Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
The water and important molecules reabsorbed by the PCT are reabsorbed into the ___
A
peritubular capillaries
2
Q
The solute-rich fluid that passes from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule is called ___
A
filtrate
2
Q
The layers of the gastrula differentiate to form the _____ of the embryo
A
organs
3
Q
Erythropoiesis begins when a hematopoietic stem cell descendent called a ____ transforms into a proerythroblast.
A
Myeloid stem cell.
3
Q
When their lifespan is complete, RBCs are broken down. The ____ is stripped down and the amino acids recycled, and the ____ is released back into the blood stream.
A
Globin, heme
3
Q
The 3 functions of the larynx are ____, ____, & ____
A
air passageway, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract, and voice production
4
Q
About 85% of americans are Rh+, meaning their RBCs carry ____
A
the D antigen
4
Q
____ give rise to reticulocytes.
A
Orthochromatic erythroblasts
4
Q
___ breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides or simple sugars
A
Sucrase, maltase, and lactase
4
Q
___ causes more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct in order to prevent dehydration
A
ADH
5
Q
During the ____ segment of the ECG, the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized.
A
S-T segment
6
Q
GH stimulates _____
A
cell growth and mitosis
6
Q
After the egg has been fertilized, the nucleus of the sperm intermixes with the nucleus of the oocyte, forming _____
A
the zygote
7
Q
____ are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes.
A
Neutrophils
7
Q
The intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach serve what purpose?
A
Absorbing vitamin B12
8
Q
The ____ house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
A
lungs
9
Q
The _____ are activation sites of lymphocytes which is part of the immune response
A
Lymph Nodes
9
Q
PRL is secreted by the _____
A
anterior pituitary gland
10
Q
The presence of agglutinogens A & B result in which blood type?
A
Type AB
10
Q
Lymphatic vessels carry _____ from the intestine to the blood.
A
Fat
11
Q
PTH conserves ____ by controlling kidney excretions
A
blood calcium levels
12
Q
The ____ is the site of gas & nutrient exchange between mother & baby
A
placenta
13
Q
Blood pressure varies directly with ____ .
A
Blood volume
13
Q
These hormones regulate the function of another endocrine gland.
A
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH
14
\_\_\_\_\_ is the increase in white blood cells in the blood stream in response to inflammation.
Leukocytosis
14
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine are released by the \_\_\_\_
adrenal medulla
14
What percentage of CO2 is dissolved into plasma?
7-10%
14
The ____ also acts as an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air
Trachea
14
\_\_\_ takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate
Glomerular filtration
14
As the follicle continues growing, it secretes ___ which stimulates a surge of LH & FSH production in the hypothalamus
estrogen
15
The Adrenal cortex produces & secretes \_\_\_\_\_
aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones
15
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete \_\_\_
HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
16
Pulmonary ventilation occurs in the \_\_\_\_
lungs
17
Aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones are produced & secreted by the \_\_\_\_
Adrenal Cortex
17
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the maturing follicle secretes _____ which creates a surge in estrogen that causes he endometrium to thicken
LH & FSH
18
During placentation, the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst produces ___ that invade the endometrium
finger-like projections called villi
19
Renal Granular cells function to \_\_\_
sense blood pressure in arterioles
20
The four formed elements of blood are \_\_\_\_
Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
20
Protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach:
Pepsin
21
During ____ air is moved into and out of the lungs where gases are exchanged continuously
Pulmonary ventilation
22
List the organs of the Urinary system.
KidneysUretersUrinary BladderUrethra
22
Low levels of ____ inhibit the menstrual cycle
estrogen & progesterone
23
The function of the ureters is \_\_\_
transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
24
What directions do O2 and CO2 take between respiratory membranes?
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood and CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction
24
The placenta is formed from \_\_\_\_\_
embryonic & maternal tissues
24
The first 8 hours after birth is called the \_\_\_\_\_
transitional period
26
NK cells also secrete potent chemicals that enhance the \_\_\_\_\_
inflammatory process
26
Passageway connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus:
Pharynx
26
\_\_\_ & ___ dictate how filtrate is created
hydrostatic & osmotic pressure
27
The ____ play the major role in EPO production.
