Final Exam

Question 1

Positive Schizo symptoms are:

Answer 1

Hallucinations, delusions, irrational thinking

Question 2

Negative Schizo symptoms are:

Answer 2

Lack of emotions

social withdraw

Question 3

Anti-Psychotic drugs that work: (Schizo etc.)

Answer 3

Dopamine D2 antagonist (reduces delusions)

Question 4

Depolarization Blockade

Answer 4

Chronic use of an anti-psychotic begins blocking the amount of dopamine allowed in the synapse (VTA allows this to happen and doesn’t fight back)

Question 5

Super-chronic use of anti-psychotics leads to:

Answer 5

Tardive Dyskinesia

Question 6

Acute and chronic use of anti-psychotics leads to:

Answer 6

EPS (parkinsons-like involuntary movements)

Question 7

Typical Anti-psychotic drugs:

Answer 7

• Haldol

- Thorezine

Question 8

Atypical anti-psychotic drugs:

Answer 8

• Clorazil

- 5HT2A antagonist

Question 9

Nucleus Accumbens brain damage causes by Pyschosis:

Answer 9

• Holes in Thalamus
• Hippocampal cell disorientation
• Less activity in prefrontal cortex
• Larger amygdala

Question 10

Affect =

Answer 10

mood

Question 11

Bipolar medications

Answer 11

Mood Stabilizers

• Lithium
• Lamotragine

Question 12

Lithium side-effects

Answer 12

• Nausea
• Sweating
• Thyroid, liver, kidneys
• vision

lots of sides

Question 13

Lamotragine/Lamictal

Answer 13

Anticonvulsants used for Bipolar … not so dangerous

Question 14

Risk of getting depression (genetics)

Answer 14

50% genetic, nature + nurture

- stress causes depression

Question 15

What do MAOIs do?

Answer 15

• Inhibit metabolism of enzyme monoamine oxidase

- Increases Dopamine, Norepinephrine, 5HT, tyramine

Question 16

What negative thing do MAOIs raise?

Answer 16

Tyramine

Question 17

Tricyclics raise:

Answer 17

NE, 5HT (Imipramine) - RI

NE (Desimipramine) -NSRI

Question 18

Wellbutrin

Answer 18

RI for:

• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine

Question 19

Common mechanism of all anti-depressants:

Answer 19

Increase one or more monoamines (DE, 5HT, NE)

Question 20

Most effective treatment for depression:

Answer 20

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

Question 21

How many people improve from antidepressants?

Answer 21

1/3 from drug

1/3 from placebo (nearly 70%)

Question 22

Delayed Therapeutic Effects of SSRIs (acute and chronic)

Answer 22

acute: Raphe shuts off - lowers serotonin in cortex
chronic: Raphe turns back on - increase in 5HT

Question 23

Small doses of Ketamine can:

Answer 23

Help depression by increasing spinal dendrites in hippocampus

Question 24

BDNF

Answer 24

Brain derived neurotrophic factor

• Antidepressants seem to increase it, new drugs trying to target it

Question 25

5 drugs that work as GABAa Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMS)

Answer 25

1) Anxiolytics (anxiety) 2) Sedative Hypnotics (sleepiness) 3) Anticonvulsants (seizures) 4) General Anesthetic (unconsciousness - vapor or IV) 5) Alcohol (anxiety)

Question 26

GABA vs. Glutmate

Answer 26

- GABA creates Influx of chloride ions | - Glutamate creates influx of sodium ions

Question 27

What can be used as ant-seizure medication?

Answer 27

Any GABAergic drug

Question 28

PAM =

Answer 28

Positive Allosteric Modulator | - has additive effects because

Question 29

BAC vs. BAL

Answer 29

.08 gram-percent | 80 mg percent

Question 30

Alcohol Metabolism

Answer 30

Alcohol --> Acetaldehyde --> acetic acid

Question 31

Acamprosite

Answer 31

Blocks Glutamate (sort of a GABA antagonist)

Question 32

Disulfiram (antabuse)

Answer 32

Enzyme inhibitor used for alcoholism

Question 33

Issue with Ketamine?

Answer 33

Great onset, poor duration

Question 34

Barbituates are dangerous because of?

Answer 34

Low TI

Question 35

Fermentation vs. Distillation

Answer 35

10-15% naturally - yeast and sugar Takes fermented liquor and vaporizes it creating higher alcohol content

Question 36

Alcohol genetics

Answer 36

- Asians get flushing | - American Indians process alcohol better and can drink more

Question 37

LSD

Answer 37

Stimulates 5HT2A receptor | - same with mescaline, psilocybin, morning glory seeds

Question 38

Potency | LSD vs. Molly vs. Amphetamine

Answer 38

100 micrograms 100 mg 5 mg

Question 39

MDMA in humans vs. rats

Answer 39

No brain damage vs. Burns holes in brain-stem (lose 5% of rap he

Question 40

How Cannabis works

Answer 40

- Retrograde transmission - Cannabinoids receives message and moves - Exogenous CB1 direct agonist

Question 41

Benefits of Medical Marijuana

Answer 41

- Glaucoma - Ant-emetic - MS - Pain

Question 42

Cons of Medical Marijuana

Answer 42

Cancer, heart disease, lung problems, GI issues | - Delayed discount (choosing quick rewards over bigger ones later)

Question 43

Rimonibant

Answer 43

``` CB1 antagonist (diet pill) - Caused suicidal thoughts ```