Unit 4

Question 1

What happens to signals at neuronal pools…DIVERGENCE

Answer 1

SINGLE PRESYNAPTIC neuron may synapse with SEVERAL POSTSYNAPTIC neurons

Question 2

What does Divergence permits

Answer 2

one presynaptic neuron to influence several postsynaptic neurons at the same time

Question 3

What happens to signals at neuronal pools…CONVERGENCE

Answer 3

SEVERAL PRESYNAPTIC neurons synapse with SINGLE POSTSYNAPTIC neurons

Question 4

what does Convergence permit

Answer 4

more effective stimulation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron

Question 5

what happens during a diverging circuit

Answer 5

nerve impulse from single presynaptic stimulation causes stimulation of increasing numbers of cells along the circuit - leads to amplification of signal

Question 6

what is the discharge zone for during a diverging circuit

Answer 6

receives cells stimulated ABOVE threshold and FIRES action potentials

Question 7

what happens in the facilitated zone in a diverging circuit

Answer 7

receives cells stimulated BELOW threshold - its easier for an additional stimulus to cause receiving cells to fire action potentials

Question 8

what are two somatic motor systems

Answer 8

pyramidal,

extrapyramidal

Question 9

what does the pyramidal system do

Answer 9

goes directly to skeletal muscles

Question 10

what is the extrapyramidal pathway referred to as

Answer 10

refinement pathway

Question 11

What are two somatic sensory pathways

Answer 11

dorsal column system,

anterolateral

Question 12

what is the vision pathway

Answer 12

light absorbed by rods –> optic nerve –> thalamus –> occipital lobe

Question 13

in vision, what is the g-protein

Answer 13

transducen

Question 14

in vision, what is the receptor

Answer 14

rhodopsin

Question 15

where does efferent pathways go

Answer 15

CNS to PNS

Question 16

where do afferent pathways go

Answer 16

PNS to CNS

Question 17

How many neurons from PNS to somatic cortex

Answer 17

3

Question 18

how many neurons from pain receptor to thalamus

Answer 18

2

Question 19

how many neuron(s) from thalamus to somatic cortex

Answer 19

1

Question 20

what would be damaged if there was injury to prefrontal lobe

Answer 20

logic and reasoning

Question 21

what would be damaged if there was injury to occipital lobe

Answer 21

vision

Question 22

what would be damaged if there was injury to hippocampus

Answer 22

memory

Question 23

what are the fastest for sensory and motor neurons in the ABC scheme and Roman Scheme (I, II, III, IV)

Answer 23

Fastest to slowest
A>B>C
I>II>III>IV

Question 24

what receptors are sensitive to mechanical stimuli

Answer 24

mechanoreceptors

Question 25

what receptors detect changes in temperature

Answer 25

thermoreceptors

Question 26

what receptors detect chemicals in mouth, nose, and body fluids

Answer 26

chemoreceptors

Question 27

what receptors respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

Answer 27

nociceptors

Question 28

what receptors respond to photoreceptors (light and eyes)

Answer 28

electromagnetic radiation receptors

Question 29

What somatic sensation modality deals with position and movement of self

Answer 29

proprioception

Question 30

what somatic sensation modality deals with skin senses

Answer 30

touch - tactile sensations

Question 31

what structure is used for sensations of pressure and vibration (detects higher frequency vibrations)

Answer 31

lamellated (pacinian corpuscle)

Question 32

What is decreasing response to a stimulus over time

Answer 32

adaptation

Question 33

what adapts rapidly, gives CNS information about changes in stimulus strength

Answer 33

phasic receptors

Question 34

what adapt slowly or maybe not at all and gives the CNS information about stimulus strength

Answer 34

tonic receptors

Question 35

What type of reception is PROPRIOCEPTION: Type I, II, III, IV

Answer 35

I and II

Question 36

What type of reception is TACTILE RECEPTION: Type I, II, III, IV

Answer 36

II and III

Question 37

What type of reception is THERMORECEPTION: Type I, II, III, IV

Answer 37

III and IV

Question 38

What type of reception is PAIN RECEPTION: Type I, II, III, IV

Answer 38

Acute III, | Dull IV

Question 39

what do FIRST order neurons do in the somatic sensory pathway

Answer 39

conduct impulses from somatic receptors into brain stem or spinal cord

Question 40

what do SECOND order neurons do in the somatic sensory pathway

Answer 40

conduct impulses from brain stem and spinal cord to thalamus

Question 41

what do THIRD order neurons do in the somatic sensory pathway

Answer 41

conduct impulses from the thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex on same side

Question 42

What is an example of phantom pain

Answer 42

amputees feel pain in missing limb

Question 43

what is an example of referred pain

Answer 43

heart attack and person feels pain in left arm and shoulder

Question 44

what is the typical pattern of the neural circuit arc

Answer 44

sensory afferents --> integration in CNS --> motor efferents --> effector tissue

Question 45

where does proprioception information go

Answer 45

directly to cerebellum

Question 46

what are two somatic reflexes

Answer 46

stretch and withdrawal

Question 47

what is involved in the pyramidal system

Answer 47

lateral corticospinal tracts, | anterior or ventral corticospinal tracts

Question 48

what is involved in the extrapyramidal systems

Answer 48

cerebellum, basal ganglia, midbrain, brain stem; | inhibitory roles of dopamine and GABA

Question 49

what are two inhibitory neurotransmitters involved in the extrapyramidal system

Answer 49

dopamine and GABA

Question 50

What occurs during Huntington's

Answer 50

degeneration of GABA-ergic neurons leads to decreased inhibition of movement

Question 51

what occurs during Parkinson's disease

Answer 51

decreased dopamine causes rigidity and involuntary tremors

Question 52

what are the two major neurotransmitters

Answer 52

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Question 53

what do adrenergic fibers secrete

Answer 53

norepinephrine

Question 54

what do cholinergic fibers secrete

Answer 54

acetylcholine

Question 55

what do adrenergic receptors receive

Answer 55

norepinephrine

Question 56

what do cholinergic receptors receive

Answer 56

acetylcholine

Question 57

what type of neurons are adrenergic

Answer 57

sympathetic

Question 58

what type of neurons are cholinergic

Answer 58

parasympathetic

Question 59

what type of receptors are nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Answer 59

channel-linked receptor or ligand-gated channnel

Question 60

what type of receptor are muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Answer 60

g-protein linked

Question 61

what type of receptors are adrenergic receptors

Answer 61

g-protein linked

Question 62

where is epinephrine released from to go into the blood

Answer 62

adrenal medulla

Question 63

what is the effector tissue for the somatic motor system

Answer 63

skeletal muscle

Question 64

what are the two autonomic motor divisions

Answer 64

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 65

what autonomic division deals with fight or flight mechanisms

Answer 65

sympathetic

Question 66

where is the sympathetic ANS located

Answer 66

thoracolumbar

Question 67

where is the parasympathetic ANS located

Answer 67

craniosacral

Question 68

what autonomic division deals with vegetative functions

Answer 68

parasympathetic

Question 69

what is an example of antagonistic effects in the ANS

Answer 69

heart

Question 70

what is an example of cooperative effects in the ANS

Answer 70

sexual function

Question 71

what is the optic nerve used for

Answer 71

vision

Question 72

what does the vagus nerve do

Answer 72

innervates viscera: heart, lung, upper GI tract

Question 73

what does the sacral nerve do

Answer 73

defecation, urination, sexual responses

Question 74

what are some of the parasympathetic nerves

Answer 74

Vagus, sacral

Question 75

what does the ANS regulate

Answer 75

reflexes via the spinal cord and brain stem, | higher brain influences