Kidneys
27
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Returning fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood
27
The ____ zone is the actual site of gas exchange
respiratory
28
Name the functions of the placenta:
Site of gas & nutrient exchange between mother & baby
Secreting placental progesterones & estrogens
29
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
anterior pituitary gland
30
When aortic pressure drops to its lowest level during vascular relaxation, it is called the ____ pressure.
Diastolic
31
The ____ is a passageway for air and food
pharynx
32
How are breathing rate and depth affected by changing levels of O2, CO2, and H+?
Chemoreceptors in the brain and aortic arch
32
The ____ zone includes all other passage ways which provide conduits for air to reach the lungs
conducting zone
33
The pharynx and trachea are connected by the \_\_\_\_
larynx
34
PTH affects \_\_\_, \_\_\_, & \_\_\_
bones, kidneys, & intesine
34
Approximately what percentage of O2 is dissolved into plasma?
1-1.5%
34
During pregnancy, ___ inhibits uterine contractions
placental progesterones
35
Deficiency in GH can lead to \_\_\_\_\_
dwarfism
36
The functions of the nose include:
produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech
37
The major hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are _____ and \_\_\_\_\_
ADH and OT (oxytocin)
38
ACTH is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
anterior pituitary gland
39
Sperm is carried through the male reproductive tract by:
peristalsis
40
Embryonic development occurs during which period?
the first 8 weeks
41
\_\_\_ in the intestine breaks fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Intestinal lipase
41
List the organs of the female reproductuve system
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
42
Inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to find inflammation sites are called \_\_\_\_\_
chemotactic agents
43
\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the flattening of neutrophils in order to squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary walls
Diapedesis
44
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Transporting O2 and CO2 throughout the blood stream
45
The ____ stage of cleavage forms a pocket inside by hollowing out
Morula
46
Lymphocytes account for \_\_\_\_% of the WBC population.
25% or more
47
What factors affect breathing rate and depth?
Changing levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in arterial blood
47
Macula densa cells monitor ___ in filtrate
salt content
48
In fetal circulation, blood flows from the umbilical vein to the \_\_\_\_
ductus venosus
49
Water & salt reabsorption takes place in the \_\_\_
loop of Henle
49
The ___ of the gastrula forms the digestive & respiratory mucosa and epithelia of internal organs
Mesoderm
50
GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, & LH are all secreted by the \_\_\_\_
Anterior pituitary
50
The region where the most distal portion of the ascending loop of Henle lies against the glomerulus is called \_\_\_
juxtaglomerlular complex
51
The formed elements of blood and their percentages
Erythrocytes: 45%
Plasma: 55%
Leukocytes: \< 1%
Platelets: \< 1%
51
From the SA node, the depolarization wave spreads via gap junctions throughout the atria to the \_\_\_\_
AV node
51
Name the function of the gallbladder
stores bile & releases it in response to hormonal signal
51
Name the digestive function of the pancreas
secreting pancreatic juice in response to hormonal signals
51
The ___ of the gastrula forms the nervous system, and skin, hair, and nails
Ectoderm
52
What stomach cells secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
52
A surge of _____ triggers ovulation (oocyte rupturing from ovary)
LH & FSH
53
\_\_\_\_ stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
54
Erythrocytes are completely dedicated to their job of \_\_\_\_
Transporting respiratory gases
54
Erythropoiesis is the \_\_\_\_
formation of erythrocytes
55
From the AV node, the impulse sweeps to the \_\_\_\_
AV bundle
56
\_\_\_\_ increases when stroke volume increases or the heart beats faster.
Cardiac output
57
The ___ are slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
57
During the 1st trimester, ___ prevents the loss of the embryo by acting like LH in order to maintain the corpus luteum
hCG hormone
58
List the enzymes secreted by the small intestine
Peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase
58
\_\_\_ is the term for the differentiation of the gastrula into organs & tissues
Organogenesis
59
Leukocytes and platelets contribute \_\_\_\_% of blood volume
\< 1%
59
Salt reabsorption is important in order to maintain ___ within the kidneys
osmotic pressure
60
Melatonin regulates \_\_\_\_
the sleep/wake cycle
62
The pumping action of the heart generates \_\_\_\_
Blood flow
63
\_\_\_ enhances the motility of sperm
Prostate gland secretions
64
Prostaglandins and kinins have a _____ effect that also adds to the sensation of pain during inflammation.
sensitizing
64
ADH is secreted by the \_\_\_\_
Hypothalamus
64
By the 2nd trimester, hCG is replaced by \_\_\_
placental progesterone
65
Main sites of gas exchange
alveoli
66
Erythrocytes normally constitute about \_\_\_\_% of the total volume of blood. This is a percentage known as the ____ value.
