final exam 3 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment?
A
exteroceptors
2
Q
Which type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath within the peripheral nervous system?
A
Schwann cells
3
Q
Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________.
- exercise
- arousal
- digestion
- stress
- anger
A
digestion
4
Q
In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia.
A
false
5
Q
The thicker filaments are the _____ filaments.
A
myosin
6
Q
A traveling wave of electrical impulses is known as an __________.
A
nerve signal
7
Q
Which of the following are the cells responsible for the earliest stages of endochondral ossification?
A
chondrocytes
8
Q
The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged
A
open state of voltage gated potassium channels
9
Q
Which of the following is the protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin?
A
keratin
10
Q
When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions, it is referred to as which of the following?
A
osteocyte
11
Q
Some __________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas __________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.
A
afferent, efferent
12
Q
Which of the following is correct regarding the occipital lobe?
A
it is the principal visual center of the brain
13
Q
The opening of __________ gates produces an __________.
A
chloride; IPSP
14
Q
Which of these is an example of active transport?
A
transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
15
Q
During which of the following phases will a neuron trigger a response when an exceptionally strong stimulus is applied?
A
relative refractory period
16
Q
Which of the following are cells of the epidermis that help to activate the immune system?
A
dendritic cells
17
Q
Relaxation of a muscle contraction is an energetically active process.
A
true
18
Q
Which of the following is not involved with spinal gating of pain signals?
A
lower motor neurons
19
Q
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents remaining ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
A
acetylocholinesterase breaks down the ACh
20
Q
True or False: The vision association area resides primarily in the temporal lobe.
A
false
21
Q
What type of transport protein would Ca+ require to cross the membrane moving down its concentration gradient?
A
a channel
22
Q
The parasympathetic division arises from the __________ regions of the spinal cord
A
brain and sacral
23
Q
Which of the following is predominately made up of myosin?
A
thick filaments
24
Q
Which connective tissue wraps around multiple muscle fibers to create fascicles?
A
perimysium
25
Which term best describes receptors that detect body position, limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?
proprioceptors
26
Which region of the brain is a major relay station for sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex? This region also contains many specialized nuclei.
thalamus
27
Identify if the following statement is true or false: Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain decussate from one side of the body to the other.
true
28
Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
the intracellular environment is negatively charged
29
Which region of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons across a synapse?
secretory region
30
In a homeostatic control mechanism, the receptor detects changes in the environment and relays that information to the ____________.
control center
31
Which of the following is the neurotransmitter that is released at the synaptic cleft by the axon terminals in skeletal muscles ?
ACh
32
The youngest keratinocytes are found in the stratum basale.
true
33
Preganglionic fibers run from the _________ to the __________.
gray matter; autonomic ganglia
34
During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to active sites on which of the following ?
actin
35
Planning, motivation, and social judgment are functions of the brain associated with which part of the cerebrum?
frontal lobe
36
In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is ___________.
striations
37
Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from internal organs?
interoceptors
38
Which of the following would be an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
enhancemnet of labor contractions
39
The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called
autonomic tone
40
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is best described as _______
lowering a postsynaptic cell threshold
41
Axons terminate by branching to form small extensions with enlarged ends which are called
dendrites
42
Which kinds of molecules will pass through a cell membrane most easily ?
Small & hydrophobic
43
Three common components of a feedback loop are ________, ___________ & _________
Receptor, integrating (control) center, effector
44
Which of the 4 primary tissue types does blood belong to?
Connective
45
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.
osmosis; aquaporins
46
Which choice below correctly places components of muscle tissue in size order (smallest to largest)?
myofilament - myofibril - muscle fiber - fascicle - muscle organ
47
Saltatory conduction is made possible by which of the following?
myelin sheath
48
What is the primary action of any negative feedback system within the body?
to prevent sudden severe changes within the body
49
The __________ is absent from most epidermis.
stratum lucidum
50
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?
both are examples of carrier-mediated transport
51
When numerous nerve impulses arrive at a synapse at closely timed intervals to exert a cumulative effect, it is known as which of the following?
temporal summation
52
In an action potential, diffusion of potassium ions across the cell membrane results in
repolarization
53
Which of the following is not an analgesic (pain reliever) found naturally in the central nervous system?
bradykinin
54
ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.
pumps
55
The thinner filaments are the _______ filaments.
actin
56
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains which of the following?
