Final Exam Flashcards
The water and important molecules reabsorbed by the PCT are reabsorbed into the ___
peritubular capillaries
The solute-rich fluid that passes from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule is called ___
filtrate
The layers of the gastrula differentiate to form the _____ of the embryo
organs
Erythropoiesis begins when a hematopoietic stem cell descendent called a ____ transforms into a proerythroblast.
Myeloid stem cell.
When their lifespan is complete, RBCs are broken down. The ____ is stripped down and the amino acids recycled, and the ____ is released back into the blood stream.
Globin, heme
The 3 functions of the larynx are ____, ____, & ____
air passageway, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract, and voice production
About 85% of americans are Rh+, meaning their RBCs carry ____
the D antigen
____ give rise to reticulocytes.
Orthochromatic erythroblasts
___ breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides or simple sugars
Sucrase, maltase, and lactase
___ causes more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct in order to prevent dehydration
ADH
During the ____ segment of the ECG, the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized.
S-T segment
GH stimulates _____
cell growth and mitosis
After the egg has been fertilized, the nucleus of the sperm intermixes with the nucleus of the oocyte, forming _____
the zygote
____ are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes.
Neutrophils
The intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach serve what purpose?
Absorbing vitamin B12
The ____ house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
lungs
The _____ are activation sites of lymphocytes which is part of the immune response
Lymph Nodes
PRL is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
The presence of agglutinogens A & B result in which blood type?
Type AB
Lymphatic vessels carry _____ from the intestine to the blood.
Fat
PTH conserves ____ by controlling kidney excretions
blood calcium levels
The ____ is the site of gas & nutrient exchange between mother & baby
placenta
Blood pressure varies directly with ____ .
Blood volume
These hormones regulate the function of another endocrine gland.
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH
_____ is the increase in white blood cells in the blood stream in response to inflammation.
Leukocytosis
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine are released by the ____
adrenal medulla
What percentage of CO2 is dissolved into plasma?
7-10%
The ____ also acts as an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air
Trachea
___ takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate
Glomerular filtration
As the follicle continues growing, it secretes ___ which stimulates a surge of LH & FSH production in the hypothalamus
estrogen
The Adrenal cortex produces & secretes _____
aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ___
HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
Pulmonary ventilation occurs in the ____
lungs
Aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones are produced & secreted by the ____
Adrenal Cortex
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the maturing follicle secretes _____ which creates a surge in estrogen that causes he endometrium to thicken
LH & FSH
During placentation, the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst produces ___ that invade the endometrium
finger-like projections called villi
Renal Granular cells function to ___
sense blood pressure in arterioles
The four formed elements of blood are ____
Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach:
Pepsin
During ____ air is moved into and out of the lungs where gases are exchanged continuously
Pulmonary ventilation
List the organs of the Urinary system.
KidneysUretersUrinary BladderUrethra
Low levels of ____ inhibit the menstrual cycle
estrogen & progesterone
The function of the ureters is ___
transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
What directions do O2 and CO2 take between respiratory membranes?
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood and CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction
The placenta is formed from _____
embryonic & maternal tissues
The first 8 hours after birth is called the _____
transitional period
NK cells also secrete potent chemicals that enhance the _____
inflammatory process
Passageway connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus:
Pharynx
___ & ___ dictate how filtrate is created
hydrostatic & osmotic pressure
The ____ play the major role in EPO production.
Kidneys
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Returning fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood
The ____ zone is the actual site of gas exchange
respiratory
Name the functions of the placenta:
Site of gas & nutrient exchange between mother & baby
Secreting placental progesterones & estrogens
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
When aortic pressure drops to its lowest level during vascular relaxation, it is called the ____ pressure.
Diastolic
The ____ is a passageway for air and food
pharynx
How are breathing rate and depth affected by changing levels of O2, CO2, and H+?
Chemoreceptors in the brain and aortic arch
The ____ zone includes all other passage ways which provide conduits for air to reach the lungs
conducting zone
The pharynx and trachea are connected by the ____
larynx
PTH affects ___, ___, & ___
bones, kidneys, & intesine
Approximately what percentage of O2 is dissolved into plasma?
1-1.5%
During pregnancy, ___ inhibits uterine contractions
placental progesterones
Deficiency in GH can lead to _____
dwarfism
The functions of the nose include:
produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech
The major hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are _____ and _____
ADH and OT (oxytocin)
ACTH is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
Sperm is carried through the male reproductive tract by:
peristalsis
Embryonic development occurs during which period?
the first 8 weeks
___ in the intestine breaks fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Intestinal lipase
List the organs of the female reproductuve system
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to find inflammation sites are called _____
chemotactic agents
_____ refers to the flattening of neutrophils in order to squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary walls
Diapedesis
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Transporting O2 and CO2 throughout the blood stream
The ____ stage of cleavage forms a pocket inside by hollowing out
Morula
Lymphocytes account for ____% of the WBC population.
25% or more
What factors affect breathing rate and depth?