45%, hematocrit
67
Function of the bulbourethral gland secretions:
lubricating the glans penis in preparation for sexual intercourse
68
Blood pressure is regulated by physical factors including \_\_\_\_
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
68
Flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into two main bronchi:
Trachea
69
Factors that affect ventilation:
Resistance, surface tension, compliance
71
The four signs of inflammation are \_\_\_\_\_
redness, heat, swelling, pain
72
After ovulation, the degrading follicular cells which are still secreting hormones, forms a \_\_\_
corpus luteum
73
List the 4 respiratory events in order
Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal Respiration
74
The ___ is a thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body.
Urethra
75
\_\_\_\_\_ affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fat
Cortisol
76
The function of the kidneys is \_\_\_
to remove waste products from the blood stream and excrete it
78
Pressure results when flow is opposed by \_\_\_\_.
Resistance
79
The _____ stores and releases products from broken down RBCs
Spleen
80
As the ovarian follicle starts growing in response to LH & FSH, the ___ gets thicker & starts secreting hormones
theca folliculi
81
\_\_\_ breaks down proteins into polypeptides
Pepsin
82
Name the function of pancreatic lipase:
breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
83
When an oocyte-containing follicle is fully matured it \_\_\_
bulges to the surface of the ovary and ruptures
85
Voice production is a function of the \_\_\_\_
larynx
87
List the functions of the female reproductive system
forming female gametes & sex hormones
Providing an environment for fetal development
89
Air passageway connecting the trachea to the alveoli; cleans, warmed, and moistens incoming air.
Bronchial tree
90
Name the digestive function of the stomach
Receiving bolus and mixing it with gastric juices; initiating protein digestion limited absorption moving food into the small intestine
92
The ____ functions to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
larynx
93
The posterior pituitary gland serve what purpose?
Storing and releasing OT and ADH synthesized by the hypothalamus
94
When the cardiac muscle cells reach threshold, ____ channels open
Ca2+ (calcium)
94
What percentage of CO2 is chemically bound to globin?
just over 20%
94
The two functions of the pharynx are ____ and \_\_\_\_
making a passageway for air and food; exposing the immune system to inhaled antigens
95
Short-term regulation of blood pressure is maintained by ____ and \_\_\_\_.
the nervous system and blood borne hormones
96
Renin acts as an enzyme, ultimately generating \_\_\_\_, which stimulates intense vasoconstriction, promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure.
Angiotensin II
97
The hormone(s) ___ trigger the maturation of the ovarian follicle
LH & FSH
98
Urine formation begins when \_\_\_
blood is filtered by the glomerulus
99
Proerythroblasts give rise to \_\_\_\_
Basophilic erythroblasts
99
List the functions of the female reproductive system
forming female gametes & sex hormones
Providing an environment for fetal development
101
What organs make up the lower respiratory tract?
Bronchail tree & lungs
103
This pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction is called the ____ pressure.
