Final Exam Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
what is a characteristic of “fast twitch fibers”
A
burst of power
2
Q
what is the voltage of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
A
o mV
3
Q
what is the main event that produced rapid of “active” depolarization
A
activation of Na+ channels
4
Q
in the stomach, mast cells secrete histamine, which diffuses through the interstitial fluid and binds histamine receptors on neighboring cells. what mode of intracellular communication is illustrated here
A
paracrine
5
Q
the nicotinic cholinergic receptor is an example of a
A
channel linked receptor
6
Q
what is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain
A
GABA
7
Q
a neurotransmitter that increases cell permeability to Na+ will have which effect on the membrane potential of a neuron at rest
A
depolarization
8
Q
when the skeletal muscle action potential activates the DHP receptors (voltage-sensor of T-tubules), ryanodine channels open up and…
A
release calcium into the cytosol
9
Q
in saltatory conduction the action potential “leaps” down the axon from one ___ to the next ___.
A
node of ranvier
10
Q
The ___ is to the CNS as the Schwann Cell is to the PNS
A
oligodendrocyte
11
Q
in what part of a neuron do transcription and translation occur
A
cell body
12
Q
somatic sensory system transmits signals FROM ___.
somatic motor system transmits signals TO ___.
A
Skin, skeletal muscles, bones;
skeletal muscles ONLY
13
Q
what part of the brain connects with the spinal cord
A
medulla
14
Q
the gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum is called ___
A
cortex
15
Q
Cerebral spinal fluid characteristics
A
circulates through the brain ventricles and spinal cord,
removes wastes from brain tissue,
is the “extracellular fluid” of the CNS
16
Q
Cell places in hypertonic solution of interstitial fluid
A
shrinks
17
Q
Cell places in hypotonic solution of interstitial fluid
A
swells
18
Q
secretion of “sweat” from merocrine sweat glands is accomplished by
A
exocytosis
19
Q
in each pump cycle of the Na+/K+ ATPase…
A
3 Na+ pumped OUT of cell and 2 K+ pumped INTO cells
20
Q
in skeletal muscle cells, the movement of calcium out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) is an example of
A
facilitated diffusion
21
Q
cells that are NOT actively dividing enter which phase of the cell cycle
A
G0
22
Q
hypertrophy is
A
increase in cell size
23
Q
muscle and bones derived from
A
mesoderm
24
Q
glands are specializations of
A
epithelial tissue
25
type of junction allows for cells to share ions and nutrients
gap junction
26
properties of connective tissue
abundant extracellular matrix,
protein fibers,
insulation
27
tendons and ligaments composed of
dense connective tissue
28
hyaline cartilage found
on ends of bones
29
epidermis composed of
stratified squamous epithelium
30
stratum basale of epidermis contains
stem cells
31
control center for thermoregulation in humans
hypothalamus
32
in hot weather, a rise in core body temp results in
vasodilation in the shell
33
medullary cavity of bone contains
red and yellow marrow
34
compact bone characteristics
found on the suraface of bone,
contains osteons,
highly vascularized
35
cartilage growth within the epiphyseal plate is responsible for
bone growth in length
36
when osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity the net product is
bone deposition
37
bone remodeling is accelerated in
osteoporosis
38
spinal nerves emerge from
intervertebral foramina
39
where is the hyoid bone located
just superior to the larynx
40
most of the cheek of the face is formed by this bone
zygomatic
41
acromioclavicular joint is junction between
clavicle and scapula
42
sacral vertebrae found in
pelvic region
43
mobile bone of skull
mandible
44
type of articulation between femur and tibia/fibula
diarthrosis (synovial)
45
hitchhiking involved ___ of thumb at basal (wrist) joint
extension
46
what is the hierarchy of skeletal muscle organization from small to large
microfilaments-microfibrils-microfibers-fascicles-muscle
47
majority of body heat produced by
skeletal muscles
48
trapezius muscle does what
elevates the scapula
49
frontalis muscle does what
flexes the arm at the elbow
50
skeletal muscle relaxation is caused by
active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
51
during skeletal muscle contraction, actin and myosin filaments ___.
slide
52
during skeletal muscle contraction calcium binds to ___.
troponin
53
during skeletal and cardiac muscles, actin and myosin microfilaments are arranged into ___
sarcomeres
54
during smooth muscle contraction, calcium binds to ___.
calmodulin
55
a motor unit is ___.
all of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron
56
muscle cells are called ___.
muscle fibers
57
Hippocrates introduced the concept that disease _____.
has natural causes
58
Hippocrates believed that disease was the result of an imbalance of the 4 ___.
humors
59
shivering to generate heat in a cold room represents which level of regulation
extrinsic
60
sweating while playing a game of frisbee in Saylor Park under the hot sun represents an example of ____.
negative feedback - physiological
61
in homeostatic feedback regulation, the control center is the ___.
central nervous system
62
the swelling that accompanies a mosquito bite is an example of what level or regulation
intrinsic
63
in positive feedback regulation, deviation of a physiological parameter from its acceptable range results in
a response that pushes the parameter further from the acceptable range
64
mediastinum contains which organs
trachea and heart
65
cervix refers to which region of the uterus
neck
66
what structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
67
elbow is ___ to the palm
proximal
68
pericardial cavity is located in the
thorax
69
popliteal artery is located in the
leg
70
in humans, how is glucose stored
glycogen
71
what are 3 body fluid compartments
cytosolic fluid,
interstitial fluid,
plasma
72
chemical reactions in cells are powered by ___
ATP
73
What are 3 cytoskeletal proteins
tubulin,
myosin,
actin
74
ion channels are ___
transmembrane proteins
75
which macromolecule would you NOT expect to find in the plasma membrane
DNA
76
cells that synthesize and secrete a lot of digestive enzymes contain many
ribosomes
77
lysosomes contain ___
enzymes
78
what is a type of post-translational modification
removal of amino acids
79
replication occurs in the ___. post-translational modification occurs in the ___.
