Final Exam

Question 1

politics

Answer 1

All about how conflicts and disagreements are resolved and how people are governed

Question 2

Informal Social Control (internal)

Answer 2

(car example) Gossip, ridicule, shunning, moral codes, religious codes (didn’t steal the car because of internal reasons)

Question 3

formal social control (external)

Answer 3

(Car example) Laws, police, courts, fines, and prison (didn’t steal the car because of police)

Question 4

Leveling mechanisms

Answer 4

sanctions to inequality “insulting the meat” to keep people’s ego in check

Question 5

headmen

Answer 5

very informal, govern by authority. Leadership by persuasion, influence, and personal charisma

Question 6

chiefs

Answer 6

govern by power. Decisions are backed by sanctions. Leaders can actually punish you

Question 7

Kings

Answer 7

Absolute power

Question 8

Types of political Organization

Answer 8

Band, tribe, and chiefdom

Question 9

Band

Answer 9

Hunter-gatherers. 5-75 people. Headmen govern only in their authority. lead only in their band

Question 10

tribe

Answer 10

horticulture 75-300. Lead by virtue of their authority. Lead only in their village.

Question 11

chiefdom

Answer 11

horticulture and or intensive agriculture. A minimum of two settlements. 1,000-100,000 people. Lead by virtue of their power, and demand tribute.

Question 12

Chiefdom tiers

Answer 12

Nobles (elites)
Commoners (farmers)
Chiefs often have more wives, children, better clothes and food. Chiefs are claimed to be devine

Question 13

Cow film

Answer 13

Cow died and chief was on trial but recused himself because he was part of it.

Question 14

state (civilization

Answer 14

intensive agriculture. 10,000 to millions of people. Lead by kinds (lead with absolute power, and establish laws.)

Question 15

Theories of state evolution

Answer 15

Wittfogel’s hydraulic theory

Carneiro’s environmental circumscription theory

Question 16

Wittfogel’s hydraulic theory

Answer 16

ancient societies are associated with rivers. State level societies need irrigation to support the system. Need to support large populations through irrigation, but it requires organization. Therefore, people are willing to voluntarily submit to a higher authority out of self-interest

Question 17

Problems with Wittfogel’s hydraulic theory

Answer 17

complex irrigation systems exist without a strong, centralized governing body

Question 18

Carneiro’s environmental circumscription theory

Answer 18

3 critical components in the evolution of the state.

1. limited agricultural land - can’t have too much land or resources
2. population density - need a lot of people where there are limited land
3. warfare - need to have land worth fighting for

Question 19

pre-modern states

Answer 19

characteristics - intensive agriculture, urban centers (cities), specialization of labor (full-time craftsmen, artists), increased social stratificaiton, monumental architecture, laws, standing armies, god kings

Question 20

bureaucracy

Answer 20

state power transcends kinship as a basis of social organization, role of kinship as the basis for social governance declines.

Question 21

record keeping

Answer 21

ways to keep track of citizens

Question 22

pre-inka living conditions

Answer 22

warfare was rapid, hill top locations due to constant warfare potatoes were grown. Few reached 40 years of age

Question 23

pax inkaica

Answer 23

pacification (law passes that there will be no fighting within groups. Hill tops abandoned, no man’s lands occupied. Significantly more people reached 40 years of age

Question 24

mita

Answer 24

labor tax, local populations in charge of local public, work projects, you had to do it or else!

Question 25

Food production

Answer 25

1/3 of state, 1/3 for the state religion, 1/3 for local subsistence

Question 26

mitimac

Answer 26

rebellious groups were forced relocated population as punishment. Loyal groups were relocated to fertile areas as a reward

Question 27

kipu

Answer 27

record keeping mnemonic device (memory aid)

Question 28

capa cocha

Answer 28

human sacrifice. happens when: Emperors illness or death, volcanic eruption, military defeat, ascension to the throne.

Question 29

religion

Answer 29

social institution involving beliefs and practices based upon a conception of the sacred

Question 30

sacred

Answer 30

elements which people set apart as extraordinary, inspiring a sense of awe and reverence

Question 31

What is the role of ANTH

Answer 31

to try and understand what role religion plays in society.

Question 32

animism (tylor 1870's)

Answer 32

belief in a supernatural personal force. Tylor held that this was the most primitive form of belief

Question 33

Mana

Answer 33

Chiefs possess mana. They're carried on litters so that they don't touch the ground. Mana is lethal to commoners

Question 34

Monotheism

Answer 34

Belief in one god (judaism, christianity, and islam)

Question 35

Polytheism

Answer 35

Belief in many gods (hinduism)

Question 36

Shamans

Answer 36

Part time religious specialist. Not exempt from substance tasks. Undergoes informal training.

Question 37

No germ theory of disease

Answer 37

Disease is believed to be caused by malevolent spirits and or supernatural objects

Question 38

Priests

Answer 38

Full time religious specialist, exempt from daily subsistence tasks. Undergoes formal training. Generally associated with non-egalitarian societies

Question 39

Rites of Passage

Answer 39

Focus on the individual Mark and individuals transition from one stage in life to another. (puberty)

Question 40

Rites of Intensification

Answer 40

Focus on the group/environment/ cosmos

Question 41

Revitalization movement

Answer 41

societies under tremendous stress. Stress due to rapid contact with Western World, society is in a state of turmoil, so people attempt to reorganize the disrupted society.

Question 42

Ghost dance

Answer 42

if you dance the ghost dance four straight nights until achieving a trance like state the following will occur: All the sick and injured would regain their health Dead indian will rise again and buffalo will return

Question 43

Melanesian Cargo Cults

Answer 43

natives wanted to be wealthy like foreigners that didn't have to work for food.

Question 44

"Rice bowl" Christians

Answer 44

materialistically motivated 'converts'

Question 45

Syncrestism

Answer 45

a merging of two belief systems into a new religion (christianity and new guinea beliefs being blended)

Question 46

Problem with culture change and globalization

Answer 46

Rapid social change can be very devastating to native peoples

Question 47

Acculturation

Answer 47

culture change, typically the mili

Question 48

Cash Crops

Answer 48

Native peoples often pushed away from subsistence farming towards growing cash crops

Question 49

ethnocide

Answer 49

stripping away of a persons ethnic identity

Question 50

applied anthropology

Answer 50

anthropological training and insight are used to solve real world problems

Question 51

ethics

Answer 51

anthropologists should serve as liaisons between the western world and native people, help native groups prepare for the challenges they face due to western contact, not our job to tell native people what to do