Systolic
103
The descending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs \_\_\_
water
105
The _____ is possibly a site of RBC production in unborn babies
Spleen
106
Exudate causes local \_\_\_\_\_
swelling
107
The bundle of capillaries inside the renal corpuscle is called \_\_\_
glomerulus
108
The endoderm of the gastrula differentiates to form the \_\_\_
all other organ systems & tissues
110
Name the function of Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
breaking down proteins into peptides
111
T/F: The celiac truck branches from the abdominal aorta to provide blood supply to the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity
True
111
When an orthochromatic erythroblast has accumulated almost all of its hemoglobin, it \_\_\_\_
Extrudes it organelles and pinches off its nucleus
113
The \_\_\_\_\_ only serve as a storage and release facility for hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland
113
The tubule that lies closest to the renal corpuscle is called \_\_\_
proximal convoluted tubule
114
The ___ of the gastrula forms all other organ systems & tissues
Endoderm
115
LH & FSH production in the female reproductive system is stimulated by \_\_\_
estrogen
116
Inhibin, secreted by the Theca folliculi, inhibits \_\_\_\_\_\_
LH & FSH production
117
Bilirubin is secreted as bile into the small intestine, and then \_\_\_\_
excreted in the feces
118
The redness and heat of an inflamed region are both due to local _____ that occurs when local arterioles dilate
hyperemia
120
The AV bundle splits into the right and left \_\_\_\_
bundle branches
122
internal respiration occurs as an exchange of respiratory gases between ____ and \_\_\_\_
blood and tissues
123
The two hormones secreted by the Placenta:
estrogens & progesterones
124
List the organs of the alimentary canal in the order through which food travels through them
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
125
\_\_\_ secreted by the hypothalamus triggers the release of LH & FSH
GnRH
127
Name the digestive function of the Pharynx
passageway for food, fluids, and air, no digestive role
128
\_\_\_\_ is the opposition of blood flow
Resistance
128
Fat-digesting enzymes secreted by the chief cells in the stomach:
Lipase
129
List the 4 functions of the digestive system
ingestion Digestion Absorption Defecation
131
Name the structure that make up each renal corpuscle
glomerulus & Bowman's capsule
131
The function of the epididymis is \_\_\_
storing and nourishing sperm
132
After birth, the ductus arteriosus turns into the \_\_\_
ligamentum arteriosum
133
The trachea's two functions are \_\_\_\_
creating an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air
133
The tubule that lies furthest from the renal corpuscle is called \_\_\_
distal convoluted tubule
133
The gastrula has ____ layers
3
134
NK cells kill cancerous or infected cells by \_\_\_\_\_
directly contacting the target cells and causing them to undergo apoptosis.
135
The action potentials that spread throughout the heart to trigger its rhythmic contractions are called \_\_\_\_
pacemaker potentials
136
Name the digestive function of the gallbladder:
There is none
137
List the stages of labor in order
Dilation Expulsion Placental
138
\_\_\_\_\_ is also called antibody mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
139
In fetal circulation, once the blood has entered the heart, since pulmonary circulation isn't necessary beyond lung growth, blood is shunted from the right ventricle to the aortic arch via the \_\_\_\_
ductus arteriosus
140
Houses vocal chords
Larynx
142
hCG also helps form \_\_\_\_
the placenta
143
The special cells that form the visceral layer of the filtration membrane, whose processes regulate what passes through the fenestrated capillary membranes are called \_\_\_
podocytes
143
List the 4 steps of urine formation.
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Water & salt reabsorption
Tubular secreteion
143
Embryonic cells of the blastocyst migrate and transform into a \_\_\_\_\_
gastrula
145
Salt and water balance in the ECF is maintained by the hormones \_\_\_\_
ADH & aldosterone
147
The two main regions of the kidneys are ___ & \_\_\_
cortex & medulla
148
The anterior pituitary gland listens to the _____ to secrete hormones
hypothalamus
149
Surface barriers protect the body from pathogens by \_\_\_\_\_
acting as physical barriers as well as producing chemicals
151
hCG is \_\_\_
a pregnancy maintaining hormone
152
Name the structure that has these functions:
* Provides airway for respiration
* Moistens & warms entering air
* Filters & cleans filtered air
* Resonating chamber for speech
* Houses olfactory receptors
Nose/nasal cavity
154
List the sequence of events that take place during inspiration.
Respiratory muscles contract to increase thoracic volume Increased volume leads to decreased pressure Air flows into the lungs
155
In the _____ T cell antigens receptors bind to antigen-MHC complexes
Cellular immune response
156
What factors affect breathing rate and depth?
Changing levels of CO2, O2 and H+ in arterial blood
158
Sperm is sent through the vas deferens to the \_\_\_
urethra
160
\_\_\_\_ are responsible for eliciting the humoral immune response
B cells
161
The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes
3, 2
163
Since these RBC antigens promote agglutination, they are more specifically called \_\_\_\_
agglutinogens
165
Organogenesis is \_\_\_\_
the differentiation of the gastrula into organs & tissues
167
Hyperpolarization at the end of an action potential both closes ____ channels and opens ____ channels.
