Final Exam Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Sedatives that act on dopamine receptors?
A
Phenothiazines
2
Q
What receptors do Phenothiazines act on?
A
Dopamine Antagonists
3
Q
What class of drugs should be given slowly IV?
A
Phenothiazines
4
Q
What sedatives have low oral bioavailability?
A
Phenothiazines
5
Q
Which class of sedatives will have a longer effect on MDR1 gene mutants?
A
Phenothiazines
6
Q
Which phenothiazines have an antiemetic effect?
A
Chlorpromazine
Prochlorperasine
7
Q
“Epinephrine reversal”?
A
Phenothiazines
8
Q
What effect will phenothiazines have on the vascular system?
A
Vasodilation
9
Q
What effect will phenothiazines have on heart rate?
A
Bradycardia->Reflex Tachycardia-> cancels out!
10
Q
Which phenothiazine is an anti-arrhythmic?
A
Ace
11
Q
Do phenothiazines cause analgesia?
A
Nope!
12
Q
Boxers are predisposed to hypotension and other cardio effects with what drug?
A
Ace
13
Q
This sedative is not approved in food animals?
A
Acepromazine
14
Q
Phenothiazine with antihistamine effect?
A
Trimeprazine
15
Q
Sedative class that also has an anxiolytic function?
A
Benzodiazepines
16
Q
Benzodiazepines act on what receptors?
A
GABA (potentiate)
17
Q
What benzodiazepine cannot be given IM?
A
Diazepam
18
Q
What benzodiazepine can’t be given orally to cats?
A
Diazepam
19
Q
Sedatives that have minimal effect on the heart?
A
Benzodiazepines
20
Q
Sedative that is an appetite stimulant?
A
Benzos (Diazepam)
21
Q
Sedative that is the best choice for old patients?
A
Diazepam
22
Q
Sedative with anticonvulsant properties?
A
Diazepam
23
Q
Why would you choose Midazolam over Diazepam?
A
When IM is needed
24
Q
Why would you choose Alprazolam and Lorazepam over Diazepam?
A
Longer duration, good for outpatient!
25
Benzodiazepam reversal?
Flumazenil
26
Sedatives that cause analgesia and muscle relaxation?
A2 agonists
27
A2 agonist affect on the brain?
Sedation
VD
Brady
28
A2 agonist affect on the spinal cord?
Analgesia
| Muscle Relaxation
29
A2 agonist affect on the vasculature?
VC
30
Most selective A2 agonist?
Dexmetomidine
31
Least selective A2 agonist?
Xylazine
32
What routes can you give A2 agonists?
IV, IM
33
What negative effect do A2 agonists cause in cats?
Emesis
34
The initial stage of A2 agonist causes what effect on the heart?
VC
| Brady
35
The later stage of A2 agonists cause what effect on the heart?
VD
| Hypotension
36
Sheep are predisposed to what negative effect with A2 agonists?
Pulmonary edema
37
Xylazine is best in what species?
Ruminants
38
Detomidine is best in what species?
Equine, Cattle
39
Dexmetomidine is best in what species?
Small animals
40
Sublingual A2 agonist?
Detomidine
41
Romifidine is used in what species?
Equine
42
A2 antagonist for Xylazine?
Yohimbine
| Tolazoline
43
A2 antagonist for Dexmetomidine?
Atipamezole
44
Treatment for amitraz toxicity?
A2 Antagonists
45
Opiate with extra hepatic metabolism?
Remifentanil
46
Species with CNS depression from opiates?
Dogs
| Humans
47
Species with CNS excitement from opiates?
Cats
Horses
Ruminants
48
How does Hydromorphone/Oxymorphone compare to morphine?
Less Histamine release
| Less emesis
49
Opiate in a patch?
Fentanyl
50
How does Fentanyl compare to Morphine?
More potent
More lipophilic
Faster
Shorter
51
Zoo darts?
Carfentanil
| Etorphine
52
Partial mu agonist that has a slower onset and longer duration than morphine?
Buprenorphine
53
Opiate for visceral pain?
Butorphanol
54
Opiate antagonist that undoes the respiratory and cardio depression?
Naloxone
55
Carfentanil reversal?
Naltrexone
56
Etorphine reversal?
Diprenorphine
57
Barbiturates act on what receptor?
GABA
58
Barbiturates given IV will have what effect?
Anesthesia
59
Barbiturates given PO will have what effect?
Anti-convulsant
60
Barbiturates are good for what stage of anesthesia?
Induction
61
Common barbiturate in the US?
Phenobarbital
62
Why does Phenobarbital have so many drug interactions?
Induction of microsomal enzymes
63
Use of pentobarbital?
Euthanasia
64
Propofol acts on what receptor?
