Final Exam Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Roof of the midbrain ; It is found posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
A
Tectum
2
Q
Composed basically of a Quadrigeminal plate made up of four collicular bodies
A
Tectum
3
Q
Channel for CSF exchange between the third and fourth ventricles
A
Cerebral Aqueduct
4
Q
The cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by this substance that contains nucleus of CN 3 -4 and also contains Endorphins and Enkephalins
A
Periaqueductal Gray
5
Q
This portion of the Mesencephalon contains the Tegmentum, Substantia nigra, and the crus cerebri. Found ventral to the cerebral aqueduct
A
Cerebral Peduncles
6
Q
These nerves have apparent origins in the Midbrain
A
3rd and 4th cranial nerves
7
Q
These nerves are usually paired.
It is also the smallest of the cranial nerves
Known as the Trochlear Nerve
A
4th Cranial nerve
8
Q
Innervates the superior oblique muscle of the extra ocular eye musculature
A
4th Cranial nerve
9
Q
Apparent origin is uniquely out of the mid dorsal aspect just inferior to the inferior colliculus.
A
4th Cranial nerve
10
Q
The fibers of what cranial nerve decussate over from the opposite trochlear nucleus as they exit?
A
4th cranial nerve
11
Q
Also known as oculomotor nerves, the apparent origin is ventral from the interpeduncular fossa. The six nuclei of origin are located in the periaqueductal gray substance area
A
3rd cranial nerve
12
Q
Large cranial nerve which innervates four of the six extraocular eye muscles (superior, inferior, and medial rectus as well as the inferior oblique)
A
3rd cranial nerve
13
Q
Fibers from the Edinger Westphal nucleus contribute preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to this cranial nerve
A
3rd cranial nerve
14
Q
Fibers coming from the Edinger Westphal nucleus are autonomic and innervate the smooth musculature of the ciliary process allowing for _____ ____
A
lens accomodation
15
Q
Fibers from the nucleus of CN III also innervate this musculature of the eye, causing pupil constriction
A
Iris
16
Q
This muscle lifts the upper eyelids and is innervated by the CN III
A
Levator Palpebrae
17
Q
How many bumps exist in the mammalian tectum?
A
four
18
Q
What reflexes do the superior and inferior colliculi deal with respectively?
A
Visual (superior)// Auditory (inferior)
19
Q
Both sets of colliculi utilize THIS tract for protective reflexes which allows us to move our head away from loud sounds and also objects moving rapidly in our field of vision
(IE Football to the face video)
A
Tectospinal tract
20
Q
This tract influences the neurons in the upper cervical through cervical nerve XI. It, in turn, contracts the SCM and trapezius muscles to preven head injury
A
Tectospinal tract
21
Q
Lesions in this area impair perception of motion of objects in the field of vision
A
Tectum
22
Q
This area is just ventral to the cerebral aqueduct .
The nucleus of origin for CN 3-4 and the reticular formation are located here
A
Tegmentum
23
Q
The superior part of this nucleus extends into the diencephalon’s subthalamic region.
It is divided into an inferior large cell area (magnocelullar area) and a higly vascular superior area (parvocelullar). Most of the tracts that are part of this nucleus originate in the magnocelullar area.
A
Red Nucleus
24
Q
Input fibers come to the red nucleus from these 2 areas
A
Central cerebellar nuclei and cerebral cortex
25
This nucleus deals with contralateral motor responses neccessary for postural control and muscle tone control primarily in flexor musculature
Red nucleus
26
This is located between the tegmentum and the crus. It extends into the subthalamus of the diencephalon.
Its particular appearance and coloration is due to melanin
Substantia nigra
27
Afferent and efferent fibers of the substantia nigra are exchanged between these nuclei in the telencephalon which make up the corpus striatum or basal ganglia of the cerebrum
caudate and putamen nuclei
28
The symptoms of this disease include shaking of the digits, hand and tongue at rest. Also included are odd postures, pain, shuffling gaits and loss of speech in the later stages.