K+ and slow Na+ channels
168
List the functions of the nasal cavity/nose
* Provides airway for respiration
* Moistens & warms entering air
* Filters & cleans filtered air
* Resonating chamber for speech
* Houses olfactory receptors
170
Cellular immunity, or cell-mediated immunity, is provided by \_\_\_\_\_
living cells which defend the body
171
Name the distinct phases of the gestational period
embryonic, fetal
172
The lymphatic system consists of \_\_\_\_\_
Lymphatic vessels Lymph Lymph nodes
174
\_\_\_ inhibits aldosterone
ANP
175
The presence of neither A nor B agglutinogens results in which blood type?
Type O
177
GFR stands for \_\_\_
Glomerular filtration rate
178
The most voracious phagocytes are the \_\_\_\_\_
macrophages
179
Urine is sent from the DCT to the \_\_\_
collecting duct
180
T cells mature in the \_\_\_\_
Thymus
181
Sperm travel from the epididymis to the \_\_\_
vas deferens
182
What forces move O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes?
* Partial pressure gradient & solubility
* Ventilation-perfusion coupling
* Respiratory Membrane structure
183
\_\_\_\_ is the formation of tissues prenatally
Gastrulation
184
En electrocardiogram (ECG) is a \_\_\_\_
graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart
186
External respiration is an exchange of O2 and CO2 between the ____ and \_\_\_\_
lungs and blood
187
The ____ functions to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
larynx
188
The 3 functions of the larynx are \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, & \_\_\_\_
air passageway, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract, and voice production
189
The \_\_\_\_\_ gland is situated in the sella turcica
pituitary
190
What is the function of leukocytes?
Protecting the body from invaders and warding off infection
192
The function of the vagina:
conveying uterine secretions; receiving erect penis during intercourse; birth canal
193
During placentation, the ___ is eroded as the amniotic space is formed
endometrium
194
The ____ period is the period of development form fertilization to birth
prenatal
195
Trace the pathway of the air through the respiratory tract
1. Nose
2. Nasal cavity
3. Nsopharynx
4. oropharynx
5. laryngopharynx
6. Larynx
7. Trachea
8. Bronchial Tree
9. Lungs
196
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH all regulate the function of the \_\_\_\_ gland
Thyroid
197
In ____ blood diffuses from blood to tissue cells and CO2 from tissue cells to blood.
Internal respiration
198
Name the digestive function of the large intestine
Reabsorbing water and electrolytes from chyme Forming & storing feces
200
The mesoderm of the gastrula differentiates to form the \_\_\_
digestive & respiratory mucosa and epithelia of internal organs
201
Vasoconstriction is directly triggered by the hormone \_\_\_\_
Angiotensin II
201
\_\_\_ means breaking down food by chewing
Mastication
202
When do reticulocytes usually become fully mature erythrocytes?
Within 2 days of being released into the blood stream
204
The ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of \_\_\_\_
agglutinogens A and B
205
Blood is filtered in the kidneys by the \_\_\_
glomerulus
206
Name the digestive function of the esophagus
passageway for food and fluids, no digestive role
207
The presence of agglutinogen A results in which blood type?
Type A
208
\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the clinging of phagocytes to the inner walls of capillaries and post-capillary venules.
Margination
209
Define "Hormones".
Chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular matrix
209
After hollowing out and forming a pocket, the morula becomes a \_\_\_
blastocyst
210
ADH is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
hypothalamus
212
The parathyroid gland is stimulated to secrete PTH by the \_\_\_\_\_
Hypothalamus
213
List the major endocrine glands
* Hypothalamus
* Anterior pituitary
* Posterior pituitary
* Thyroid
* Parathyroid
* Adrenal Cortex
* Adrenal Medulla
* Pancreas
214
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively reabsorbs \_\_\_
salt
215
Blood flow is directly proportional to ____ and inversely proportional to \_\_\_\_.
