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Final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What age does your brain stop maturing

A

25 years

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2
Q

Effects of Ethanol

A

teens who drank a lot had a smaller prefrontal cortex. (part for judgement and planning- critical thinking)
Permanent damage

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3
Q

What is evolution

A

“Descent with modification”
Change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
A pattern and a process

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4
Q

Patterns in nature

A

Organisms seem to “fit” their environment

Groups nested within groups

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5
Q

Competition

A

(-,-) interaction
Intraspecific
Individuals within a species compete for limiting resources
Interspecific
Individuals of different species compete for limiting resources

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6
Q

Predation

A

(+,-) interaction
one organism feeds on another
Animals on each other, animals on plants (herbivory), exploiters of others
Parasitism (kinda but not really)

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7
Q

Parasitism

A

(+,-) interaction

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8
Q

Mutualism

A

(+,+) interaction

-both participating species benefit

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9
Q

Antagonistic interactions

A 
Can regulate population sizes
Usually increase in severity with N
Density dependent
(increased N influences b and d)
(therefore influences robserved)
(recall logistic growth)
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10
Q

Intraspecific

A

Within species

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11
Q

Interspecific

A

Among species (different ones)

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12
Q

niche

A

an n-dimensional description of resources, habitat, and “lifestyle” of a species

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13
Q

Fundamental niche

A

niche a species could potentially occupy in the absence of competition

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14
Q

Realized niche

A

Niche a species actually does occupy with competition

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15
Q

Interspecific competition

A

species that use the same resources can affect each other’s growth, survival, and reproduction

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16
Q

Exploitation

A

Differential abilities to use or extract the resource

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17
Q

Interference

A

One organism directly affects the ability of another organism to obtain resources

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18
Q

Logistic population growth

Density dependence

A

Growth rate is a function of population size

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19
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

Interspecific competition leads to a decrease in each species’ K (population size) (potentially to 0)
Two species occupying exactly the same niche can not coexist
They will differ in their competitive ability
One will eventually exclude the other (Competitive exclusion)

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20
Q

Competitve exclusion

A

Two species with identical niches can not coexist

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21
Q

Coexistence

A 
Use of resources (niche) different 
Realized niches
Resource partitioning 
Heterogeneity of habitat important (implications for monoculture, forest management, conservation)
Biodiversity
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22
Q

Niche differentiation and character displacement

A

Natural selection on variation in niche range, leading to diversification
Linking ecology and evolution
An evolutionary response to competition

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23
Q

Why is predation important?

A

Can influence population size and distribution of prey,
can influence community organization,
is an important force of natural selection,
can generate co-evolutionary responses

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24
Q

Adaptations of predators

A

detection- vision, hearing, electroreception
Capture- claws, jaws, webs, venom
Processing- jaws, digestive enzymes (some in venom)

