Final Exam

Question 1

“It always creates the world in its own image; it cannot do otherwise.” What is Nietzsche speaking of?

Answer 1

“Philosophy” (end of Aphorism 9)

Question 2

What, according to Nietzsche, did all philosophers want to supply for morality?

Answer 2

“A rational foundation for morality” (Aphorism 186)

Question 3

Is Richard a hoe

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

What does Nietzsche mean by “the moral hypocrisy of those commanding”?

Answer 4

“They know no other way to protect themselves against their bad conscience than to pose as the executors of more ancient or higher commands (of ancestor, the constitution, of right, the laws, or even God)”. (Aphorism 199)

Question 5

What is the imperative of herd timidity, according to Nietzsche?

Answer 5

The embrace of the “sheep” and the desire not to punish; “we want that some day there should be nothing any more to be afraid of” (end of Aphorism 201)

Question 6

What is the democratic movement the heir of, according to Nietzsche?

Answer 6

“The Christian movement” (Aphorism 202)

Question 7

“Anyone who has once thought through this possibility to the end knows one kind of nausea that other men don’t know.” What “possibility” is Nietzsche speaking of?

Answer 7

“The overall degeneration and diminution of man into the perfect herd animal” (End of Aphorism 203)

Question 8

hat are “genuine philosophers,” according to Nietzsche?

Answer 8

“Commanders and legislators … their knowing is creating, their creating is legislation, their will to truth is - will to power” (end of Aphorism 211)

Question 9

What was ever the enemy of the philosopher, according to Nietzsche?

Answer 9

“The ideal of today” (beginning of Aphorism 212)

Question 10

What does “the concept of greatness” entail today, according to Nietzsche?

Answer 10

“Being noble, wanting to be by oneself, being able to be different, standing alone and having to live independently” (end of Aphorism 211)

Question 11

Who, according to Nietzsche, are beyond any doubt the strongest, toughest, and purest race now living in Europe ?

Answer 11

“The Jews” (middle of Aphorism 251)

Question 12

What was lacking in England, and always has been lacking there, according to Nietzsche ?

Answer 12

“real power of spirituality, real profundity of spiritual perception; in brief, philosophy” (beginning of Aphorism 252)

Question 13

What type of society has been responsible for “Every enhance­ment of the type ‘man’ . . . so far,” according to Nietzsche?

Answer 13

“the aristocratic society” (beginning of Aphorism 257)

Question 14

Why exactly is the “last man” the “most despicable man,” according to Nietzsche?

Answer 14

No longer able to despise himself; his race is ineradicable; last man lives longest

Question 15

Why does one still love one’s neighbor, according to the last men in Nietzsche’s account?

Answer 15

“One still loves one’s neighbor and rubs against him, for one needs warmth”

Question 16

What is “the liberal-democratic formula,” according to Rocco? What formula do the Fascists have, according to Rocco?

Answer 16

Liberal-democratic formula: “Society for the individual”

Fascist formula: “Individuals for the society” (CR, 115)

Question 17

What is the “highest ethical value of Fascism,” according to Rocco?

Answer 17

“In this preeminence of duty we find the highest ethical value of Fascism.” (CR, 116)

Question 18

What is the “creator of right,” according to Mussolini?

Answer 18

“The State, in fact, as the universal ethical will, is the creator of right.” (CR, 119)

Question 19

What “alone brings up to their highest tension all human energies,” according to Mussolini?

Answer 19

War (CR, 121)

Question 20

What are “holiness” and “heroism,” according to Mussolini?

Answer 20

“Fascism believes, now and always, in holiness and in heroism, that is in acts in which no economic motive - remote or immediate - plays a part.” So… acts which aren’t motivated by economic promise (CR, 121)

Question 21

What “conception of `happiness’” does Fascism deny, according to Mussolini?

Answer 21

“But here Fascism rejects the concept of an economic ‘happiness’ which would be realized socialistically and almost automatically at a given moment of economic evolution by assuring to all a maximum prosperity. Fascism denies the possibility of the materialistic conception of ‘happiness’ and leaves it to the economists…” short answer would probably just be economic happiness (CR, 121)

Question 22

What is “the true goal of life,” according to Palmieri?

Answer 22

The spiritualization of man (CR, 129)

Question 23

What is “Nature’s will,” according to Hitler?