Changing levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in arterial blood
Macula densa cells monitor ___ in filtrate
salt content
In fetal circulation, blood flows from the umbilical vein to the ____
ductus venosus
Water & salt reabsorption takes place in the ___
loop of Henle
The ___ of the gastrula forms the digestive & respiratory mucosa and epithelia of internal organs
Mesoderm
GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, & LH are all secreted by the ____
Anterior pituitary
The region where the most distal portion of the ascending loop of Henle lies against the glomerulus is called ___
juxtaglomerlular complex
The formed elements of blood and their percentages
Erythrocytes: 45%
Plasma: 55%
Leukocytes: < 1%
Platelets: < 1%
From the SA node, the depolarization wave spreads via gap junctions throughout the atria to the ____
AV node
Name the function of the gallbladder
stores bile & releases it in response to hormonal signal
Name the digestive function of the pancreas
secreting pancreatic juice in response to hormonal signals
The ___ of the gastrula forms the nervous system, and skin, hair, and nails
Ectoderm
What stomach cells secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
A surge of _____ triggers ovulation (oocyte rupturing from ovary)
LH & FSH
____ stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Erythrocytes are completely dedicated to their job of ____
Transporting respiratory gases
Erythropoiesis is the ____
formation of erythrocytes
From the AV node, the impulse sweeps to the ____
AV bundle
____ increases when stroke volume increases or the heart beats faster.
Cardiac output
The ___ are slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
During the 1st trimester, ___ prevents the loss of the embryo by acting like LH in order to maintain the corpus luteum
hCG hormone
List the enzymes secreted by the small intestine
Peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase
___ is the term for the differentiation of the gastrula into organs & tissues
Organogenesis
Leukocytes and platelets contribute ____% of blood volume
< 1%
Salt reabsorption is important in order to maintain ___ within the kidneys
osmotic pressure
Melatonin regulates ____
the sleep/wake cycle
The pumping action of the heart generates ____
Blood flow
___ enhances the motility of sperm
Prostate gland secretions
Prostaglandins and kinins have a _____ effect that also adds to the sensation of pain during inflammation.
sensitizing
ADH is secreted by the ____
Hypothalamus
By the 2nd trimester, hCG is replaced by ___
placental progesterone
Main sites of gas exchange
alveoli
Erythrocytes normally constitute about ____% of the total volume of blood. This is a percentage known as the ____ value.
45%, hematocrit
Function of the bulbourethral gland secretions:
lubricating the glans penis in preparation for sexual intercourse
Blood pressure is regulated by physical factors including ____
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into two main bronchi:
Trachea
Factors that affect ventilation:
Resistance, surface tension, compliance
The four signs of inflammation are _____
redness, heat, swelling, pain
After ovulation, the degrading follicular cells which are still secreting hormones, forms a ___
corpus luteum
List the 4 respiratory events in order
Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal Respiration
The ___ is a thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body.
Urethra
_____ affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fat
Cortisol
The function of the kidneys is ___
to remove waste products from the blood stream and excrete it
Pressure results when flow is opposed by ____.
Resistance
The _____ stores and releases products from broken down RBCs
Spleen
As the ovarian follicle starts growing in response to LH & FSH, the ___ gets thicker & starts secreting hormones
theca folliculi
___ breaks down proteins into polypeptides
Pepsin
Name the function of pancreatic lipase:
breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
When an oocyte-containing follicle is fully matured it ___
bulges to the surface of the ovary and ruptures
Voice production is a function of the ____
larynx
List the functions of the female reproductive system
forming female gametes & sex hormones
Providing an environment for fetal development
Air passageway connecting the trachea to the alveoli; cleans, warmed, and moistens incoming air.
Bronchial tree
Name the digestive function of the stomach
Receiving bolus and mixing it with gastric juices; initiating protein digestion limited absorption moving food into the small intestine
The ____ functions to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
larynx
The posterior pituitary gland serve what purpose?
Storing and releasing OT and ADH synthesized by the hypothalamus
When the cardiac muscle cells reach threshold, ____ channels open
Ca2+ (calcium)
What percentage of CO2 is chemically bound to globin?
just over 20%
The two functions of the pharynx are ____ and ____
making a passageway for air and food; exposing the immune system to inhaled antigens
Short-term regulation of blood pressure is maintained by ____ and ____.
the nervous system and blood borne hormones
Renin acts as an enzyme, ultimately generating ____, which stimulates intense vasoconstriction, promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure.
Angiotensin II
The hormone(s) ___ trigger the maturation of the ovarian follicle
LH & FSH
Urine formation begins when ___
blood is filtered by the glomerulus
Proerythroblasts give rise to ____
Basophilic erythroblasts
List the functions of the female reproductive system
forming female gametes & sex hormones
Providing an environment for fetal development
What organs make up the lower respiratory tract?
Bronchail tree & lungs
This pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction is called the ____ pressure.
Systolic
The descending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs ___
water
The _____ is possibly a site of RBC production in unborn babies
Spleen
Exudate causes local _____
swelling
The bundle of capillaries inside the renal corpuscle is called ___
glomerulus
The endoderm of the gastrula differentiates to form the ___
all other organ systems & tissues
Name the function of Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
breaking down proteins into peptides
T/F: The celiac truck branches from the abdominal aorta to provide blood supply to the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity
True
When an orthochromatic erythroblast has accumulated almost all of its hemoglobin, it ____
Extrudes it organelles and pinches off its nucleus
The _____ only serve as a storage and release facility for hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland
The tubule that lies closest to the renal corpuscle is called ___
proximal convoluted tubule
