Final Exam Flashcards
Two tenets of NSLP that schools must follow to participate
(1) provide reduced cost and free lunches to low income kids
2) follow certain nutrition guidelines (used to be meet 1/3 of RDAs
Who will government provide NSLP for
Public schools Private nonprofit schools Residential child care facilities Religious schools ok Elementary through high school - not preschool/college
Financial qualifications for free and reduced lunches
Free: less than or equal to 130% of poverty
Reduced: less than or equal to 185% of poverty
Which lunches do schools get reimbursed for
Free
Reduced
Full price too
What can schools charge for reduced and full price lunches
Reduced - difference between reimbursement rates for free and reduced (40 cents right now)
Full - whatever they want - but schools cannot make a profit from NSLP. Must be nonprofit.
Other monies/items schools can get through NSLP
- Additional 6 cents per meal if they come into compliance with the new nutrition standards
- Additional 2 cents per meal if the school has > 60% free and reduced lunch kids
- 23.25 cents of commodity foods for every meal served
- Bonus foods that USDA has a surplus of
Evolution of NSLP nutrition standards
- Type A lunch - same for all age kids
- outcry for flexibility - changed to 1/3 of RDAs for selected nutrients (vit A, vit C, niacin, riboflavin, calcium) and less than 30% of cal from fat, less than or equal to 10% of cal from saturated fat, sodium ignored due to use of processed foods
- now back to meal patterns, specifying fruit and veg per week and colors of veg, different for different grades, sodium limits by 2023
Competitive foods
Any food sold in the school in competition with NSLP from midnight to a few hours after school ends
USDA now has to regulate competitive foods - regs were out for comment but not finalized yet
Foods with minimal nutritional value
Part of competitive food category that USDA has always been able to regulate in cafeteria during lunch period
Are foods that don’t contain more than 5% of any nutrient - very limited definition - includes soda, lifesavers, jelly beans, gum drops
Wellness committee
Made up of parents, community, administration and come up with rules for the school food
Department of Defense Produce Program
DoD negotiates with farmers and gets the best pricing for fresh produce. Schools can take advantage of the pricing and purchase through DoD.
After School Snack Program - requirements
Part of NSLP, same age requirements
- have to meet nutritional guidelines
- reimbursement rates are different
- if >= 50% are free or reduced, then everyone is free
- required to serve 2 of the 4 food groups (milk/meat or meat alt/fruit and veg/grain)
- kids have to be enrolled, must be enrichment program, must be supervised
What is the largest and second largest food program
SNAP is largest
NSLP is second largest
School Breakfast Program - administered and goal
Administered separately from NSLP
- goal is to provide 1/4 of RDA
- have to meet dietary guidelines and school can get 6 cents for compliance
- if > 40% are free and reduced can get an extra 30 cents
Breakfast After the Bell
For elementary schools in CO, if >= 80% free and reduced, the school is required to provide the school breakfast program and required to do it after school starts either:
1) during first period in the classroom
2) carts as students come into school
3) after 1st period in the cafeteria
- next year lowered to 70% free and reduced
Summer Food Service Program
- mission is to provide low income kids with food during the summer
- has to be formed in low income areas but anyone can participate
- all meals are free if at least 50% are free and reduced in the area
- 0-18 yrs, migrants, disabled
- sponsor can be school or other program
- camps can do it but only the free and reduced kids can get the meals
- can provide up to 2 meals per day
Special Milk Program
- for schools that don’t operate NSLP
- school gets 20.25 cents for each half pint of milk, and if would qualify for free lunch school gets reimbursed for full cost of milk
- must be run as nonprofit
- milk can be 1%, nonfat or flavored
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program
Provides fresh produce to low income schools
- produce cannot be used in breakfast, lunch, or snack program
- provide $50-75 per student/yr
- can use DoD fresh fruit and veg program to purchase
CACFP
Child and Adult Care Food Program
- provides 2 meals and a snack or 1 meal and 2 snacks
Places that could run CACFP
Child care centers Daycare homes Emergency shelters At risk after school care centers Adult daycare centers
- nonprofit or gov agency, but also private for-profit if 25% free and reduced (then just for those people)
What gov has done to avoid fraud in CACFP
Daycare homes must have a sponsor who is registered with the state agency, the day are homes apply to the sponsor, and the sponsor is responsible for monitoring and providing nutrition education
Ages for Head Start and Early Head Start
Head Start: 3-5 yrs
Early Head Start: 0-3 yrs
4 components of Head Start
1) Education to help grow intellectually, socially, emotionally
2) health - well checks, eye exams, ear exams, nutrition
3) parental involvement
4) social services
Who runs the individual Head Start programs
Head Start Councils made up of parents and grandparents of the kids - they approve hiring and budgets
Eligibility for Head Start
Must be less than 100% of poverty level, and 10% of funding must go to kids in emergency situations, and another 10% to kids with disabilities
Adjunctive eligibility through SSI or TANF
How Head Start funded
Federal money, but States are required to provide a 20% match which can be in kind (building, teachers)
Head Start class size limit
10 students
Head Start teacher qualifications
Do not have to be certified teachers
Need an associates degree and have taken 6 classes in early childhood education
Which fed department runs Head Start
DHHS
“Head start fade”
Kids with Head Start do better through first grade, but after that then cannot tell them apart from other kids
Criticisms of Head Start
- DHHS can’t run education programs
- there is no set curriculum
- people in charge of each program are political appointees and not qualified
Reason NSLP started
During WWII the Selective Service was having to reject too many young men due to diseases associated with nutrition
History of Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP)
Used to be for women, children and elderly, but was only program not comparable wIth WIC and counties had to choose which program to have. In February USDA changed the program to be only for the elderly.
