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Psychology 2020 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Arecoline

A

4th most commonly used drug
comes from betel nut (fruit)
consumed by taking a piece of nut wrapped in betel leaf
chronic betel nut chewing may produce physical dependence with accompanying withdrawal: mood swings, anxiety, irritability, insomnia.
prepared betel nut chews-> paan

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2
Q

Anti Cigarette League was formed by who and when?

A

Lucy Gatson in 1899

She said cigs were coffin nails

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3
Q

Metabolite of Nicotine

A

Cotinine

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4
Q

Nicotine activates which receptors on which location?

A

Nicotinic receptors on dopaminergic neurons

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5
Q

Cigarette contains how much nicotine?

A

0.5-2.0 mg

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6
Q

What percent of nicotine is actually inhaled and reaches the blood stream?

A

20%

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7
Q

Lethal dose of nicotine?

A

60 mg

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8
Q

How many lethal doses of nicotine does a cigar contain?

A

2 lethal doses but not all is inhaled.

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9
Q

What happens when nicotine gets into the brain?

A

When nicotine gets into the brain, it attaches to acetylcholine receptors and mimics the actions of acetylcholine.

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10
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

Most common neurotransmitter in cholinergic nervous system. Plays a role in learning and memory.

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11
Q

Stroop Task and Nicotine

A

had to name color of the word. Nicotine reduces the semantic content so naming the colors was faster.

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12
Q

Nicotine Self Administration and CPP

A

both

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13
Q

Nicotine Tolerance and Physical dependence

A

no tolerance, but there is physical dependence: cravings and trouble sleeping

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14
Q

Bupropion

A

Nicotinic receptor ANTAGONIST. blocks dopamine re uptake. used for smoking treatment

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15
Q

Varenicline

A

nicotinic receptor AGONIST. attaches to nicotinic receptor but doesn’t produce same level of activation

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16
Q

Cannabis plant contains how many cannabinoids?

A

60-80

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17
Q

THC

A

active ingredient in MJ. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

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18
Q

Hashish, THC content of hash oil is __%?

A

dried up leaves of the plant, 40%

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19
Q

How much THC in a joint is absorbed?

A

50% or 5-10mg in 60mg joint

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20
Q

Cannabinoids

A

very lipid soluble. poorly absorbed in digestive tract. only 20% of ingested amount is entering the blood.

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21
Q

8 Arm Radial Maze Task

A

8 arms, food is placed at the end of 4 arms but not the other 4. If the rat returns to the baited arm after it already ate the food, its a working memory error. If it goes to a non baited arm, its a reference memory error(forgot general rules).
results: animals given THC are slower to learn the task

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22
Q

DMTS study (Delayed matching to sample task study)

A

showed stimulus, stimulus left, two choice of stimulus to choose from. working memory involved. significant impairment with the dose of THC.

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23
Q

Self Admin and CPP in THC

A

no self admin, but there was cpp in rats.

24
Q

Tolerance and Dependence in THC

A

Tolerance yes, dependence(withdrawal) yes.

