Final Exam Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What type of surface epithelium is present in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous
2
Q
What are vibrissae?
A
Hairs of the nasal vestibule acting as a large particle filter
3
Q
What acts as the medium particle filter?
A
Mucociliary apparatus (goblet and ciliated columnar cells)
4
Q
What causes a stuffy nose?
A
Inflam–> incr blood volume and incr in size of lamina propria–>decr lumen size
5
Q
What causes a runny nose?
A
Inflam–> incr blood volume–> incr oxygen that stimulates seromucus gland secretion
6
Q
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
A
Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary sinuses
7
Q
How do the paranasal sinuses connect to the nasal cavity?
A
Sinal ostia
8
Q
What is the epithelium of the paranasal sinuses?
A
Respiratory
9
Q
What exactly is respiratory epithelium?
A
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
10
Q
What may be the cause of a sinus infection?
A
Combination of small ostia and swelling in the lamina propria–> blocked ostia
11
Q
T/F: All three subdivisions of the pharynx have stratified squamous as the surface epithelium.
A
False: Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx-stratified squamous
Nasopharynx-respiratory w/ mucociliary clearance
12
Q
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
A
Nasopharynx
13
Q
What tonsils are present in the oropharynx?
A
Palatine and Lingual tonsils
14
Q
Is there muscularis mucosa present in the pharynx?
A
No
15
Q
What is the pharyngobasilar fascia?
A
The submucosa of the pharynx
16
Q
What is special about the muscularis externa in the pharynx?
A
All skeletal muscle Reversed pattern (inner long. and outer circular)
17
Q
What is the term for the adventitia of the pharynx?
A
Buccopharyngeal fascia
18
Q
What is the surface epithelium of the trachea?
A
Respiratory
19
Q
What is the likely function of the brush cells?
A
Possibly chemosensory
20
Q
What type of glands are present in the lamina propria of the trachea?
A
Seromucus glands
21
Q
T/F: The muscularis mucosa is absent in the trachea.
A
True
22
Q
The individual trachealis muscles represent the __ ___ of the trachea.
A
Muscularis externa
23
Q
What 2 things allow for the airways to completely close in an asthma attack?
A
Lack of cartilage
Complete layer of smooth muscle
24
Q
What glands are absent in the bronchioles?
A
Seromucus glands
25
What is the epithelium type of the bronchioles?
Ciliated columnar w/ some goblet and Clara cells
26
What are Clara cells?
secretory cells w/ short microvilli that produce enzymes and a surfactant-type material
27
What is the 1st region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
28
What epithelial type is present in the respiratory bronchioles therefore making gas exchange possible?
Simple squamous epithelium
29
What is the dominant cell type in the alveoli?
Type 1 pneumocyte
30
What is the function of Type 1 pneumocytes?
Gas exchange
31
What is the function of Type 2 pneumocytes?
Stem cell for Type 1 and Type 2,
produce pulmonary surfactant,
produce lysozyme
32
An alveolar macrophage, or dust cell, develops from what type of cell?
Monocytes
33
What is the region between 2 alveoli called?
Interalveolar Septum
34
What types of cells are found in the interalveolar septum?
Type 1 & Type 2 Pneumocytes
35
With chronic exposure to irritants and much coughing, patches of ___ ___ epithelium may develop, a process called ___.
Stratified squamous; metaplasia
36
T/F: Respiratory Distress of the Newborn can also be called Hyaline Membrane Disease.
True
37
What is the cause of RDS?
Not enough mature Alveolar Type 2 cells
38
Emphysema is due to a decrease in __.
Elastin
39
What is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
40
Which gland produces the majority of the saliva?
Submandibular gland
41
What gland does the facial nerve pass thru?
Parotid gland
42
What is the smallest salivary gland?
Sublingual gland
43
T/F: The parotid gland produces only mucus.
False: only serous products
44
The __ gland produces mostly serous and the __ gland produces mostly mucus.
Submandibular-serous
| Sublingual-mucus
45
Which glands have serous demilunes?
Submandibular gland, sublingual gland
46
T/F: Parasympathetic stimulation produces a more watery secretion but sympathetic stimulation produces a thicker secretion.
True
47
Meissner's plexus is associated with what layer of the luminal wall?
Submucosa thus the submucosal plexus
48
Auerbach's plexus is associated with which layer of the luminal wall?