Blood pressure, resistance
216
Substances such as ____ are secreted from blood vessels into the distal convoluted tubule to be mixed and excreted with urine
ammonia, urea, uric acid, excess K+ & H+ ions, and penicillin
217
Fetal development occurs at what point in gestation?
9 weeks to birth
218
Gas exchange in the lungs depends on several factors including:
partial pressure gradients & solubilities, ventilation-perfusion coupling, respiratory membrane structure
218
The outer trophoblast layer of the blastocyst secretes \_\_\_
hCG
219
\_\_\_\_ complete the pathway of the heart's electrical system through the inter ventricular septum.
Purkinje Fibers
221
Blood plasma is \_\_\_\_
a sticky, straw-colored fluid made up of mostly water along with a mixture of both organic and inorganic substances dissolved within it, including proteins and plasma proteins
222
\_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_ regulate blood calcium levels
T3/T4 & PTH
222
During ____ the blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus
implantation
224
Describe the composition of semen
fructose, prostaglandins, sperm, secretions from the prostate
225
The parathyroid gland produces & secretes \_\_\_\_
PTh
227
Pregnancy is defined as \_\_\_
the events that occur from fertilization to birth
228
The placenta is considered the \_\_\_\_\_
site of exchange
229
\_\_\_ forms & stores feces
Large Intestine
230
The hormones LH & FSH are controlled by \_\_\_
GnRH
231
The ___ is the primary site of lipid digestion
Small intestine
232
What is the function of platelets?
forming clots to seal small tears in blood vessels walls
232
Sperm is produced by the \_\_\_
testes
234
The Ectoderm of the gastrula differentiates to form the \_\_\_\_
nervous system, and skin, hair, and nails
235
By which two means is O2 transported from the lungs to the cells?
Dissolved in plasma and bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin
236
The endocrine system is \_
a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
237
\_\_\_ is the term for the mitosis of the Zygote
cleavage
238
The alarm, or fight-or-flight stage of stress results in the production of what hormone?
epinephrine/norepinephrine
240
After ____ days, the liver breaks down the old, dead RBCs.
100-120
241
GnRH is released by \_\_\_\_
the hypothalamus
242
\_\_\_\_\_ are inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to migrate to the site of injury.
Chemotaxis
243
The ____ wave on an EKG is caused by ventricular depolarization.
T-wave
243
The ___ secretes a highly alkaline fluid that helps regulate pH of the male reproductive system
seminal vesicle
244
Name the digestive function of the small intestine
* Receiving chyme from the stomach to complete it's digestion
* Absorbing products of digestion
* Transporting residues to the large intestine
245
The ____ produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech
nose
246
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis by \_\_\_\_, forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall.
Aggregating.
247
After mastication is complete, ___ takes place.
deglutition
249
The lease prevalent blood type with both antigens is \_\_\_\_
Type AB
251
Two functions of Lymph nodes are \_\_\_\_\_
Lymph filtration and immune system activation
252
The initial introduction of an antigen triggers the _____ response
primary humoral immune
253
Name the digestive function of the mouth
receiving and digesting food both mechanically and chemically
254
Female hormones that have an inhibitory effect:
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
255
Name the function of pancreatic amylase
breaking down carbs into disaccharides
256
The innate defenses make up the \_\_\_\_
general defense system
257
Trace the pathway of a sperm from the testes to the penile urethra
* Testes
* Epididymis
* Vas Deferens
* Ejaculatory duct
* Prostatic Urethra
* Membranous Urethra
* Penile Urethra
259
Plasma makes up \_\_\_\_% of whole blood
55%
260
What organs make up the upper respiratory tract?
* Nose
* nasal cavity
* sinuses
* pharynx
* larynx
* trachea
261
How does the hormone hCG effectively "pause" the menstrual cycle in order to prevent the loss of the embryo during the 1st trimester?
by inhibiting the anterior pituitary gland from secreting FSH & LH
262
During hemostasis, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and ____ occur is rapid succession.
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
264
\_\_\_\_ is the enzyme released by the kidneys that results in the formation of Angiotensin II
Renin
265
\_\_\_ is stored in the gallbladder
Bile
267
Mucous membranes and skin secrete small amounts of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides called \_\_\_\_\_
defensins
268
The posterior pituitary gland secretes \_\_\_\_\_ which are received ready-made by the hypothalamus
neurohormones
270
Name the enzymes secreted by the pancreas
pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and nuclease
271
List the sequence of events that take place during expiration.