It is associated with a drop in dopamine in the substantia nigra of the midbrain
Parkinsons disease
29
This part of the mesencephalon is found in the ventrolateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle and it is composed of descending tracts of fibers from the cerebral cortex
Crus Cerebri
30
Axons that terminate on CN nuclei 3-4 to initiate voluntary muscle movements of the eyes are called the :
Corticomesencephalic fibers
31
Secondary embryonic vesicle from the prosencephalon which is found between the great cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
32
The major parts of the Diencephalon include
Third ventricle, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus
33
This secondary embryonic vesicle is the most significant relay center for sensory input to the cerebrum (except olfaction). It integrates and relays information and is a siginifcant control center for autonomic and endocrine functions
Diencephalon
34
Found just superior to the midbrains tectum, it includes structures such as the pineal gland, and the posterior commissure.
Epithalamus
35
Also known as epiphysis cerebri, filled with very highly modified neurons called pineal or epiphyseal cells. The capillary beds in its body are fenestrated and it possesses a large amount of glial cells
It does calcify and is built like an endocrine gland with fenestrated capillaries and secretes melatonin, seratonin and norepinephrine.
It is not sensitive to light directly but through a pathway that originates in the retina synapsing in the hypothalamus
Pineal gland
36
This neurotransmitter appears to be a function of the circadial cycle although it does not control it
Melatonin
37
A small but identifiable commissure just superior to the midbrains tectum.
Pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei are located here as well as the subcommissural organ which produces aldosterone and is primarily composed of ependymal cells
Posterior commissure
38
A single structure composed of two large ovoid masses of gray matter joined together by a bridge of gray substance called the massa intermedia of the interthalamic adhesion
This structure forms the bulk of the side walls of the third ventricle
Included within structure are the lateral and medial geniculate bodies
Thalamus
39
Lateral to each thalamic mass is the posterior limb of which capsule?
Internal capsule
40
This is the "bridge" that is composed of gray matter and is occasionally missing
Massa intermedia
41
All sensory input to the cerebral hemispheres, except olfaction, is relayed and to some extent integrated in this area.
Thalamus
42
This, along with the reticular formation input, helps focus the attention of the cerebral cortex; temporarily making certain cortical sensory areas specially receptive and others less so.
It also interprets thermal and pain sensations
Thalamus
43
This lamina of myelinated fibers runs through the substance of each thalamic mass and helps divide them into subdivisions
Internal medullary
44
This area is the largest part of the thalamus and is found only among the highest of primates. Functions are varied and complex.
Pulvinar
45
This structure forms the floor for the third ventricle and portions of the third ventricles lateral walls.
Its structure includes the infundibular stalk and the optic chiasma.
Subdivided into anterior, intermediate and posterior areas
Hypothalamus
46
While it does not work without help, this structure has vague control over the basic drives of hunger thirst and sex
IT controls the physical aspects of emotional expression
Also controls visceral functions
Hypothalamus
47
Parasympathetic control of the hypothalamus includes
| Anterior and intermediate areas Tuber cinereum included
Increase digestive motility, dec. heart rate, and constriction of the pupil
48
Sympathetic control of the hypothalamus includes
| includes the posterior nuclei and the mammillary bodies
increases heart rate and vasoconstriction, decreases digestive motility, and responsible for pupil dilation, piloerection, and sweat gland secretions
49
Endocrine control from the hypothalamus happens directly via the _____ and goes into the ______
neuron axon extensions; posterior pituitary
50
Endocrine control from the hypothalamus happens indirectly via the _____ and goes into the _____
neurohormones; anterior pituitary hormones
51
Area just above the optic chiasma, important nuclei include the following supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, supra chiasmatic nuclei, the anterior nucleus and the preoptic area
Anterior area // hypothalamus
52
These nuclei send axons down the infundibular stalk via the supruaopticohyophyseal tract and they terminate in the posterior pituitary where they are both capable of releasing oxytocin and ADH
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
53
This hormone stimulates labor and regulates breastmilk
oxytocin
54
This hormone helps retain water
ADH
55
This nucleus is responsible for much of our circadial rythms such as temperature, sleep, light, feeding, etc. Complexly connected to the pineal gland and its secretions into the bloodstream
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
56
This nucleus of the hypothalamus is known for its parasympathetic functions
Anterior nucleus
57
A thermo regulating nucleus; Specially as the body heats up
Preoptic area
58
This nucleus found in the intermediate area of the hypothalamus has siginificant GI tract parasympathetic influence and is fairly diffuse.
