Hindus ultimate goal/freedom from samsara
• final step: when one renounces all human trappings and discovers the truth within the deepest self. He finds that Atman is Braham. 4 traditional paths

Question 2

Bhagavad-Gita:

Answer 2

“worn-out garments are shed by the body/warn-out bodies are shed by the dweller.”
A sacred writing: epic poetry, mythology
Most popular of Hindu writing.

Question 3

Samsara

Answer 3

Cycle of transmigration (reincarnation)

Question 4

Brahman

Answer 4

Ultimate reality, without qualities
Cannot be visualized as he/she it has no qualities.
CS Lewis: Greg tapioca

People worship three manifestations of Brahman:
Brama, Vishnu, shiva

Question 5

Jana (yoga)

Answer 5

Knowledge
Path to oneness with with god through: knowledge: a transforming intuitive discernment -turning the knower into what he or she knows.
Reflecting on the nature of the Atman- the self wish is eternal and (in advaita) identical with Brahman.
Shifting self-identification to the “abiding part” of her nature.
“I am witness” approach to his own history/life
Brahman is all and the self (Atman) is Brahman

Question 6

Bhakti (yoga)

Answer 6

Emotional
The way of devotion
Expressions of faith in and love for a personal deity of choice
Community worship
Personal care for an image of the deity (bathing, dressing,feeding)
What is done is not as important as how it is done; do it with faith and devotion.

Question 7

Karma (yoga)

Answer 7

Works
The way of action
Most important to the majority of Hindus
Performance of meritorious religious deeds: ritual (daily, rites of passage) and festivals and pilgrimage

Question 8

Raja (yoga)

Answer 8

Experiment
Disciplined bodily and mental activity designed to explore the nature of the true self.
Layers of human beings: bodies, minds, subconscious, being self)

Question 9

Atman:

Answer 9

True self, soul, essence of human life.
When the body dies, the jiva (individual soul) transmigrates(is reincarnated).
The form of a new body depends on karma (consequences of actions taken in a percipient life)

Question 10

Vedas (knowledge and wisdom)

Answer 10

Oldest and most sacred scriptures
Four collections including Rig Veda
(Over 1,000 hymns to various gods)

Question 11

Upanishads

Answer 11

Philosophical extension of vedas

Question 12

Four human desires (Hinduism)

Answer 12

Pleasure
Wealth
Community
Moksha

4 stages: student, householder, forest dweller, renunciation

Question 13

Geographical origins of Hinduism

Answer 13

Indus Valley
Indian regions
(India)

Question 14

Buddha

Answer 14

The awakened one

Question 15

Mahayana: ( the great react/ferry)

Answer 15

Stresses grace.
Made space for lay people (Buddhism for the people)
Because of the. Inner of people their theology could get to nirvana, they were the big raft.
Very popular. Broke into many schools

Question 16

Hinayana (little raft/ferry)

Answer 16

Hate the name Hinayana and called themselves Theravada Buddhist.
Closer to Buddha’s original message: in it alone
You build your own ferry and cross the river of life yourself.
Stayed one school.

Question 17

Nirvana (Salvation)

Answer 17

“Blowing out”of desire and attachment.
Escape from simsara (reincarnation)
The eight fold path has a presupposition that as Christians we already know but Buddha thought it so evident that he never explicitly named it as a “fold” of the path and that is “right association”.

Question 18

Tri-pitaka ( 3 baskets)

Answer 18

First council produced Pali Canon:
Recitations of Buddha’s teaching
Not written down for several centuries

Question 19

Sutta-pitaka (basket of discourse)

Answer 19

Doctrinal teachings

Question 20

Vinaya-pitaka (basket of discipline)

Answer 20

Rules and regulations

Question 21

Abhidhamhamma

Answer 21

Supplement containing reflection on teaching

Question 22

Lotus sutra

Answer 22

Teaching of Mahayana doctrine

Question 23

Gautama siddhartha

Answer 23

536 by.
Royal Indian family (Shaka tribe) carefully protected by father
“Awakened” around age 30: middle path
Protected from “big” questions
Father rid stress rod anything that would cause him distress

Question 24

Qu’ran

Answer 24

Literal, eternal, uncreated word of god
Precious revelation (Jewish and Christian scriptures) had become corrupted.
Doctrine of abrogation: a newer revelation supersedes an older revelation.
Compiled after Muhammad’s death (646-650 ce) from various collections.
Muhammad believed it to be his only miracle
For insiders it is considered perfect in thought and form
Outsiders have many problems with it including many internal contradictions and with it being “toilsome reading” at best. Find many of the flaws it claims to be free from.
Different from other religious texts. Not historic and doctrinal like the Torah and New Testament nor metaphysical like the upanishads. Most central thing in Muslim life.
Emphasizes deeds over ideas.

Question 25

Hadith

Answer 25

Accumulations of traditional teachings by respected elman | Traditions concerning sayings of Muhammad.