Muscularis externa
49
What is the typical fiber orientation of the muscularis externa in the luminal wall?
Inner circular layer &
| Outer longitudinal layer
50
What is the surface epithelium of the esophagus?
Stratified squamous
51
Where do you find Langerhans cells in the esophagus?
Mucosa
52
Where do you find Esophageal Cardiac Glands and what is their product?
Near the pharynx and near the stomach; neutral mucus
53
What is the trend with the muscularis mucosae in the esophagus as you descend?
Thickened smooth muscle as it descends
54
Where do you find Esophageal Glands Proper and what do they produce?
All along the esophagus within the submucosa; slightly acidic mucus
55
What is unique about the muscularis externa in the esophagus?
Upper 1/3=all skeletal ms
Lower 1/3=all smooth ms
Everything between is a mix of both skel and smooth
56
Is there adventitia or serosa in the esophagus?
Mostly adventitia except the last 1-2 inches which is serosa
57
What are the 2 physiological sphincters associated with the esophagus?
Pharyngoesophageal Sphincter
| Gastroesophageal Sphincter
58
What are the 2 characteristics of a physiological sphincter?
No thickening of circular muscle in ME
| Pressure gradient aids movement
59
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Storage
60
What is the surface epithelium of the stomach?
Simple columnar
61
___ ___ cells produce a thick, visible mucus and also secrete bicarbonate ions within the stomach.
Surface mucus
62
How many layers are there in the muscularis mucosae of the stomach?
3; Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Outermost oblique
63
Which layer of the stomach has the arteriovenous anastomosis and the Meissner's Plexus?
Submucosa
64
What are the layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?
Innermost oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal
65
Where is the myenteric plexus found in the stomach?
Between the circular and longitudinal layers of ME
66
Are there chief cells found in the cardiac region of the stomach?
No
67
What 2 cells are found in the isthmus of the gastric gland?
Surface mucus cells
| DNES cells
68
Which type of DNES cell produces gastrin?
Type G DNES cells
69
Where in the gastric gland do you find parietal cells?
Neck of gastric gland
70
What do parietal cells produce?
HCl and Gastric Intrinsic factor
71
Gastric Intrinsic factor is necessary for which vitamin's absorption?
Vitamin B12
72
Chronic gastritis can lead to what type of anemia due to a decrease in vitamin B12, which is needed for RBC maturation?
Pernicious anemia
73
What do chief cells produce and where are they found in the gastric gland?
Chief cells produce pepsinogen & gastric lipase; found in the base of the gastric gland
74
Is the pyloric sphincter an anatomical sphincter or a physiological sphincter?
Anatomical
75
What are the 2 characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?
Well developed inner circular layer
| This layer can be independently controlled
76
What are the 3 surface adaptations of the small intestine that increase surface area?
Plicae circulares
Villa
Microvilli
77
What is the surface epithelium found through most of the GI tract?
Simple columnar
78
What is the purpose of the enterocytes found in the small intestine?
Absorb water and nutrients
79
Type _ DNES cells produce cholecystokinin and Type S DNES cells produce __.
Type I=cholecystokinin
| Type S=secretin
80
Which type of DNES cell causes the gallbladder to contract?
Type I
81
Which type of DNES cell stimulates pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreatic ducts?
Type S
82
___ cells, found only in the bases of crypts found throughout the small intestine, produce lysozyme.
Paneth
83
What is the function of lacteals and where are they found?
Lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids found in the lamina propria of the small intestine
84
What happens if the lacteals become irritated?
The villi will shorten and can lead to nutrient deficiency
85
What glands are found in the submucosa of the duodenum?
Brunner's glands
86
What is the function of Brunner's glands?
Produce alkaline mucus to neutralize chime
| produce urogastrone to inhibit HCl secretion
87
T/F: Peyer's patches are found in the jejunum only.
False: Ileum has Peyers patches; jejunum has no special features
88
In what parts of the small intestine do you find serosa? Adventitia?
Serosa: First and last part of duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Adventitia: Vertical portion of the duodenum
89
What type of sphincter is the ileocecal valve?
Both
90
Are there crypts present in the mucosa of the appendix?
Yes, short crypts
91
T/F: There are no villi and no paneth cells found in the appendix.
True
92
What are the 2 functions of the appendix?
Humoral immunity
| Reservoir for good bacteria
93
What is the primary function of the colon?