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25
Adaptations of Prey
``` speed Crypsis, warning coloration Chemicals- distasteful, poisonous, or as venom Satiation, high rmax Mimicry Protection- shells, spines etc. ```
26
Compensatory mortality
total survival remains constant until it hits a certain mortality
27
Additive mortality
Steady decline in survival
28
Pleistocene overkill hypothesis
when ancestors of the native americans entered North America, the species they encountered had no experience with humans so the humans hunted them and became big game hunters (mammoths, giant bison, ground sloths, and other species) and they hunted the species to extinction which indirectly caused the extinction of many smaller species because of ecological disruption 1. extinctions were sudden 2. extinctions followed the spread of humans 3. large mammals were decimated, reflecting human hunters' selection 4. Large mammals survived in Africa, where humans and megafauna had co-evolved. Therefore, African mammals knew humans as dangerous, and had evolved antipredator behaviors against them. 5. Extinctions occurred without the appearance of new species immigrating from elsewhere. Thus the end-pleistocene extinction of North American mammals was not the result of competition by exotic species coming over the Bering land bridge 6. Kill sites testify to the slaughter of large mammals
29
Role of climate in extinction
Human predation and climate may both have played roles in the extinction of 110 genera of megafauna across Australia, Eurasia, New Zealand, North America, and South America
30
Refugia
predators drive prey to very low abundance, then die out
31
Predator/prey coexistence
habitat heterogeneity Refugia Prey switching- predators switch to other prey when prey abundance is low
32
Predator effect could be minor if...
predator densities are low Predators mainly take prey destined to die without reproducing anyway Harvesting the doomed. Limiting resources for prey mean they will die anyway
33
Plants are not passive
``` Physical defense -spines, fibers, stings, Chemical defense- secondary compound -tannins, reduce digestibility of leaf -nicotine, caffeine, opium, strychnine, digitalis (distasteful or poisonous) -spices (chilies) ```
34
Constitutive defenses
always present
35
Induced defenses
in response to attack
36
Herbivores in response to plants
may develop tolerance to the plant defense and actually specialize of the plant -Some even store toxic plant compounds for their own defense
37
the red queen hypothesis
Arms race
38
Avoiding detection
camouflage, suddenly flash bright colors or eyespots to startle predators, deceptive patterns and coloration.
39
Aposematic coloration
warning about prey defense to potential predators
40
Mimicry
Similarity in "appearance" between two species arising by natural selection - could involve multiple sensory systems - implies a benefit to one or both species ex. aposematic coloration
41
Batesian Mimicry
A harmless, tasty species (the mimic) evolves similarity to a harmful or unpalatable species (the model)
42
Mullerian mimicry
Distasteful or harmful species evolve to resemble each other
43
Parasitism
``` (+,-) -parasite benefits at host's expense Parasites -depend on host to complete life cycle, often have complex life cycles, and often are specialized to one or a few hosts -Parasites have intermediate hosts ```
44
Parasitism- red queen
example of red queen - parasites evolve towards exploiting host - host evolves defense against parasites
45
Parasite Transmission
Direct: Host to host - relies on one host to carry the parasite to a new host Indirect: Host to intermediate to host - an intermediate stage of the life cycle that facilitates reproduction and transmission
46
Parasite challenges and adaptations
Challenge: immune response Adaptation: surface proteins with high mutation rates to mimic host or to evade immune response -Hooks, etc. to maintain hold with minimum contact area Challenge: Finding a new host Adaptations: production of huge numbers of offspring -facilitated by complex life cycles -each new stage is an opportunity for more bouts of reproduction- often asexual -use of intermediate host to facilitate transmission
47
Parasite challenges and adaptations cont.
Challenge: Finding a new host Adaptations: modification of intermediate or final host behavior to enhance transmission
48
Islands and Equilibrium: Immigration
Decreases as species number increases - Higher on large islands than on small islands because island is easier to find - HIgher on islands near shore
49
Islands and Equilibrium: Extinction
Increases as species number increases - Lower on large islands than on small islands - more habitat variety, protection etc. - Unaffected by proximity to mainland
50
Equilibrium on islands
Large islands have a higher equilibrium number of species -Nearshore islands have a higher equilibrium number of species (evidence: Simberloff and Wilson- Island fogging)
51
'enemy release' hypothesis
species, on introduction to an exotic region experience a decrease in regulation by herbivores and other natural enemies, and release from competitors, resulting in a rapid increase in distribution and abundance
52
umwelt
a description of the sensory world of the organism
53
Genetic basis for behavior
behavior depends to varying degrees on genes and environment- Norm of Reaction (the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of experiments) -Vp = Vg + Ve
54
Sensory systems and the umwelt
behavior is influenced by sensory systems
55
Fixed action patterns
``` little variation species-specific continues to completion Triggered by a sign stimulus (releaser) -presence of predator, competitor, potential mate, color, etc. "Hardwired" ```
56
Conditional strategies
More complicated and flexible
57
Emphasizing innate behaviors
relatively large Vg makes sense when - mistakes are likely to be costly (learning expensive) - few opportunities to learn (little parental care) - benefit of learning ability is small compared to the cost of the required computing power (brain)
58
Imprinting
Irreversible, learned response
59
Communication
An example of social behavior of another by sending a signal (modes vary)
60
The waggle dance
length/orientation of waggle indicates location of food source relative to sun
61
Community
physically defined: group of species found in a particular area or habitat -Define by interactions :group of species that interact in a particular place and time : Physically/Interactively "A group of populations of different species living close enough to interact"
62
Species diversity
species richness | Evenness
63
Species Richness
Number of species comprising a community
64
Evenness
The relative abundance of species in a community
65
Species composition
"Types" of species in a community
66
Biotic factors
Niche differentiation and character displacement can increase species richness - Species packing - succession can alter community structure - Predation, can increase species richness - Mutualism and/or facilitation
67
Abiotic factors
``` Environmental gradients (water, nutrients, light, temeprature) -disturbance : can reduce dominance : can favor different life history characteristics ```
68
Intermediate Disturbance hypothesis
disturbance is a regular event in many communities, not an anomaly
69
Primary succession
Starts with bare rock, no soil and then things start to grow - Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis (autotrophs) - Production of organic compounds from atmospheric or aquatic carbon dioxide
70
Secondary succession
Starting with soil, seed band (after fire or natural disaster) - the heterotrophic equivalent of net primary production by autotrophs - The formation of living mass of heterotrophs
71
Revenue
gross profit minus overhead cost = net profit
72
More NPP
detrital food chain
73
Individualistic hypothesis
emphasizes abiotic factors - Gleason (et al.) communities are composed of species that assemble along the same combinations of abiotic gradients - Redundancy
74
Interactive hypothesis
Biotic- Emphasizes biotic factors -Clements (et al.) communities are tightly interacting groups of species. A super-organism -Rivet idea
75
What's more important- Biotic or Abiotic?
Generally better support for abiotic - communities often are not stable, highly predictable, or highly interdependent - disturbance is a regular and important feature of many communities - Succession not always predictable
76
Latitude and Species richness
species richness increases as you move from the poles to the equator
77
Latitude and species richness: heterogeneity
tropical habitats are more divers than habitats at higher latitudes (= more niches) -more opportunities for specialization
78
Latitude and species richness: productivity
more sun, higher productivity means more energy | -more opportunity to specialize and still get enough energy. Reduced extinction
79
Species diversity
High diversity in communities is associated with -higher productivity (resources more fully used) -greater resistance to disturbance (lower declines in biomass following drought) -greater resilience (biomass recovered more quickly)

BSCI106 (3 decks)

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