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Psychology 2020 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Are substances that must be burned/heated in order to be inhaled included as inhalants?

A

No

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2
Q

What do inhalants include?

A

volatile hydrocarbons, solvents without any medical use(gasoline,magic markers, nail polish remover), anaesthetic gases with some medical uses(nitrous oxide, chloroform), and a variety of nitrites(amyl, butyl, isobutyl).

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3
Q

In Mexico and South America, whats the daily use of solvents among “street children”

A

20%

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4
Q

Why are solvents so popular?

A

low cost, easy availability, ease of concealment, rapid onset of effects

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5
Q

Lifetime use of an inhalant among all canadians aged 15 and older %?

A

1%

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6
Q

Lulls mixed what together and got what?

A

alcohol and sulphuric acid and it produced “sweet vitriol”

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7
Q

What way is better to take Ether?

A

Orally when combined with alcohol

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8
Q

Popular medical form of ether in the late 1800’s?

A

Hoffman’s Drops - 3 part alcohol, 1 part ether. Popular to women who couldn’t consume alcohol in public.

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9
Q

What was used to get drunk during the anti alcohol campaign in 1800’s in England?

A

tablespoons of ether, at 1 cent each, were used to get drunk

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10
Q

Is ether abuse rare today?

A

yes

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11
Q

When was chloroform synthesized?

A

1831

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12
Q

Is chloroform or ether more potent?

A

chloroform

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13
Q

What is Nitrous Oxide?

A

N20- Laughing gas

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14
Q

Who discovered nitrous oxide and when?

A

Joseph Priestly in 1776.

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15
Q

What are the effects of nitrous oxide?

A

produces a euphoria that last for several mins followed by a general sense of well being that may last for a few hours.
Other effects: giddiness, dreaminess, ringing in the ears, sense of flying.

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16
Q

Increase or decrease in Nitrous oxide use?

A

Recently an increase

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17
Q

Common street name for nitrous oxide?

A

Hippie crack

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18
Q

Dangers of of nitrous oxide?

Neurochemical actions of nitrous oxide?

A

Hypoxia(lack of oxygen), permanent nerve damage following extended exposure to high levels.
Increase GABA

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19
Q

Is there physical dependence for nitrous oxide?

A

In mice and rats yes

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20
Q

Do anaesthetic gases increase GABA-mediated inhibition?

A

yes

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21
Q

What are some household products substance to abuse?

A

hobby glue, paint thinners, lighter fluid, fingernail polish, felt markers, hairsprays.

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22
Q

What solvent has the highest abuse potential?

A

Toluene (in glue)

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23
Q

Solvent abuse is highly correlated with what personality disorder?

A

antisocial

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24
Q

Administration of a solvent?

A

soaking a cloth with the substance and then inhaling it through the mouth(huffing), or spraying the substance into a bag and inhaling(bagging).

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25
Q

Psychoactive ingredients in solvents are non lipid soluble or lipid soluble?

A

highly lipid soluble

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26
Q

What does toluene activate?

A

mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system

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27
Q

Effects of toluene?

A

Euphorigenic, hallucinogenic and rewarding effects

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28
Q

Does toluene produce a cpp?

A

yes

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29
Q

What occurs in mice that take toluene?

A

self administration

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30
Q

Neurochemical actions of toluene?

A

enhancement of GABA and glycine, and attenuation(weakening) of glutamate

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31
Q

Users of solvents expose themselves to levels __x greater than max allowed industrial use

A

50

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32
Q

Tolerance and physical dependence of solvents?

A

Only in animals mainly

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33
Q

Nitrite chemicals physical description

A

yellow, volatile(evaporates) and flammable liquids with a fruity odour

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34
Q

When were nitrites first synthesized?

A

1867

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35
Q

How is amyl nitrite available?

A

only by prescription for treatment of angina pain and congestive heart failure

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36
Q

How is butyl and isobutyl available?

A

Butyl and Isobutyl nitrite are not used medically but can be mailed, ordered or bought in sex shops

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37
Q

Names of commercially available nitrites include

A

Aroma of Man, Climax, Cum, Heart on, Locker room, Thrust, and Toilet water

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38
Q

What are abused nitrites often referred to as

A

poppers because it medical form they come in glass ampules that make a popping sound when broken to get access

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39
Q

Symptoms of Nitrites

A

relax smooth muscles that control the diameter of the blood vessels, the iris of the eye, and the anal sphincter fixation, delayed ejaculation, headache, flushing, dizziness, physical sense of warmth, giddiness.