Absorption of water
94
T/F: The mucosa of the colon lacks villi and paneths.
True
95
What part of the muscularis externae is gathered into bands called taenia coli?
Outer longitudinal muscle
96
What are the haustra coli?
Outpouchings of the colon b/c of the constant tonus of the taenia coli
97
What parts of the colon have serosa?
Transverse and sigmoid colon; the rest is adventitia
98
___ ___ are fat filled pouches created by serosa.
Appendices epiploicae
99
What are the two general causes of peptic ulcer disease?
1. Insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin
| 2. Helicobacter pylori
100
What causes gastroesophageal reflux?
Stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus
101
What is Barrett's Esophagus?
Mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium replaces the normal stratified squamous epithelium in a process called metaplasia. (Seen in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease)
102
What type of endothelium is present in the endocardium of the heart?
Simple squamous
103
What are Purkinje Fibers?
Modified cardiac myocytes that contain stored glycogen and function to conduct contraction impulses rapidly.
104
How do the atria differ from the ventricle structurally?
Atria has less muscle and more elastic fibers
105
What are myoendocrine cells?
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that secrete hormones that act on the kidney and smooth muscle in arterioles
106
What is the ultimate function of hormones released by the myoendocrine cells?
Fluid and electrolyte balance
| Decrease blood pressure
107
What makes up the serous pericardium?
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
| Parietal Pericardium
108
The Pericardial ___ is between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium.
Cavity
109
Where is the pericardial sac located?
Between the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium
110
What are heart valves made up of?
Endothelium and dense irregular conn. tissue (collagen , elastic fibers)
111
T/F: Heart valves are highly vascular.
False: Valves=avascular
112
What are the 3 components of the cardiac skeleton?
Annuli fibrosis
trigonum fibrosum
septum membranaceum
113
What type of tissue makes up chordae tendinae?
Dense regular conn tissue
114
What is angina?
Chest pain usually brought on by exertion due to the narrowing of coronary vessels
115
Infection in pericardial cavity leading to inflammation of the serous pericardium in a condition called ___.
Pericarditis
116
The tunica intima is a continuation of the hearts ___.
Endocardium
117
The tunica ___ is a continuation of the hearts myocardium.
media
118
T/F: The tunica adventitia is a continuation of the hearts epicardium.
True
119
Elastic arteries are also called ___ arteries.
conducting
120
The outer portion of the tunica media contains the ___ ____.
vasa vasorum
121
Muscular arteries are also called ___ arteries.
distributing
122
What is the thickest part of muscular and elastic arteries?
Tunica media
123
T/F: In arterioles, the lumen size is about equal to the width of the vessel wall.
True
124
Hypertension can occur around 50 yrs of age due to a ___ in elastic fibers and a ___ in the amount of collagen 1.
Decr in elastic fibers
| Incr in collagen 1
125
Atherosclerosis typically occurs in what size arteries?
The largest
126
Metarterioles lack a true tunica ___.
Media
127
What is an AVA?
(Arteriovenous anastomosis) a shunt to by pass the capillary bed
128
What is the most common capillary type?
Continuous capillaries
129
What do pericytes function in?
Healing, regulate blood flow
130
What are fenestrated capillaries?
Pores with thin protein diaphragm containing 8 fibrils allowing for greater movement of molecules and cells
131
Sinusoidal capillaries differ from fenestrated capillaries in that it has no __ ___.
Protein diaphragm
132
What are the 4 differences between veins and arteries?
Not as uniform as arteries
More numerous than arteries
Larger diameter than arteries
Possess valves
133
What are the 2 functions of valves?
Prevent backflow
| Work w/ skeletal muscle to keep blood moving
134
Post capillary venules only have a tunica ___.
intima
135
Collecting venules have which two tunics present?
Tunica intima and tunica adventitia
136
What is unique about the tunica media in muscular venules?
It's an incomplete layer of smooth muscle, allowing for products of inflammation to squeeze thru. (Leaky venules)
137
What are the only 2 structures of the circulatory system affected by inflammation?
Capillaries and venules
138
When in the venous system do we finally see a complete tunica media?
Small veins
139
What is the thickest portion making up medium veins?
Tunica adventitia
140
The superficial veins of the ___ have a well developed tunica media.
leg
141
T/F: Pulmonary veins have a well developed tunica media and some cardiac muscle in the tunica adventitia as it gets closer to the heart.
True