nucleus;
| cytoplasm
80
what is the sequence of events in the secretion of insulin from a pancreatic beta cell
```
Transcription,
Splicing,
Translation,
Post-translational modification,
Secretion
```
81
in skeletal muscle contraction, during the power stroke ____
the myosin head pushes the thin filament toward the center of the A-band
82
the summation of EPSPs and IPSPs must reach ____ in order to generate an action potential
threshold
83
gap junctions enable cells to ___
transmit electrical signals
84
in general, neurotransmitters open or close ____
ion channels
85
The visceral sensory system conducts signals from the following organs except: lung, heart, blood vessels, kidney, skin
skin
86
which cranial nerve is important in sending and receiving signals to/from visceral organs
vagus
87
drugs like Viagra and Cialis enhance the vasodilator effects of which neurotransmitter __
Nitric Oxide
88
Someone displaying ataxia likely has a dysfunction of the
cerebellum
89
The pancinian (lamellated) corpuscle is an example of what
mechanoreceptor
90
the distinguishing feature of excitable cells is
ability to generate action potentials
91
in transduction of sensory stimuli
a physical stimulus is converted into a nerve signal
92
information from muscle spindles contributes to the sense of ___
proprioception
93
if the left half of the spinal cord is damaged, what sort of sensory information is lost from areas inferior to the site of the injury
proprioception is on the left side;
| crude touch, pain, and temperature is on the right side
94
triggering the stretch reflex involved ____
muscle spindles, interneurons in the spinal cord, and A-alpha motor neurons
95
the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe is to ___, as the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe is to ___.
somatic MOTOR function;
| somatic SENSORY function
96
a drug that ANTAGONIZES (inhibits) the enzyme acetylcholinesterase will have physiological effect on skeletal muscle ___
promote contraction
97
the axons that are part of the pyramidal system connect ____
cerebral cortex to A-alpha motor neurons
98
Deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia is associated with ___
Parkinson's Disease
99
what part of the brain coordinates movement
cerebellum
100
beta-2 adrenergic receptors are found in which tissue: skeletal muscle, heart, liver, lung, or bone
lung
101
consolidation of memories requires normal function of which CNS region: amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, basal nuclei, occipital lobe
hippocampus
102
if someone has a stroke that damages Broca's area, that person will have difficulty with what activity __
speech
103
understanding visual and spatial relationships especially occurs in the ___
right cerebral lobe
104
what is the name for the set of brain structures that form in the inner border of the cerebrum and which control basic emotions and behaviors
limbic system
105
an excess of this fluid can cause excessive intraocular pressure, which is associated with retinal damage and glaucome
aqueous humor
106
the photoreceptor protein complex in rods is called ___
rhodopsin
107
dilation of the pupil to allow for "far-sighted vision" is stimulated by ___
the sympathetic nervous system
108
how many types of cones are required for full color vision
3
109
the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS of adults is ____
GABA
110
a nerve signal would travel fastest through what type of nerve
myelinated and wide diameter
111
sensory fibers are: Afferent or Efferent
Afferent
112
motor fibers are: Afferent or Efferent
efferent
113
descending tracts of the spinal cord ___
carry motor neuron signals from the brain to the peripheral tissues (Descending = Down)
114
ascending tracts of the spinal cord ___
carry information from the peripheral tissues to the cerebral cortex
115
what is the cranial nerve X
Vagus
116
where is the sciatic nerve emerge from
sacral plexus
117
what is the I, II, III, IV classification scheme used for what type of neurons
sensory
118
what is the ABC classification scheme used for what type of neurons
sensory and motor
119
in the gate theory of pain, the most important "gate" for the transmission of pain signals is located at the synapses between ___ and ____
first and second order neurons in the spinal cord
120
the medial lemniscus is ____
continuation of spinal cord pathways in the brainstem - it carries somatic sensory information from spinal cord to the thalamus
121
a phasic temperature receptor would provide the CNS with information about what: warm temp, cold temp, tissue-damaging temp, changing temp
changing temperatures - phasic = changing
122
coordination of somatic motor activity occurs in the ___
cerebellum
123
in the stretch reflex, the nerve endings that are the stretch detectors are located/associated with
intrafusal (spindle) skeletal muscle fibers
124
the axons that are part of the pyramidal system connect the
cerebral cortex to A-alpha motor neurons
125
fibers of the _____ tracts cross over in the medullary pyramids
lateral corticospinal
126
extrapyramidal pathways of the somatic motor system ___
modulate motor activity without directly innervating motor neurons
127
the major neurotransmitter of the autonomic preganglionic fibers is ____
acetylcholine
128
the major hormone released from the adrenal medulla is
epinephrine
129
receptor type on the heart that mediates increased myocardial contractility
beta-adrenergic
130
what receptor mediates vasoconstriction of vessels supplying the viscera
alpha-adrenergic
131
what feature is common to both the autonomic and somatic motor systems
cholinergic neurons
132
the neural component of vision includes which structure
retina
133
lacrimal glands secrete ___
tears
134
olfaction (smell), one of the "special senses" involves which type of receptors
g-protein linked receptors
135
cranial nerves
```
oh- I olfactory
oh- II optic
oh- III oculomotor
to- IV trochlear
touch- V trigeminal
and- VI abducens
feel- VII facial
virgin- VIII vestibublocochlear
girls- IX glossopharyngeal
vagina- X vagus
and- XI accessory
hymen- XII hypoglossal
```
136
What cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both
some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most
Sensory- I, II,VIII,
Motor- III, IV, VI, XI, XII
Both- V, VII, IX, X