Question 26

Biographical information on Muhammad | “May peach be upon him”

Answer 26

Born in Mecca around 570 ad Born into one of Mecca’s premier families Parents die while he is in infancy, he is raised by an affectionate uncle. Tradition states he was pleasant and kind in temperament Took issue with the lawlessness of the time Went into the caravan business at 25 Went into business with a wealthy widow named Khadijah Would later marry her despite her age. • First revelation 610 ce during lunar month of Ramadan (night of power) Ascended into each of the 7 layers of heaven Conversed with Abraham, Moses, Jesus Dome of the Rock built in 691 on the site of his ascension (the Temple Mount) • Hijra (“flight” to Medina) 622 CE Marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar Represents the transformation of Islam from merely a religion to a faith-focused political systems Revelations continue in Medina 622-632 CE •victory in Mecca In 630 CE a Muslim force of 10,000 met little resistance Mecca became religious center of Islam

Question 27

Islam view of Jesus

Answer 27

Jesus was the son of the Virgin Mary He was a great prophet (messenger) not the son of God Jesus was not crucified He will someday return to reign for 40 years, he will marry, have children, die and be buried in Medina In the end he will stand for judgement with other men

Question 28

5 pillars of Islam: merit-based Salvation

Answer 28

I. Confession(shahada) Public statement meaning “there is no god but Allah and Muhammad was his prophet” First step in becoming Muslim Must be recited in Arabic Repeated multiple times a day, from birth to death II. Prayer (salat) Five times per day in direction of Mecca (supposedly through arguing with Moses) Preceded by ritual washing’s Recitations of qu’ran in Arabic Must follow prescribed movements and postures Most difficult overall concept is that we are derived and mere creatures III. Fasting (sawm) Month of Ramadan Recalls the first revelation of qu’ran Therefore, focus on reading qu’ran Abstain from all food, water, sensual pleasure during daylight Children, pregnant women, travelers, exempted 3 day feast, Eid al fitr ( breaking of the fast) follows IV. Giving Alms ( zakat) Purification, giving cleanses a Muslim of greed and selfishness Annual giving determining 2.5% of a Muslims wealth Varying rules for calculating and submitting zakat V. Pilgrimage (haji) to Mecca At least once in a lifetime 2 million + pilgrims a year As symbols of purity and equality men bathe and shave their heads and wear simple white linen robes Seven major components including circling the ka’aba and celebrating Eid al Adha (feast of sacrifice)

Question 29

Torah

Answer 29

5 Books of Moses

Question 30

Nevi’im

Answer 30

Book of prophets

Question 31

Kethuvim

Answer 31

Writings

Question 32

Mishnah

Answer 32

Interpretation

Question 33

Gemara

Answer 33

Narratives, illustrations

Question 34

3 contemporary forms of Judaism

Answer 34

Orthodox Judaism: strict adherence to Torah, traditionally Jewish customs Reform Judaism: central role of ethical teaching; but traditional customs not binding; interpretation of Torah influences by history and cultural changes Conservative Judaism: a middle ground; maintained strong Jewish identify my with accommodation.

Question 35

Church (hod)

Answer 35

“The church is the fellowship of all who are justified and sanctified by grace through faith in Christ”

Question 36

Ekklesia (hod)

Answer 36

Church. “Early church writers chose the term... in preference to the Jewish synagogue (meaning to bring together) to describe the fellowship of believers. Being called out was seen as more representative of the church than bringing together.

Question 37

3 biblical images of the church

Answer 37

• the people of God : (1 peter 2:9-11; Hebrews 8:6-13; Romans 9:24-26; Ephesians 2:11-19; Titus 2:11-14) “ the image of the church as a band of pilgrims embodies three key aspects of the church’s life in the world. First, it defines the church as a people on the move. Second it articulated the tentativeness of the churches relationship to the social structures and behavioral patterns of contemporary society. And third, suggests a church which is moving toward the future.” • the body of Christ (Romans 12:4-5; 1 Corinthians 12:12-27; Colossians 1:8; Ephesians 4:15-16) “ the church is Christ’s visible presences in the word, given life by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit and called to grow in conformity to Christ.” • the temple of the Holy Spirit 1 Corinthians 3:16-17; 1 Corinthians 6:19; Ephesians 2:21-22; 1 Peter 2:4-5

Question 38

Essential elements of church

Answer 38

Apostolic doctrine Community life Sacramental communion Common worship

Question 39

3 forms of church government

Answer 39

• episcopal Authority resides in bishop Number of levels of bishops Powers of bishop: ordain, pastoral placement, preserving true faith and order through discipline • Presbyterian Authority delegates to elders who represent people Series of governing assemblies include both clergy and laity Local assemblies chooses pastor, next level confirms Regional admin elected for limited terms of service • congregational Autonomy- local congregation I depended and self governing Democracy: each member has a voice Each congregation calls own pastor, sets own budget and purchases and owns its own property

Question 40

Ravi Zacharias: every world view must give account for:

Answer 40

Origin Meaning Morality Destiny