Dorsomedial nuclei
59
This nuclei is very complex and has many attributes. It is a center for eating and thirst gratification (satiety or fullness center)
Ventromedial nuclei
60
A series of small nuclei forming an archlike shape. They contribute axons to the so-called tuberoinfundibular tract. Unlike other tracts which descend to the pituitary, this group of axons terminate and secrete their neurohormones into the perivascular space of the infundibular stalk
Arcuate nuclei
61
These neurohormones pass to the anterior pituitary by way of the bloodstream where they influence the release of pituitary hormones. They are commonly known as
Releasing factors
62
The undulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies. Several of the nuclei, including the arcuates, create this gray swelling or
Tuber cinereum
63
This nuclei found on the posterior area of the hypothalamus is important for short term memory.
Mamillary bodies
64
This nuclei found on the posterior area of the thalamus is a thermoregulator specially when the body cools down
Posterior nuclei
65
This part of the pituitary develops from the diencephalon embryologically
Posterior pituitary
66
This area gives rise to the anterior and intermediate pituitary
Rathkes pouch
67
This is a mere extension of the brain and neurons run directly into its substance.
Posterior pituitary
68
Most of the blood that comes to the pituitary and the infundibular stalk comes from branches of these arteries
internal carotid
69
Highlly permeable capillaries found within the infundibular stalk that pick up the releasing factors from the tuberoinfundibular tract fibers.
Fenestrated sinusoids
70
A series of small veins which drain the hormone laden blood to the capillary beds of the anterior pituitary, these veins are actually porting blood between two capillary beds and are called the
hypophyseal portal veins
71
Just under the lateral vental aspect of the thalamus. Includes the parvocelullar region of the red nucleus, superior portion of the substantia nigra and the subthalamic nuclei
Subthalamus
72
This nucleus, which is a part of the extrapyramidal system, sends and receives fibers to and from the globus pallidus of the telencephalon.
Lesions in this nucleus may lead to dramatic forceful flingin movements of the shoulder and or hips.
Subthalamic nuclei
73
This is the highest brain center. Anatomically the right and left cerebral hemispheres are equivalent. Functionally the two hemispheres have significant differences even though most of the activity is eventually shared via commissural fibers
Parts included in this center are the Pallium, centrum semiovale, and the basal ganglia
Telencephalon
74
Final integration of neural mechanisms, initiation center for voluntary action, Memory and associative memory , and abstract thinking (serving as a basis for much of our emotional response) are all functions of this brain center
Telencephalon
75
The total surface of this area is roughly 2.5 square feet, two thirds of this surface area is down in the sulci. The thickness of this area varies between 1.5- 4.5 mm
Pallium (cerebral cortex)
76
How many numbers of common laminae are in the neocortex?
six
77
The outermost lamina and nearest to the pia mater.
It is filled with synaptic activity
Molecular Layer I
78
This layer contains small closely packed granular neurons, The axons extend into deeper lamina of this same cortex area.
It is sometimes called the intracortical association layer
External granular layer - Lamina II
79
This layer has small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies whose axons extend out of the cortex to the white matter and then return to the gray matter in the same hemisphere
sometimes called the intercortical association layer
External Pyramidal layer Lamina 3
80
Lamina 2 and 3 are known as the ____ _____ and they are the best developed in the human brain
Associative lamina
81
Specific thalamic inputs arrive in this layer and it is well developed in sensory areas (touch, pain, sight)
Internal granular layer - lamina 4
82
Large pyramidal neuron cell bodies are found here as well as large Betz cells in certain areas.
Axons project to other brain and cord centers from here
Internal pyramidal layers - Lamina 5
83
This lamina has a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers. Like lamina 5 has a large number of projection neurons which go to the thalamus
Multiform Layer - Lamina 6
84
Lamina 5 and 6 are collectively known as
projection laminae
85
This region is confined to the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobes. No other single area contributes more fibers to the pyramidal system than does the precentral gyrus.
The functions involve voluntary motor initiation specially in distal extremities and facial and oral musculature.