GABA
65
How can propofol be administered?
IV, CRI
66
Pain relief with propofol?
Nope
67
What stage of anesthesia protocol is propofol good for?
Induction
| Maintenance
68
Negative side effect of proposal?
Lower seizure threshold
69
Incidental affect of propofol?
Appetite Stimulant
70
Alphaxalone receptor?
GABA
71
How can Alphaxalone be administered?
IV, CRI, IM
72
Alphaxalone analgesia?
Nope
73
Effect of Alphaxalone on the respiratory system?
Apnea
74
Best muscle relaxant of Propofol, Alphaxalone and barbiturates?
Alphaxalone
75
Anesthetic that causes agitation at recovery?
Alphaxalone
76
Dissociatives act on what receptor?
NMDA
77
Dissociatives studied?
Ketamine
| Tiletamine
78
Ketamine is often used with what drug?
Propofol
| MLK drip too
79
Tiletamine is often used for what species?
Large animal
80
Use of Etomidate?
Last resort, costly...but few side effects
81
Receptor for Etomidate?
GABA
82
Etomidate is used for what part of the anesthetic protocol?
induction
83
What blood/gas ratio means the drug is more soluble?
Higher
84
What blood/gas ratio means the drug will get to equilibrium faster?
Smaller
85
What is maintenance MAC?
1.3
86
What is MAC sparing?
Premed
87
Which inhalant is an analgesic?
NO
88
What effect do inhalants have on the brain vasculature?
VD-> Increase IP
89
Inhalants increase sensitivity to this class of drugs, leading to arrhythmias?
Catecholamines
90
Compare the blood/gas ratio of anesthetics (highest to lowest)
```
Halothane
Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
NO
Desflurane
```
91
Which inhalant is good for epileptics?
Iso
92
Which inhalant is the most potent VD?
Halothane
93
Which inhalant reacts with soda lime?
Sevo
94
What is the highest you can run NO at?
66%
95
Which inhalant requires a special vaporizer?
Desflurane
96
Dog having a seizure, push what?
5-10mg Diazepam IV
97
Best anticonvulsant?
Phenobarbital
98
Anticonvulsant that is metabolized to pheno and can cause liver damage?
Primidone
99
Sodium channel blocker anti-convulsant?
Phenytoin
| Carbamezepine
100
New anti-convulsant that is expensive and has a short half life?
Felbamate
101
Anti-convulsant that induces liver enzymes faster than pheno?
Phenytoin
| Carbamazepine
102
Anti-convulsants that might be good in cats?
Sodium valproate
| Benzodiazepines
103
If phenobarbital doesn't work, next most likely anti-convulsant to try?
Bromide
104
Bromide shouldn't be used in what species?
Cts
105
What drugs should be avoided in epileptics?
Phenothiazines
Butryophenones
Flouroquinolones
106
What do locals act on?
Sodium channels
107
What state can locals bind to sodium channels?
Open
| Inactivated
108
Where are amides broken down?
Liver (first pass)
109
Where are esters broken down?
Plasma
110
Rank order of fiber block for locals?
```
Sm Myelinated (Ao)
Sm Un-M (C)
Lg Myelinated (Aa)
```
111
Local for Bier block?
Prilocane
112
Local for diagnostic nerve blocks?
Mepivicaine
113
Local for intravenous regional anesthesia?
Prilocaine
114
Cardiotoxic local?
Bupivicaine
115
Topical eye local, longer lasting?
Tetracaine
116
Shorter lasting topical eye local?
Proparacaine
117
Powder local for itching?
Benzocaine
118
Cream local?
EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine)
119
What COX do you want to block?
2
120
NSAIDs that bind to feed?
PBZ
Flunixin
Meclofenamic acid
121
Preferential cox-2?
Deracoxib
Carprofen
Meloxicam
122
Non specific cox blockers?
Fluxinin
Ketoprofen
PBZ
123
Cox-1 blocker?
Acetylsalicylic acid
124
Salicylate is bad in what species?
Cats
125
Naproxen is bad in what species?
Dogs
126
PBZ is bad in what species?
Cattle
127
Why do NSAIDs prevent blood clots?
TXA2 inhibition
128
Paramecetol is bad in what species?
Cats
129
Why do NSAIDs cause ulcers?
inhibit COX-1-> inhibit PGE2
130
Best analgesia NSAIDs?
Carprofen
Ketoprofen
Meloxicam
Flunixin
131
Visceral NSAID pain relief?
Flunixin
132
What is phenylbutazone better at?
Anti-inf
133
What is acetaminophen better at?
Analgesia
134
What is carprofen better at?
analgesia
135
Best osteoarthritis drugs?
Meloxicam