25
Neurochemical actions of THC
cannabinoid system is activated by a cannabinoid ligand called anandamide
26
cannabinoid agonist and antagonist?
agonist- THC | antagonist - rimonabant
27
Cannabinoid receptors (2)
``` CB1- found in CNS CB2 reduce actelycholine(learning and memory) increase dopamine (rewarding effects) reduce glutamate and GABA ```
28
Teratology?
study of harmful effects of substances taken during pregnancy on fetus
29
Opioid antagonist
reduces the dopamine effects of THC
30
4 categories of hallucinogens
cholinergic (atropine) serotonergic/5-HT (LSD) Noradrenergic (MDMA/ecstasy) Other (PCP)
31
Cholinergic Hallucinogens definition and drug names
``` Ingestion of plants containing substances to affect the cholinergic system. Agonist: Amanita Muscaria Ibogaine Antagonist: Atropa Belladonna Datura Stramonium Henbane Mandragora ```
32
Amanita Muscaria
fly agaric mushroom (putting slices of mushroom in milk to kill flies) mushroom with bright red cap and white dots agitated raving contains: ibotenic acid and muscimole
33
Ibogaine
Chew yellow root of plant contains: ibotenic acid if enough pills were taken, childhood memories would be unlocked
34
Atropa Belladonna
contains: alkaloid atropine - blocks cholinergic receptors therefore reducing neural activity. low dose- initial arousal medium dose- hallucinations very high dose - frightening images known as deadly nightshade or love apples purple plant
35
Datura Stramonium
Jimson weed contains: atropine and scopolamine produces a feeling of flying, it was absorbed on sticks through the vag(witches).
36
Henbane
used in orgies strong smelling herb Contains: scopolamine and hyoscyamine
37
Mandragora
``` mandrake "potent male" contains: atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine plant grew were hanged man's semen fell low dose: depressant, hypnotic drug high dose: hallucinations, delirium ```
38
Serotonergic/5-HT hallucinogens definition and drug names
``` drugs with neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) that produce hallucinogens. LSD Lysergic acid Psilocybin(shrooms) DMT Bufotenine (5-DMT) 5-MeO-DIPT (foxy) ```
39
LSD
hoffman ingested a dose of 250 micrograms, "famous trip". used in therapies because it made people more open. odourless, tasteless, colorless, readily absorbed, can cross BBB and placenta. dose- 50 micrograms. effects begin at 60 mins, peak at 90mins, and last 5-12 hours.
40
When was LSD made a schedule 1 drug?
1966
41
Huge list of effects of LSD:
``` Wave-like movements Objects move Form constants(see spirals) Synasethesia (see sounds) Distortions in time perception Ego disintegration (melted into the bed) Bad trips Flashbacks (33%) Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) tolerance occurs but no physical dependence ```
42
Lysergic acid
1/10th potency of LSD but similar. Found in: ergot (fungus) lysergic acid amide is restriction of blood flow leading to a warm sensation aka "holyfire" or "st.anothnys fire"
43
Psilocybin(shrooms)
substance in mushrooms. dose: 4-8mg for psychoactive effect dose: 15mg for hallucinations psilocybin is converted to psilocin
44
DMT
aka "business man psychedelic" found in plants. reddish bark used as snuff. effects: excitation, numbness, hallucinations duration: 1 hour administration: can be taken as a drink but ineffective because its easily metabolized by monoamine oxidase usually smoked or inhaled
45
Bufotenine (5-DMT)
found in: plants, fish, toads ppl use to lick toads to ingest it side effects: skin turns purple similar to DMT
46
5-MeO-DIPT(foxy)
"fake ecstasy" | 3-6 hour during
47
Self administration and CPP in serotonergic drugs
no self administration | yes CPP
48
Noradrenergic (Norepinephrine and methylated amphetamines) Hallucinogens definition and drug names
``` modification of amphetamines(adding methyl group) which resembles norepinephrine therefore the drugs have stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Mescaline STP MDA MDMA Myristicin and elemincin ```
49
Mescaline
``` norepinephrine type hallucinogens. found in: cactus dose: 3mg/kg stimulant effects dose: 5mg/kg hallucinations effects: weightless,alterations in time side effects: nausea, vomit tolerance occurs ```
50
STP
serenity, tranquility, peace produces euphoria effects at 3-5mg/kg, 10mg-hallucinations bad trips
51
MDA
aka "eve" metabolite of MDMA dose: 80-160mg, lasts up to 10 hours enhances emotions
52
MDMA
use to be an appetite suppressant tablet or capsule form absorbed in GI tract dose: 50-200 mg duration: 4-6 hours effects: positive mood change, increased energy takes place in "raves" causes release of serotonin and also blocks re uptake of serotonin there causes prolonged period of serotonergic activation. brain areas of learning and memory: lowering serotonergic functioning brain areas of sleep and appetite: excess serotonin release. serotonin restricts blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter.
53
Myristicin and elemincin
found in fruit of a tree | weak hallucinogen
54
Self Admin and CPP
``` Not self Admin, produces a CPP. Methylated amphetamine (MDMA, MDA) are self admin and CPP. ```
55
Amphetamine
stimulant. modifications to this creates many different drugs

Psychology 2020 (2 decks)

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