The only area to contain giant pyramidal Betz cells
The cortex is thick with particularly well developed projection laminae (5-6)
Broadman Area #4
86
Intertwined along the complex post central gyrus of the parietal lobe these areas are best known as the somesthetic cortex.
Pain, thermal, deep touch, light touch, vibratory and kinesthetic input is received and integrated into conscious sensation in this gyrus region
Laminae 4,5, and 6 are well developed here
Broadman areas 1,2,3
87
These areas are located just in front of area #4 and are sometimes called the premotor regions.
Motor initiation centers contributing fibers directly and indirectly to the pyramidal system
Broadman areas 6 and 8
88
This area is best known for its eventual influence on the proximal portion of our extremities. This contrasts with the dramatic and intricate control #4 shows over the distal portions of those same extremities
Broadman area 6
89
This area initiates voluntary movements of our eyes. The fibers stimulate lower motor neurons that move the six extraocular eye muscles. The location of these lower motor neurons is in the nuclei of cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6 which are located in the brainstem
Broadman area #8
90
Located in the anterior and rostral most part of the frontal lobe, they represent the newest of the neopallial structures. Thought elaboration occurs in these areas including abstract reasoning and imaginative and emotional uniqueness
Associative input from lamina 1 and 2 arrive here
Broadman areas 9-12
91
Also known as Broca's speech area. Afferent fibers stream into this area from the parietal and temporal lobes. This area directs BRD-Area #4 neurons that initiate tongue, lanryngeal and pharyngeal musculature in the process of speaking, writing and signing
Broadman area 44
92
Loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking or signs.
Aphasia
93
Strokes will often damage the cells in the brocas area causing
Motor aphasia
94
Speech in specific and communicative skills in general are dominant on this side of the brain
Left
95
These areas occupy the bulk of the cortex in the occipital lobes constituting the Visual Cortex.
Broadman areas 17-19
96
Located along the calcarine sulcus this area receives fiber input from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary visual cortex.
Motion, illumination and transparency are seen here
Known as the striate cortex
Broadman area #17
97
These two areas surround BRD area #17 and fill out much of the remaining occipital lobe cortex. These are integrating and memory storage regions for visual sensations.
A lesion here does not lead to blindness but does inhibit correlating present images with past experiences
Broadman areas 18-19
98
The primary auditory cortex is located within the superior temporal gyrus along the medial extension known as Herschls gyrus or transverse temporal gyrus. Input fibers come from the medial geniculate body and it is within this area that we hear
Broadman area 41
99
Surrounds area 41 and extends nearly into the parietal lobe. Although known for its hearing memory function. It is extensively utilized for bringing together the underlying structure of an utterance or for the formation of the written word.
It utilizes input from many sources including the parietal lobe and occipital lobe
Lesion of this area can lead to dysphasia
Broadman area 22
100
They fill the bulk of the parietal lobe and represent neurons capable of synthesizing memory and sensation into creative functions such as reading, writing, and language in general.
Broadman areas 5,7,39,40
101
Lesions in area #39 typically lead to forms of
Alexia and agraphia
102
A connection between Area #22 and Brocas Area . This pathway is obviously important for communication. Also active when we use tools
Arcuate fasciculus
103
Found in the parietal operculum at the lateral extreme of the central sulcus is found a taste or gustatory known as
Broadman area #43
104
Interpretation of olfaction occurs in these broadman areas
34 (uncus) and 38 (parahippacampal) // Temporal lobe
105
Actions that are related to the left side of the brain
Speech, linear reasoning, and tool use
106
Actions that are related to the right side of the brain
Spatial manipulation, prosodic language, and singing
107
These two nuclei make up the neostriatum of the basal ganglia
Caudate and putamen nucleus
108
These three nuclei make up the corpus striatum
Caudate, Putamen, and globus pallidus
109
The Basal ganglia is made up of these 4 structures
Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and amygdaloid complex
110
The lenticular nucleus is made up of the
putamen and the globus pallidus
111
Lesions of the striatum normally lead to this
Dyskinesia
112
The dyskinesia caused by a lesion to the striatum would include Tremors such as parkinsonism in which the tremors are mostly in the
Digits and lips while at rest
113
This type of dyskinesia results in a brisk series of graceful involuntary movements of extremities, facial muscles, tongue, etc.