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40
Q

Initial effects of Nitrites may be followed by

A

vomiting and nausea

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41
Q

Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms of Nitrite?

A

yes

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42
Q

Intake of Nitrites

A

only intended for inhalation. if taken orally, ingestion can result in reduced oxygen carrying capacity in the blood

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43
Q

How many college students/professional athletes use steroids?

A

1/3

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44
Q

male and female % of high school students that use steroids

A

6% male, 2% female

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45
Q

Why do athletes use steroids

A

to build muscle mass or to speed recovery from training/injury

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46
Q

Muscle dysmorphia

A

“drive for muscularity”

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47
Q

What is the main building blocks of steroids

A

cholesterol

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48
Q

Natural steroids in females

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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49
Q

Steroid released by adrenal glands in response to stress?

A

cortisol

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50
Q

Types of steroids that are abused

A

anabolic-androgenic steroids

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51
Q

Why were anabolic-steroids developed

A

to treat hypogonadism - condition in which the testes do not produce sufficient testosterone for normal growth, development and sexual functioning in males.

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52
Q

Medical uses of anabolic-androgenic steroids are to treat

A

delayed puberty, impotence(lacking ability/power), wasting diseases in which body muscle is lost(HIV and AIDS)

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53
Q

Anabolic steriods

A

effective in building muscle mass, particularly in women(upper body)

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54
Q

What does androgenic mean

A

masculinizing effects

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55
Q

What happens when steroids are taken orally

A

substantial “first pass” metabolism - large portion will be destroyed in the liver. the drug may be inject to bypass the first metabolism.

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56
Q

Main reason anabolic-androgenic steroids are taken

A

to increase muscle mass and prevent muscle breakdown

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57
Q

typical medical dose of steroids(androgenic one)

A

100mg a week

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58
Q

Abusers often take how much a week of steroids?

A

1000mg a week

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59
Q

From the abusers perspective, the ideal steroid would have

A

strong anabolic effects, and weak androgenic effects.

build up muscle mass and promote recovery but not produce excessive masculinization

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60
Q

In men and women, use of steroids before growth is complete does what and why

A

stunted statue(never grow very tall) due to premature “closing over” of the ends of bones caused by the presence of huge amounts of testosterone.

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61
Q

What levels do anabolic steroids lower

A

lipid carrying proteins in blood

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62
Q

What levels do anabolic steroids increase

A

harmful cholesterol resulting in increased risk of heart disease

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63
Q

What can steroids do in men

A

testicular decrease, impaired production of sperm, reduced sexual desire(libido), and painful erections(priapism)

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64
Q

What can steroids do in women

A

deepening of voice, increased body hair, menstrual irregularity, enlarged clitoris.

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65
Q

Psychiatric consequences of steroid abuse

A

increased aggression and violence aka roid rage.

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66
Q

What is roid rage

A

uncontrolled outbursts of aggression. also increase in manic episodes: extremely elevated positive mood, rapid speech, racing thoughts, decreased sleep, impulsiveness

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67
Q

Are anabolic steroids reinforcing/self administered

A

no, effects are very delayed

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68
Q

Withdrawal/Physical dependence of anabolic steroids?

A

users do report unsettling symptoms when they stop using. effects: fatigue, depression, loss of appetite, insomnia, headaches

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69
Q

Stimulants

A

caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine

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70
Q

Earliest naturally occurring plant psychostimulant

A

ma huang

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71
Q

Ma huang

A

Chinese herb that comes from a leafless, desert shrub aka horsetail plant

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72
Q

Main active ingredient in ma huang

A

sympathomimetic ephedrine.

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73
Q

Ephedra

A

often combined with caffeine, used to be found in certain natural weight loss and energy boosting (ex: Hydroxycut)

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74
Q

Khat

A

Stimulant leaves of a drug that are chewed. Very common in ethiopia and kenya

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75
Q

Effects of Khat

A

mild mental stimulation, feelings of contentment, mild psychomotor excitation, suppression of fatigue and the need for sleep, and anorexia.

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76
Q

Active ingredient in Khat

A

Cathinone.

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77
Q

Physiological dependence in Khat?

A

yes

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78
Q

Physical dependence of Khat?