Respiratory muscles relax to decrease thoracic volume Decreased volume leads to increased pressure Air flows out of the lungs
272
Tubular secretion takes place in the \_\_\_
distal convoluted tubule
273
The function of the Fallopian tubes:
site of fertilization; transports oocytes to the uterus
275
How is CO2 transported in blood?
Dissolved in plasma, Chemically bound to the glob in of the hemoglobin in RBCs, and as bicarbonate ions in plasma
277
The \_\_\_\_\_ is activated when a person is reintroduced to a pathogen after surviving initial exposure
secondary humoral immune response
279
Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug formation with ____ that act as a "molecular glue" for the aggregated cells.
Fibrin threads
281
The _____ is the maturation site of lymphocytes
Thymus
282
The ____ wave results from movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria
P-wave
283
The function of the urethra is \_\_\_
carrying urine from the bladder to the body exterior
284
The ____ sets the pace for the heart.
SA node
285
ACTH controls the _____ of the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
286
The placenta secretes \_\_\_\_\_
pregnancy-maintaining hormones
287
GnRH controls the release of what two hormones?
FSH & LH
289
What percentage of CO2 is carried in blood as bicarbonate ions?
70%
291
The O blood group has which agglutinogens?
Neither
293
List the 3 layers of the gastrula:
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
294
What are the primary organs of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
295
Once a basophilic erythroblast synthesizes enough hemoglobin and accumulates enough iron, it transforms into a ____ and then a \_\_\_\_
Polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast
296
In fetal circulation, once the blood has entered the heart, since pulmonary circulation isn't necessary beyond lung growth, blood is shunted from the right ventricle to the left ventricle via the \_\_\_\_
foramen ovale
297
The primary mechanism of enzymatic matabolism is \_\_\_
Hydrolysis
299
The long cardiac refractory period normally prevents \_\_\_\_
tetanic contractions
300
In small doses, estrogen has what kind of effect?
inhibitory
302
In fetal circulation, from the ductus venosus, blood travels to the \_\_\_
inferior vena cava
303
The ____ of the blastocyst forms the body of the baby
inner cell mass
304
Despite the low pressure gradient of CO2, there is an equal rate of exchange in the respiratory gases due to \_\_\_
the high solubility of CO2
306
Oxytocin is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
hypothalamus
307
The spaces between the foot processes of podocytes are called \_\_\_
filtration slits
309
What factors affect the release of O2 to cells?
Low PO2 (partial pressure gradients) in tissue cells and high PO2 in blood
311
The measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes throughout the vessels is \_\_\_\_
resistance
312
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
314
The ANS reduces blood pressure by altering \_\_\_\_
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
315
\_\_\_\_ is the birth process
parturition
316
The Theca Folliculi secretes what hormones?
estrogen & inhibin
317
Name the digestive function of the liver
metabolizing carbs, lipids, and proteins
storing glycogen
filtering blood
removing toxins
Secreting bile
318
List two functions of progesterone
Maintaining uterus lining & inhibiting LH & FSH
319
The ____ on an EKG is the period from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization.
Q-T interval
320
The ___ is the maturation site of sperm
epididymis
321
\_\_\_ from chief cells and ___ from parietal cells in the stomach react to form \_\_\_
Pepsinogen, HCl; pepsin
322
\_\_\_\_\_ is a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
Th endocrine system
323
The sensation of pain in the inflammatory response is due to _____ as a result of \_\_\_\_\_
the pressing of nerve endings, swelling
324
The ___ is the major source of fat-digesting enzymes, called **lipases**
pancreas
325
The \_\_\_\_ is located inferior to the larynx on the anterior neck
Thyroid
326
During periods of stress, the adrenal gland releases ____ and \_\_\_\_
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
327
After birth, the umbilical blood vessels turns into the \_\_\_\_
umbilical ligament
328
In the ____ renal mechanism, the kidneys do the actual work for regulation of ____ .