The corpus striatum begins to deteriorate and it seems to be related to GABA
Huntington's Chorea
114
A more violent movement discussed earlier under the subthalamic nucleus. It can also occur from lesion in the globus pallidus which communicates with the subthalamic nucleus
Ballism or Hemiballism
115
Afferent fibers synapse in the caudate from all the lobes of the cortex, the thalamus, substantia nigra, and the putamen
Efferent output fibers extend to the putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and the thalamus
Caudate Nucleus
116
Most lateral of the corpus striatal nuclei
Appears cytologically similar to the caudate
Afferent fibers are the same as the caudate including the caudate itself
Included are an abundance of stored dopamine within the nigrostriatal axon telodendria.
Efferents: same as caudate
Putamen nucleus
117
Part of the lenticular nucleus along with the putamen
The medial medullary lamina separates it into medial and lateral segments.
Separated from the putamen by the lateral medullary lamina
Afferent or pallidal fibers include axons from the caudate, putamen, subthalamic
Globus Pallidus Nucleus
118
Often called Pallidalfugal fibers, these fibers are quite complex. They represent the primary efferent outflow from the corpus striatum. Most go to the anterior aspect of the thalamus
Efferent fibers of the GP nucleus
119
Name given to the collective white matter of the telencephalon
Centrum seminovale
120
What are the two types of fibers in the white matter?
Projection axons and commisural axons
121
Parts of this structure include splenium, body, genu, rostrym, forceps anticus, forceps posticus, and tapetum
Corpus callosum
122
Lesions and surgey of the corpus callosum can lead to
Alien hand syndrome
123
the Most abundant part of the white matter
Association axon bundles
124
These fibers connect adjacent or near gyri just inward from the gray cortex
Short fibers
125
These fibers connect distal parts of the same hemisphere
Long fibers
126
Injury to the brain caused by traumatic biomechinal forces
Symptoms include loss of consciousness, amnesia, and cognitive deficiencies
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
127
Traumatic brain injury that is sever
Concussion
128
Caused by repeated head trauma, diffuse damage involving cerebellum , corpus callosum and increased ventricular size
Dementia pugilistica
129
Olfactory or Nose Brain
Rhinencephalon
130
Olfactory neurons are found where?
in the epithelium of the upper 10% of the nasal cavity.
131
Olfactory fibers penetrate thorugh the
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
132
This plays a key role in the extra pyramidal system. It is considered a pre-upper motor influence system since its input is primarily on cortical motor centers. It also contributes to the brains ability to inhibit pain
Basal Ganglia
133
When one part of the brain is injured, seeing as the somatotopic map has flexibility, another part of it might take over ...this mechanism is known as
Plasticity
134
This is considered to be an ancient part of the basal ganglia.
Has a complex series of subdivisions, all located within the temporal lobe caudal to the uncus.
Input is via the olfactory lateral striae, the hypothalamus and the neocortex
outputs are many and varied.
Amygdaloid complex
135
A lesion here may lead to no detectable olfactory change and it is involved in the limbic system.
Amygdaloid complex
136
This thalamic nuclei sends information to the 6th broadmann area and also receives information from the dentate nucleus
Ventral Anterior nuclei
137
This thalamic nuclei receives information from the spinothalamic tracts and then sends information to broadmann areas 1,2 and 3
VPL nucleus
138
This area receives infomation from the lateral geniculate body
Broadmann area #17
139
The optic tract sends information into this body of the thalamus
Lateral geniculate body
140
The lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus send information to this body of the thalamus
Medial geniculate
141
These areas receive information from the medial geniculate body
41 and 42
142
The globus pallidus and the substantia nigra all send information to these two areas of the thalamus
Ventral Anterior nucleus and the Ventro lateral nucleus
143
The anterior nuclei of the thalamus gives information to the
Cingulate gyrus
144
The mammillothalamic fibers synapse and send information to this thalamic area
Anterior Thalamic nucleus
145
The medial lemniscus and Ventral trigeminothalamic tract all send information into these areas of the thalamus
Vpl and VPM respectively