A

not very clear, so no

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79
Q

When did Khat become illegal in canada?

A

under the controlled drugs and substances act in canada in 1997

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80
Q

Where is Khat still legal?

A

UK

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81
Q

What is Methcathinone?

A

slightly modified version of the active ingredient in Khat.

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82
Q

What was methcathinone used for?

A

to treat depression

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83
Q

Neurochemical actions of methcathinone

A

causes release of dopamine in VTA and produces a euphoric effect

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84
Q

Self administration in methcathinone?

A

in animals

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85
Q

Most important plant for CNS stimulant effects

A

leaves of a coca plant

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86
Q

Where does coca plant live naturally?

A

Northern part of south america, and southern part of central america.

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87
Q

How high can the coca plant grew and life span ?

A

10 feet tall and up to 40 years.

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88
Q

Which period was coca cultivation clearly present in?

A

Inca Empire(1250-1550)

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89
Q

What does coca leaf chewing involve

A

placing a wad of leaves in the cheek and adding some alkaline substance(crushed sea shells) to increase buccal ph

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90
Q

Finest French wine to extract cocaine from coca leaves

A

Vin Mariani

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91
Q

Cocaine content in Vin Mariani

A

7mg/ounce

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92
Q

Imitation drink of Vin Mariani

A

John Pemberton(1885)- French Wine Cola

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93
Q

Coca Cola

A

beverage that had soda water and extract of the kola nut instead of wine

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94
Q

What was removed from the coca leaves in Coca Cola

A

Cocaine. decocainized coca leaves are still used in the production of Coca Cola.

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95
Q

Increasing popularity of cocaine was due to

A

known as the “cadillac” of drugs, used by the rich and famous

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96
Q

Crack

A

new form of cocaine in the mid 1980’s

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97
Q

Production of cocaine

A

coca leaves placed in chemical solvent to extract the cocaine from the leaves
leaves are removed and acid is added to the remaining liquid
Cocaine floats to the top of the liquid and its called coca paste
treatment with oxidizing agents and acids to produce white powder

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98
Q

how many pounds of coca leaves does it take to make 1 pound of cocaine

A

400 lbs

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99
Q

How is crack related to cocaine

A

crack is derived from cocaine hydrochloride by treating it with an alkaline solution like water and baking soda.

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100
Q

Crack is sold as ___?

A

rocks, 65-110mg (75% cocaine) for 3-20$

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101
Q

Effects of crack

A

euphoria (very short)

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102
Q

Canadian uni students lifetime use %?

A

past year 2%, decreasing

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103
Q

Amphetamine

A

substitute for the naturally occurring stimulant ephedrine.

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104
Q

Trade name for amphetamine

A

Benzedrine(nasal inhaler)

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105
Q

Dexedrine

A

tablet form of amphetamine. used for the treatment of narcolepsy, weight reduction, and attention deficit disorder.

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106
Q

Why did the military use amphetamines for soldiers

A

to combat fatigue(peaked during WW2)

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107
Q

How many daily injections of methamphetamine did Hitler get?

A

8

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108
Q

When was amphetamine listed int he controlled substances act

A

1971

109
Q

Early amphetamine use routes

A

oral or inhalation, some injection use

110
Q

Speedball

A

Heroin and amphetamine mixture

111
Q

Iv administration of amphetamine or methamphetamine produces

A

a “rush” - whole body orgasm

112
Q

“speed freak”

A

individuals that exhibited psychotic behaviour and aggression

113
Q

Amphetamine/methamphetamine increase or decrease?

A

decrease, and methamphetamine abuse is increasing in Canada

114
Q

Phenmetrazine

A

anti obesity drug Preludin, street name “bam”

115
Q

amphetamines/methamphetamines popularity

A

ease of supply

116
Q

Whats methamphetamine called when its injected? smoked?

A

crank, ice.