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
57
Which of the following is the final chemical messenger for skeletal muscle contraction, which binds to troponin?
calcium ions
58
What would happen to a red blood cell if it was placed in a hypertonic solution of sodium chloride?
the cell would shrink
59
Which of the following statements could apply to necrosis?
cell death in epithelial tissue resulting from a venomous snake bite
60
To initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction, calcium enters the cell and binds to
calmodulin, which then binds to and activates mysoin light-chain kinase
61
Which layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells?
stratum corneum
62
Which of the following is not a feature of skeletal muscle cells?
branched cells
63
Homeostasis is best described as
the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment
64
When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle________
relaxes
65
Which region of the brain acts as the gateway to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
66
Passive membrane transport includes which of the following?
movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
67
What cell produces the fluid that cushions the central nervous system?
ependymal cells
68
Preparing the body for the resting and digesting response is the role of which division of the ANS?
parasympathetic division
69
An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following?
hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane
70
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of ________.
phagocytosis
71
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
diencephalon
72
what type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?
stratified squamous epithelium
73
these receptors detect changes in the color, intensity and movement of light
photoreceptors
74
where do most local potentials form in a neuron?
the dendrites and soma
75
which region of a neuron serves to receive messages from other neurons?
dendrites
76
which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
provide the immune defense for the CNS
77
when bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within
mesenchyme tissue
78
second-order sensory neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the _________
thalamus
79
which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction?
reduced urinary output
80
which region of the brain ensures coordination and balance?
cerebellum
81
which of the following is the type of transport that LDL (low-density lipoprotein) uses to enter a cell?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
82
which type of neuron would commonly activate a skeletal muscle cell?
multipolar neuron
83
muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called _______
fascicles
84
the term central nervous system refers to which of the following?
brain and spinal cord
85
which region of the brain acts as the autonomic (visceral) command center?
hypothalamus
86
After an action potential, there is a time period when it might be possible to initiate another action potential, but it might require a stronger stimulus
relative refractory period
87
which of the following is not a part of the PNS?
spinal cord
88
the term "nerve fiber" refers to an
axon
89
the triads of a skeletal muscle fiber consists of
two terminal cisterns and one T tubule
90
for intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane of embryonic connective tissue
91
which type of glial cell forms the myelin sheath within the CNS?
oligodendrocytes
92
true or false: the parasympathetic division stimulates digestion
true
93
in an action potential, diffusion of sodium ions across the cell membrane results in
depolarization
94
which of the following is the most abundant cell of the epidermis?
keratinocytes
95
T or F: the autonomic effect on a target cell depends only on the neurotransmitter reaching that target cell
false
96
stimulation of a postsynaptic neuron by many terminals at the same time is known as which of the following?
spatial summation
97
smooth muscle tissue in which cells are individually sent signals to contract is referred to as
multiunit
98
a local potential is one that
varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus)
99
a neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called what?
interneuron
100
T or F: acetylcholine always has an excitatory effect
false
101
in skeletal muscle, an action potential moves across
the sarcolemma
102
the covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of _________ tissue
epithelial
103
a neuron receives a stimulus. which happens next?
a local potential develops
104
which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission?
the synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
105
the upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles begins with a neurosoma in the __________.
precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
106
which division of the ANS would stimulate the ciliary muscles of the eye, which makes the lens bulge for close vision?
parasympathetic division
107
hyperpolarization of a neuron results from
either the entrance of an anion or the exit of a cation
108
T or F: an increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin filaments and when the calcium levels decline, sliding stops.
true
109
the sliding filament model of contraction involves which of the following changes?
actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
110
one of the functions of the integumentary system is thermoregulation. which does not directly contribute to that function?
sebaceous glands
111
a local change in voltage at the motor-end plate, resulting from the opening of ligand-gated ion channels is called
end-plate potential
112
which of the following cell types is responsible for secreting the matrix of bone?
osteoblasts
113
the efferent pathway of the ANS usually involves _____ neurons
two