Direct, blood volume
329
ADH accomplishes water retention by \_\_\_
increasing the number of aquaporins
331
The general functions of blood include \_\_\_\_
protection, transport, regulation, and distribution
332
The respiratory zone is composed of the \_\_\_\_
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
333
Describe the function of nuclease
Breaking nucleic acids into nucleotides
334
External Respiration occurs in the \_\_\_\_
lungs
335
\_\_\_ and ___ of the trophoblast layer intertwine to form the umbilical chord during placentation
Blood vessels & villi
336
Why is the respiratory membrane ideal for gas exchange?
It is thin and highly permeable, and has a high surface area
337
The mucosa of the stomach contains what special structures? Name the cells associated with these structures.
Gastric pits. Cells of the gastric pits include mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells
338
Transport of respiratory gases is achieved by the \_\_\_\_
cardiovascular system
340
\_\_\_\_\_ come into direct contact with target cells and induce them to undergo apoptosis
Natural Killer cells
341
Inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells in the stomach
Pepsinogen
342
After birth, the foramen ovale seals to form the \_\_\_\_
fossa ovalis
344
after the first trimester, ____ maintains the uterine wall, suppresses it's contractions, enlarges the vagina, stimulates breast development and prepares the mammary glands for milk secretion
placental progesterone
345
\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ are directly involved in the production and ejection of milk
OT and PRL
346
The ____ alters blood volume independently of hormones.
Direct renal mechanism
347
The anterior pituitary gland secretes what hormones?
Growth hormone (GH), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
348
The function of the Urinary bladder is \_\_\_
to serve as a temporary storage reservoir for urine
349
The ___ is the final portion of the male duct system
urethra
350
Diapedesis occurs in response to \_\_\_\_\_
continued chemical signaling from CAMs
351
Aldosterone is secreted by the \_\_\_\_
adrenal cortex
352
What are the body's adaptive defenses against disease?
Humoral & Cellular immunity
353
The product of parietal cells in the stomach that makes the stomach juices extremely acidic:
HCl (hydrochloric acid)
354
The function of the uterus:
receiving & sustaining development of developing embryo
355
List the function of the ovaries
forming oocytes & female sex hormones
356
These cells can initiate not only their own depolarization, but that of the rest of the heart as well.
autorhythmic cells
357
Depending on which group of agglutinogens a person inherits, their blood type will be either \_\_\_\_
A, B, AB, or O
358
The paranasal sinuses have the same functions as the nose except they lack receptors for smell, and they help to \_\_\_\_
lighten the skull
359
List the 4 stages of fertilization:
sperm transport
acrosomal reaction & sperm penetration
blocking of polyspermy
completion of Meiosis II
360
The function of the urethra is \_\_\_
carrying urine from the bladder to the body exterior
361
In large amounts, estrogen has what kind of effect?
stimulatory
362
Water and dissolved minerals filtered out of the glomerulus are captured by the \_\_\_
Bowman's capsule
363
What is the function of the testes?
To produce sperm and male hormones
364
In response to \_\_\_\_, the testes secrete testosterone at puberty
LH
365
Any reintroduction of an antigen to the body after the primary immune response has taken place, results in the \_\_\_\_\_
secondary humoral immune response
366
Tubular reabsorption takes place in the \_\_\_
proximal convoluted tubule
367
The ____ also functions to help expose the immune system to inhaled antigens
pharynx
368
Gestational period is considered to be approximately how long?
280 days or 40 weeks
369
Function of Prostate Gland secretions:
neutralizing seminal fluid and the vagina
370
The presence of agglutinogen B results in ____ blood.
Type B
371
Long-term BP regulation is achieved by the kidneys altering ____ over time.
Blood volume
372
The mucosa of the small intestine have two distinct structures on them, what are they?
Villi & intestinal crypts
373
The \_\_\_functions to reabsorb water and electrolytes
Large intestine
374
PRL stimulates and sustains \_\_\_\_\_
milk production
375
Salt is actively reabsorbed by the \_\_\_
ascending limb of the loop of Henle
376
Cardiac muscle cells that are self-excitable are called \_\_\_\_
Autorhythmic cells
377
Paired composite organs that flank the mediastinum in the thorax
lungs