117
Q

methamphetamines is high in male homosexual community and referred to as

A

Tina

118
Q

Stimulants

A

cocaine, amphetamine, mathamphetamine, cathinone, ephedrine.
all same effects(increased heart rate, body temp, blood pressure,heightened sexuality b/c increased dopamine) except cocaine(constricts blood vessels)

119
Q

Half life of cocaine

A

40 mins

120
Q

half life of amphetamine

A

8 hours

121
Q

Cocaethylene(very strong)

A

breakdown of cocaine when alcohol is present produces this metabolite. It blocks the repute of dopamine as potently as cocaine but it doesn’t activate serotonin very strongly

122
Q

stimulants do or don’t really increase athletic performance

A

dont

123
Q

what do cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine have in common

A

all psychomotor stimulants because they increase motor behaviour

124
Q

Hyperactive

A

First drug effect will be a noticeable increase in motor behaviour (running and rapid/jerky changes in positions)

125
Q

Slow patterned

A

actual pace of movement will have slowed but there is now a pattern of moving(moving around a box)

126
Q

Fast patterened

A

pace of movement increases, patterns to the movements but with sudden stops and starts

127
Q

In place, restricted

A

patterned behaviour is broken up by prolonged periods of remaining in one place and making repetitive movements with the head, legs or entire body(stereotypies)

128
Q

Lethal dose of cocaine

A

1-2g if ingested, 80mg if inhaled

129
Q

lethal dose of methamphetamines

A

150mg, effective dose around 15mg

130
Q

Stimulants and ADD

A

stimulants are effective in the treatment of ADD (80% of cases). they produce a focusing of attention

131
Q

% of children below the age of 7 with ADD

A

5%

132
Q

Symptoms of ADD(ADHD)

A

inability to focus attention, hyperactivity impulsiveness and acting out

133
Q

Self administered and Conditioned Place Preference of stimulants

A

yes in both

134
Q

Tolerance of stimulants

A

some stimulant effects increase over the course of repeated administrations, and some effects diminish(aka tolerance).

135
Q

Tolerance and anorectic effect(reduction in appetite)

A

it does occur but only in certain conditions. ex: if a stimulant is given repeatedly to a hungry ray, but the rat never has time to eat, tolerance DOES NOT occur. But if the stimulus is given with food present but the rat is not hungry, tolerance DOES DEVELOP.

136
Q

Contingent tolerance procedure

A

all 3 conditions (drug, hungry rat, food availability) must be present

137
Q

Sensitization of stimulants

A

effect of a drug increases over repeated exposure. a smaller dose starts to act like a much bigger dose, therefore, shift to the left in the dose response curve.

138
Q

Does sensitization occur in animals for methylphenidate

A

yes

139
Q

would sensitization been seen in humans?

A

yes

140
Q

animals expecting a stimulant but getting a placebo exhibited what

A

hypothesized behavioural activation conditioned response

141
Q

Stimulant Psychosis

A

stimulants are capable of producing psychotic, schizophrenic like episodes. this can be produced by a single acute administration of a high dose but its MORE LIKELY to occur in individuals who have been taking repeated doses over short period.
also produces obsessive compulsive behaviours in humans.(repeatedly counting the number of rice krispies in a cereal box or cut out 60,000 george Washington’s heads and stick them on a wall)

142
Q

Psychosis suffers feel..

A

small insects crawling under skin and pick/claw at the insects. this is formication syndrome or “speed bugs”

143
Q

Sigmund Freud termed “white snakes”

A

like “speed bugs”

144
Q

What causes psychosis

A

excess dopamine and stimulant increases dopaminergic activity

145
Q

Physical dependence of stimulants?

A

not enough evidence

146
Q

Withdrawal symptoms in monkeys in stimulants

A

yes

147
Q

what do GABA neurons do

A

inhibit the activity of dopamine.

148
Q

Most important dopamine receptor involving the rewarding effects of stimulants

A

D1

149
Q

“Stimulant Blues” (anhedonia)

A

someone goes on a stimulant binge, using a stimulant at short intervals the rewarding effects of the stimulant will diminish. Person feels depression. totally depletion of dopamine.

150
Q

Schizophrenia

A

involves excess dopaminergic activity and dopamine receptor blockers have been used to treat this disorder.

151
Q

Drug GBR 12909

A

used for treatment of depression. blocks the reuptake of dopamine and inhibits the release of dopamine. Result: very little euphoria or psychomotor stimulation.

152
Q

GBR blocks stimulant self administration in rats and monkeys?

A

yes

153
Q

Neurotoxic Effects

A

Long term use of a drug that produces permanent damage to the brain (ex: methamphetamine, amphetamine, methcathinone)

154
Q

Crack baby

A

offspring of mothers who used crack during pregnancy, these children suffered substantial, irreversible damage.