Answer 23

“But such a mating contradicts Nature’s will to breed life as a whole towards a higher level.” (CR, 129)

Question 24

What is “the whole of nature,” according to Hitler?

Answer 24

“The whole of nature is a continuous struggle between strength and weakness, an eternal victory of the strong over the weak. All nature would be full of decay otherwise. And the states which do not wish to recognize this law will decay.” (CR, 134)

Question 25

What three things, considered in the light of their ultimate consequences, are the causes of the downfall of all humanity, according to Hitler?

Answer 25

“...innate values of race, democracy, and the majority instead of the worth of a great leader.” (134)

Question 26

What three things determine "the value of man," according to Hitler?

Answer 26

First: “His inner racial virtues” Second: “The ability of the race to bring forth men who in turn become leaders in the struggle for advancement” Third: “This entire process takes place in the form of eternal struggle” … a tad confused about that last one (CR, 135)

Question 27

What is "the father of all things," according to Hitler?

Answer 27

Struggle

Question 28

What are the four things “the great religion of Islam . . . destroys,” according to Khomeini?

Answer 28

unanswered

Question 29

What “message from God” should Iranian Muslims “convey to all Muslims in all continents of the globe,” according to Khomeini?

Answer 29

“Refuse all servitude except servitude to God.” (CR, 139)

Question 30

What must we Muslims "strive to export . . . throughout the world," according to Khomeini?

Answer 30

“We must strive to export our Revolution throughout the world, and must abandon all idea of not doing so...” (CR, 144)

Question 31

Why must Muslims never "deviate from the sacred ordinances of Islam," according to Khomeini?

Answer 31

“But if we forget this secret of our success, deviate from the sacred ordinances of Islam, and embark on the path of division and disagreement, it is to be feared that God Almighty will withdraw His grace from us and the path will be open again for the tyrants to drag our people back into slavery by means of their satanic tricks and stratagems.” (CR, 144)

Question 32

Who is the Great Satan, according to Khomeini?

Answer 32

America. (CR, 142)

Question 33

What “distinguishes” Muslims “from the rest of the religious communities and denominations, according to al-Zawahiri?

Answer 33

They worship Allah alone. They don’t take each other as lords. They are all slaves of Allah. They spread his message, don’t join him in divinity and lordship. “[being governed by Allah alone]” (CR, 150)

Question 34

What, according to al-Zawahiri, is “anyone who calls for Islam while” advocating “democracy or socialism”?

Answer 34

“So anyone who calls for Islam while presenting [a system of] infidelity, such as democracy or socialism, is an apostate infidel.” Apostate: abandoning a principle or belief. (CR, 152)

Question 35

What claim is tantamount to the claim to be a “democratic-Muslim,” according to al-Zawahiri?

Answer 35

It’s like calling yourself a Jewish Muslim or a Christian Muslim. He who does so is “an apostate infidel.” (CR, 152)

Question 36

What “theory conflicts with man’s nature and its needs,” according to Qutb?

Answer 36

Marxism (Milestones, 7)

Question 37

hat is jahiliyyah, according to Qutb?

Answer 37

“Jahiliyyah, on the other hand, is one man’s lordship over another, and in this respect it is against the system of the universe and brings the involuntary aspect of human life into conflict with its voluntary aspect.” (Milestones, 46)

Question 38

What is the religion of Islam "really a universal declaration of," according to Qutb?

Answer 38

“...really a universal declaration of the freedom of man from servitude to other men and from servitude to his own desires, which is also a form of human servitude; it is a declaration that sovereignty belongs to God alone and that He is the Lord of all the worlds.” (Milestones, 57-58)

Question 39

What does "the Jihaad of Islam . . . secure," according to Qutb?

Answer 39

“Complete freedom for every man throughout the world by releasing him from servitude to other beings so that he may serve his God.” (Milestones, 70)

Question 40

What exactly does Strauss mean by “civilisation”?

Answer 40

“By civilization, we understand the conscious culture of humanity i.e. of that which makes a human being a human being, i.e. the conscious culture of reason.” (CR, 159)

Question 41

What is “the symbolic significance” of the “present Anglo-German war” (WWII in early 1941), according to Strauss?

Answer 41

This answer could be a paragraph long, but this is what immediately follows that prompt. “In defending modern civilization against German nihilism, the English are defending the eternal principles of civilization.” (CR, 163)