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Endocrinology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculate
Zona Reticularis

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1
Q

Who created a model for “stress adaptation”?

A

Han Selye

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2
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Aldosterone- a mineralocorticoid responsible for long term BP

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3
Q

What is the functions of Aldosterone?

A

renal reabsorption of sodium and excretion of hydrogen and potassium ions

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4
Q

What does control of secretion for aldosterone?

A

ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone- or corticotropin released by the anterior pituitary
Angiotensin II - most powerful- causes vasoconstriction and subsequent increase in BP

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5
Q

What is the function of the Zona Fasciculate?

A

Primary- metabolism of glucose

secondary- increase metabolism

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6
Q

What is produced in the Zona Reticularis?

A

Androstenedione- precursor to testosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

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7
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A

Secretes catecholamines (Epinephrine/adrenaline and Norepinephrine/noradrenaline)

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8
Q

What is the chemical class for epinephrine & norepinephrine?

A

mono-amino-acid derivatives

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9
Q

What is the control of secretion for epinephrine & norepinephrine?

A

ACTH, STH, T4, Blood glucose, Blood pressure

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10
Q

What adrenal disorder is derived from hyposecretion of the adrenal gland?
Hypersecretion?

A

Addison’s disease

Cushing’s disease

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11
Q

What is the cause of Addison’s disease?

A

too little Cortisol and Aldosterone

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12
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

weight loss, decreased appetite, hyperpigmentation, salt craving, muscle or joint pain, body hair loss or sexual dysfunction

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13
Q

Signs of Addison’s disease

A

darkening areas of skin

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14
Q

What is the function of androgens?

A

libido and a sense of well being in both males and females

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15
Q

What is the cause of Addison’s disease (primary and secondary)?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency- adrenal cortex is damaged

Secondary adrenal insufficiency- pituitary gland diseased. Corticosteroids used for treatment (tx)- Asthma

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16
Q

What is the cause of Cushing’s disease?

A

too much cortisol

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17
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s disease

A

thinning of skin, bruising, high BP, puffy face- moon face, buffalo hump (back of neck/shoulders), face puffy and rounded

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18
Q

what is the function of the kidneys?

A

regulates BP (maintain sodium and water)
controls thirst
produce 1,25 dyhydroxyvitamin D3, Erythropoietin, Renin

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19
Q

How is thirst controlled?

A

receptor cells in hypothalamus activate when hypertonic conditions and secrete hormones
blood volume increases pressure in atria activating stretch receptors

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20
Q

What hormones control renal function?

A

ADH, Renin-Angiotensin, Parathyroid Hormone, Aldosterone

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21
Q

Function of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

control blood pressure/ blood volume

reabsorption of water directly from renal tubules by acting on epithelial cells of distal renal tubule

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22
Q

Another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

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23
Q

Purpose of ADH?

A

Limits water lost in urine by reabsorbing to plasma thus increasing sodium/water concentration in urine

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24
Where is aldosterone made?
adrenal gland- zona glomerulosa | it is a mineralocorticoid
25
What is the most abundant hormone from the zona glomerulosa?
aldosterone
26
What is the function of aldosterone?
sodium and water reabsorption
27
What causes an increase is secretion of aldosterone?
blood potassium levels increase
28
What will an increase in sodium reabsorption cause?
an increase of fluid in the blood
29
What is the acronym for Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
RAAS
30
What does RAAS regulate?
BP (brings up to normal) and fluid balance | Increase filtration of the glomerular system
31
What does RAAS stimulate?
norepinephrine
32
What will stimulate the release of renin?
Loss of blood volume/pressure --stimulate--> macula densa to signal juxtoglomerular cells to release renin
33
What does the macula densa monitor?
sense decrease in BP = decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GRF)
34
What is a function of the macula densa?
osmolarity of plasma
35
Plasma renin (from kidneys) activates what?
conversion of Angiotensin (liver) to Angiotensin I
36
Angiotensin I is converted to what?
Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin Converting Enzymes (ACE) found in LUNGS
37
What does angiotensin II cause?
vasoconstriction | ^^^ leads to release of aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
38
What is the order of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Kidney -> Liver -> Lungs -> Adrenal
39
What is the site of synthesis of the Parathyroid hormone?
the parathyroid glands
40
What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
regulate calcium and phosphate
41
What is the site of synthesis of the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
atria of the heart
42
What is the chemical class of ANP?
PPP
43
What is the function of Atrial Natriuretic peptide?
stimulates renal excretion of sodium (decrease angiotensin II and aldosterone)
44
What is the control of secretion of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?
BP, Blood Volume, Plasma Concentration
45
When is ANP released?
when atria expand when increased blood pressure
46
What causes central diabetes insipidus?
decreased output of ADH
47
What will be increased with Central Diabetes Insipidus?
excessive urine output & thirst
48
Physical characteristics of Central Diabetes Insipidus
polyuria (frequency), dilute urine, hypotension (decrease plasma volume), increased plasma concentration
49
Compensations for central diabetes insipidus
increased aldosterone secretion, increased renal reabsorption of sodium, excretion of hydrogen and potassium
50
Cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
abnormalities in the kidneys Lithium High levels of calcium or low potassium can block ADH
51
What happens in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
decreased sensitivity to ADH which causes an increase in ADH secretion kidneys fail to respond to ADH and therefore cannot concentrate urine
52
Is the pituitary gland still releasing ADH?
Yes but the kidneys do not respond to the signal
53
What is syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
excessive release of ADH | Fluid overload in patients- strokes, head trauma, brain tumors
54
Hormones associated with the pancreas
insulin | glucagon
55
Where is Insulin made? Chemical class? | What is it's function?
Beta cells- Islets of Langerhans PPP Decrease blood glucose
56
Where is glucagon made? | Function?
alpha cells- islets of Langerhans Primary- increase blood glucose Secondary- decrease plasma calcium
57
What is Type 1 Diabetes? | What happens?
Insulin Dependent | Antibodies attack pancreas (beta cells)
58
What is type II diabetes? | What happens?
Non-Insulin dependent | Body lacks sensitivity to insulin
59
Diabetes complications
Coronary heart disease, diabetic retinopothy, retinal detachment, cataracts & glaucoma, kidney damage, nerve damage
60
Another name for Leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
gonadotropin
61
General function of LH and FSH?
stimulate gonads | essential for reproduction
62
Function of LH?
secretes sex steroids, testes- testosterone, ovaries - - estrogen by granulosa cells
63
Function of FSH?
stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles (female), sperm cell (male)
64
Increase in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) will cause...
increase in LH = increase in sex steroids
65
Low FSH in males can cause?
erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, infertility, low energy
66
High FSH can cause?
headaches, hormonal deficiencies
67
What is Clomid?
most frequently prescribed fertility drug
68
What happens when taking Clomid?
Increase in GnRH leads to increase in LH & FSH Specifically: 1. hypothalamus release GnRH 2. pituitary increase FSH 3. follicle growth produce estrogen 4. maturing oocyte for ovulation (forced ovulation)
69
Side effects of Clomid?
headache
70
Where is Gastrin released? | Function?
G Cells in Stomach | Increase gastric acid secretion
71
GI Function of Somatostatin?
reduces gastrin and stomach acid
72
Function of Grehlin?
stimulates appetite
73
Where is Cholecystokinin (CCK) released? | Function?
``` Dudodenum - Jejunum- I Cells reduces appetite (satiety) ```
74
Function of Secretin?
Dilution & neutralization of stomach acid
75
Function of Motilin?
controls peristalsis- movement

Endocrinology (1 decks)

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