155
Q

How many cocaine users were there in the US in 2007

A

2.5 million

156
Q

Drugs used for treatment of stimulant addiction

A

Vigabatrin(GABA) - stimulants
vaccine for cocaine abuse - results in the production of cocaine antibodies
cocaine molecules bind to the antibody and cannot cross the BBB

157
Q

Sedative-Hypnotic

A

drug that depresses the activity of the central nervous system and has medical uses of relieving anxiety and inducing sleep

158
Q

what % of the population has had a disorder classified as anxiety

A

2-4%

159
Q

Anxiolytics

A

substances designed to alleviate the feelings of anxiety. They: depress the central nervous system, induce sleep, and dull awareness.

160
Q

Earliest anxiolytic

A

ethanol(alcohol) - many side effects, physical dependence, liver disease, brain damage

161
Q

Potassium Bromide

A

sedative drug - calming and soothing effects. now theres a discontinue due to toxicity because bromides are slowly excreted by the kidneys

162
Q

half life of KBr

A

12 days

163
Q

Chloral Hydrate

A

MARILYN MONROE USED IT. 1832. abuse continues today. It was combined with alcohol to produce “knock out drops” or “mickey finn”

164
Q

knock out drops/Mickey Finn

A

used to render a female unconscious then they can engage in sex with the drugged victim. “date rape” drug

165
Q

Paraldehyde

A

used as a sedative and used to control alcohol withdrawal. taste bad, large % is expired via lungs

166
Q

Main compound for barbiturates

A

malonic acid(acid in apples) and urea. malonylurea, aka barbituric acid

167
Q

First modification of barbituric acid

A

1903, Fischer, two ethyl(C2H5) groups replaced the hydrogens in position 5. Diethylbarbituric acid

168
Q

Diethylbarbituric acid general and trade name

A

general: Barbital
trade: Veronal

169
Q

How are barbiturates classified

A

according to the speed of onset and duration of action which are influenced by lipid solubility

170
Q

Long acting barbiturates

A

onset: 1 hour
duration: 6 hours
compound: phenobarbital - tablets, capsules, liquid

171
Q

Intermediate-acting barbiturates

A

onset: 30 min
duration of action: 4-6 hours
compound: amobarbital(amytal)
amytal is used as a “truth serum”

172
Q

Short-acting barbiturates

A

onset: 15 mins
duration of action: 1-4 hours
compound: pentobarbital and secobarbital

173
Q

ultra short-acting barbiturates

A

IV anesthetics

compounds: hexobarbital and thiopental

174
Q

Hygeia

A

article to make people aware of the extent of barbiturate drugs and to advise people to use them only under doctors prescription

175
Q

When did barbiturate abuse peak

A

late 1950’s and early 1960’s. typically used by caucasian female, 30-50, middle or upper economic class

176
Q

Main reason for decline of barbiturates

A

introduction of benzodiazepines

177
Q

street name for barbiturates

A

downers

178
Q

street name for stimulants

A

uppers

179
Q

Street names for specific barbiturates refer to the color of the tablet

A

amobarbital - blue ___
pentobarbital - yellow ___
secobarbital - red ____
tuinal - CHRISTMAS TRESS OR RAINBOWS

180
Q

barbiturate effects

A 
relaxation
reduction of anxiety
euphoria
sedation, drowsiness
coma at higher doses
181
Q

Main effect of barbiturates on the CNS

A

to depress neuronal activity. they enhance inhibitory actions of GABA

182
Q

what do barbiturates attenuate(reduce the force)

A

glutamate transmission

183
Q

Glutamate transmission

A

involved in memory formation and attenuation of glutamate transmission

184
Q

Tolerance and barbiturates?

A

yes

185
Q

Physical dependence and barbiturates

A

yes, characterized by a classic and consistent set of symptoms in virtually all users undergoing detoxification

186
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of barbiturates

A

symptoms began 24 hours after drug termination: fainting, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, confusion, delusions, auditory, convulsions.