- CSFP does not exist in all states or in all counties because of this
- only 5 counties in CO
Eligibility for CSFP
60 yrs or older
Less than or equal to 130% of poverty
How CSFP is run in CO
Through Food Bank of the Rockies - food from gov is put in the back of a truck, truck goes to your neighborhood once per month and you can pick up your food once per month and re certify every 6m
Food provided by CSFP
Shelf stable only
nonfat dried milk UHT milk Juice Farina Oats RTF cereals Rice Pasta Dried beans Peanut butter Canned meat, fish, poultry, veg, fruit
Eligibility for SFMNP
65 yrs or older
Less than or equal to 185% of poverty
What available through SFMNP
Fresh nutritious unprepared locally grown fruit, veg, herbs and honey
How SFMNP benefits given
Vouchers for $20-50 per year
Who runs the Elderly Nutrition Program
DHHS, Administration on Aging
Components of Elderly Nutrition Program
1) congregate sites
2) home delivered meals
Eligibility for Elderly Nutrition Program
> = 60 yrs
No income requirement but targeted at low-income neighbor hoods
- spouses, volunteers and the disabled can eat regardless of age
Nutrition requirements of Elderly Nutrition Program
Must provide 1/3 of RDAs
Must follow dietary guidelines
Must provide therapeutic meals
International nutrition now called
Global nutrition
Population of the world approximate
7.2 billion
Estimated population in 2050
9 billion
As countries get richer they want to get their kcal from ______________ and not from ____________
Milk, meat, eggs
Rice, wheat, corn
Population by country, largest
China
India
US
Indonesia
Fertility rate needed to keep the population steady
2.1
Megacities
Cities with more than 10 million people
How many megacities are there, and what percent of the population lives in them?
28 megacities
10% of world’s population lives there
Number of languages in the world, and number with more than 1 million speakers
7,100 languages
150-200 have more than 1 million speakers
Most common languages spoken in order
Mandarin Chinese
Spanish
English
Arabic
Extremely poor defined as
Live on less than $1.25 per day
Poor defined as
Live on between $1.25 and $2 per day
Demographic transition
When countries start to develop, first their death rate drops, then there is a spike in the population, then the birth rate drops causing the population to level out again
Three factors that result in lower birth rate
1) economy improves
2) death rate drops
3) women become educated
By 2050, what will be the population increase, and what will be the increase in food needed, and why
By 2050 it is estimated there will be a 35% population increase, and we will need a 100% increase in food.
Because most of the growth will be in developing countries, and food habits will change from rice, wheat and corn to meat, milk and eggs as the countries develop.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) said
Population grows geometrically, and food supply grows arithmatically. Population will surpass food supply and it is inevitable that we will starve.
Why didn’t Thomas Malthus’ prediction come true?
Green revolution
How many people in the world are undernourished
805 million
Where do most hungry people live
Southeast Asia and sub-Sahara Africa
What is the goal kcal per person to have enough food to feed everyone
2400 kcal
Is hunger getting worse
No - 42% decrease from 1990-92 to 2012-14
Double burden of disease
Obesity and undernutrition coexist
Average life expectancy of world
68 yrs
New way to designate rich and poor countries
Developed (rich) and developing (poor)
Looking at GDP per capita, low (below $1045) and middle ($1045-$12,476) income countries are considered developing per World Bank
Richest countries by GDP (indicator of health of a country)
US
China
India
Fattest in the world
American Samoa - 74.6% obese
Kuwait - 42%
US - 33%
Ethiopia - 1.1%
Kwashiorkor
Protein deficiency - huge belly and edema
Marasmus
Kcal deficiency - very skinny
Most common micronutrient deficiencies
1) Iron - apathy, stunted growth and mental development
2) vitamin A - blindness, infections
3) Iodine - goiter, physical and mental retardation, cretinism
4) zinc - stunted growth, immune suppression
5) folic acid - birth defects
Why do people not have enough to eat if there is enough food?
- hunger due to poverty and many don’t have enough money to purchase food
- famines caused by man and exasperated by weather
- countries (India) exporting rice and wheat when people are starving - gov purchased but corruption stopped poor from getting it
Green revolution
Scientists breeding plants traditionally for better yields - made more food but we became dependant on irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides
Plumpy nut
Product created by developing countries that has had a huge impact on malnourished kids - not for chronic feeding but given to help malnutrition