187
Q

death rate % of barbiturate withdrawal

A

5%

188
Q

self admin and cpp with barbiturates

A

yes self admin, no cpp

189
Q

barbiturates and teratological effects

A

abnormal neural and biochemical differentiation of the CNS, deficits in learning, PHYSIOLOGICAL SEX DIFFERENCES (guys become feminized)

190
Q

Non Barbiturate sedative hypnotic drugs

A

methaqualone

191
Q

Methaqualone

A

synthesized in India as an antimalarial drug. Had calming effects and later use as an anxiolytic. Now a schedule 1(no medical use, high abuse potential) drug in US.
Gives a herion like high
jimi hendrix, elvis presley died from this

192
Q

street name for methaqualone

A

ludes, disco biscuits, or “the love drug” (enhances sex for females, not males)

193
Q

Luding out

A

take a few ludes and consume a lot of alcohol

194
Q

Most commonly used illegal drug in South Africa

A

Methaqualone

195
Q

Physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms for methaqualone?

A

yes and yes

196
Q

Propanediols

A

Mephenesin carbamate - produced a muscle relaxation from which animals could be easily aroused. It is rapidly metabolized in the liver.
duration of action: short

197
Q

Meprobamate

A

tranquilizer, its a good anxiolytic

198
Q

How did meprobamate differ from barbiturates

A

induced a tranquil state without suppression of CNS excitation

199
Q

Physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms of meprobamate

A

yes and yes

200
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

RO-5-0690
generic name: chlordiazepoxide
trade name: Librium

201
Q

Another benzodiazepine

A

Valium

202
Q

Useful screening test

A

when all drugs currently used to treat a condition produce a similar outcome in a particular test

203
Q

Screening tests for anxiolytics

A

1) Elevated Plus Maze - rats undrugged, stay in the walled spaces, but rats drugged that have anxiolytic potential, go to the unwalled spaces and therefore the drug has anxiolytics.
2) Geller-Seifter Procedure - schedule of reinforcement. Undrugged rats quickly learn to press whenever the V1 schedule is in effective and signalled by a different coloured light. When an animal is given the drug, it will lever press even if the FR schedule is in effect
Anxiolytics produced a “release from punishment”

204
Q

long acting benzodiazepines

A

half life: 60 hours

common ones: Valium, Librium

205
Q

Intermediate acting benzodiazepines

A

common ones: Ativan, Klonopin, Rohypnol

206
Q

Rohypnol

A

known as “roofies” - used as a date rape drug

207
Q

Short acting benzodiazepines

A

common ones: Versed, Serax, Xanax

sleep inducing agents

208
Q

Minor tranquilizers

A

Benzodiazepines

209
Q

Major tranquilizers

A

antipsychotics

210
Q

What do Benzodiazepines interfere with

A

learning and memory (produces amnesia)

211
Q

are benzodiazepines useful with alcohol withdrawal

A

yes, reduce neural excitability

212
Q

benzodiazepines and tolerance and physical dependence

A

yes and yes

213
Q

Symptoms associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal

A

increased neuronal excitation(tremors to seizures), agitation and potential aggressive outburst

214
Q

Self admin and cpp of benzodiazepine

A

no self admin, yes cpp

215
Q

GHB trade name

A

Xyrem

216
Q

GHB

A

sedative hypnotic - similar effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines
its called liquid ecstasy (easy lay)
date rape drug

217
Q

Opiates

A

“narcotics”

218
Q

Papaver somniferum (opiate) height and color and what comes from this

A

4 feet, red, pink, white or purple

poppy seeds come from this plant(no psychoactive substances)

219
Q

opiates are used as ____?

A

analgesics (to relieve pain)

220
Q

Opium

A

unrefined, gummy, brown residue –> form of opiates

221
Q

whats opium collected from?

A

a poppy seed

222
Q

Laudanum

A

medicinal drink containing opium, wine and other spices

223
Q

Opium consumption is usually done by

A

smoking

224
Q

Opium war (1840’s)

A

the british importation of indian opium into china

225
Q

Morphium

A

principal active ingredient in opium

226
Q

Soldiers disease

A

first widespread incidence of opiate addiction

227
Q

Practice women did who were forbidden to drink alcohol

A

consumption of opium by drinking of “patent medicines”

228
Q

main reasons for opiate ban

A

trade violated christian ideals
chinese were making huge profits
use as increasing among caucasian men and women

229
Q

King’s reports eventually lead to the passage of the first drug legislation in Canada the _____ Act

A

1908 Opium Act

230
Q

What did the 1908 opium act allow

A

made it illegal to import, manufacture, or sell opium for non medical purposes. Possession or use were not made illegal.

231
Q

1911 Opium and Drug Act

A

made possessions a crime, expanded police powers of search and seizure, and made cocaine an illegal substance

232
Q

What did Murphy do

A

wrote the first anti drug book in Canada “ the black candle”

233
Q

1920 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act

A

was passed as the 1929 opium and narcotic drug act:
physicians had to keep records of all opiates dispensed
cannabis was included
stiffer penalties included

234
Q

Subsequent drug legislation was passed in what year

A

1954

235
Q

Where does the opium poppy grow today

A

southeast asia, austrailia, mexico, india, iran, afghanistan, china, spain, turkey, south america

236
Q

How is opium prepared

A

by drying and powdering the thick, gummy, bitter tasting brown substance that smells like newly mown hay.

237
Q

How many active alkaloids in opium

A

25 (morphine, codeine, thebaine

238
Q

compare codeine and morphine

A

codeine has less pharmacological activity than morphine

239
Q

is heroin a naturally occurring opiate in opium

A

NOPE

240
Q

Heroin

A

added two acetyl groups to morphine. much more lipid soluble and less ionized and gains access to the CNS more readily. use to be used as a nonaddictive analgesic good for coughs and chest pains.(1898)

241
Q

Which is more pleasurable and potent, heroin or morphine

A

heroin

242
Q

Oxycodone

A

synthesized from a non analgesic in opium

243
Q

OxyContin

A

long acting preparation intended for the treatment of chronic pain: poor mans heroin or hillbilly heroin

244
Q

street prices are ___x prescription prices

A

10x

245
Q

read things on page 156

A

do it

246
Q

Opiate antagonists and examples

A

drugs with similar structure to that of the opiates but produce no pharmacological activity of their own.
examples: naloxone, naltrexone

247
Q

Naloxone

A

opiate antagonist

onset: few mins
duration: 30 mins

248
Q

amount(in mg) of heroin sold on streets

A

100 mg of white powder

249
Q

RCMP value or 1 gram of heroin

A

$180-1200$

250
Q

Leading cause of accidental death in the US

A

prescription abuse of opiates

251
Q

canadian uni students lifetime non medical use of opiates %

A

5%

252
Q

Most common method of route for heroin

A

IV

253
Q

most common method overall of opiates administration

A

oral

254
Q

opiate effects

A

read page 157-158

255
Q

self admin and cpp of opiates

A

yes gradual administration increase over weeks due to opiates increase in dopamine release in the VTA. yes to cpp. oxycodone in doses 0.32-5.0 mg/kg lead to a cpp.

256
Q

Mu opiate receptors

A

involved in almost all opiate effects. greatest concentration of Mu receptors is in the locus coeruleus, and nucleus of the medulla. In the VTA, opiate occupation of Mu receptors leads to inhibition of GABA neurons which inhibit dopamine neurons.

257
Q

Sigma opiate receptors

A

may mediate dysphoria(unease) and hallucinations.

258
Q

Delta receptors

A

main backup opiate receptor and cooperates with Mu receptors in producing most opiate effects.

259
Q

endorphins

A

endogenous peptides that act as agonists at opiate receptor sites

260
Q

opiates tolerance and physical dependence

A

yes tolerance occurs to most, occurs slowly. Physical dependence developed if opiates are taken regularly for a good amount of time.

261
Q

opiate tolerance study

A

rats prepared with chronic indwelling catheters allowing for infusions of heroin. infused with heroin when in context of set of “predrug” cues, and on other occasions, they were infused with saline. also a group of rats that didn’t receive any heroin(just saline both times). final test: all rats were given large dose of heroin, tolerance did occur. when the overdose was administered with the predrug cues, were few animals died!! interesting!!

262
Q

opiate withdrawal symptoms resemble ___ symptoms

A

flu. not very severe.

263
Q

what do you do to get rid of a withdrawal symptom

A

administer the drug

264
Q

are most opiate dependent persons in treatment?

A

no

265
Q

whats the scenario for people who are in opiate treatment

A

revolving door. enter, complete treatment, released and relapse. (81% relapse)

266
Q

Treatment for heroin addiction

A

methadone maintenance, trade name: dolorphine

267
Q

dose methadone produce physical dependence ?

A

yes

268
Q

Who is methadone maintenance for?

A

patients that are physically dependent and who have been using for a long period of time (2 years). patients must be drug free before doing treatment

269
Q

What is the methadone maintenance process

A

given 50-100mg in orange per day

Psychology 2020 (2 decks)

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