final exam

Question 1

social inequality

Answer 1

inequality in the distribution of power, resources, or other “things b/w people, groups, or societies.

Question 2

social stratification

Answer 2

a condition in which the inequality in society is structured into social layers that are difficult to pemeate

Question 3

slavery

Answer 3

most extreme form of legalized social inequality; Enslaved individuals are owned by other people

Question 4

castes

Answer 4

heredity systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile

Question 5

estates: estate system

Answer 5

feudalism; required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection

Question 6

Gini coefficient

Answer 6

a number, typically scaled 0-100, that represents the inequality in the distribution of x.

Question 7

Gini coefficient of U.S. wealth inequality

Answer 7

87+

Question 8

poverty

Answer 8

cost of “economy diet” times three.

Question 9

poverty line

Answer 9

around 10K for one person, 20K for family of four

Question 10

amount of U.S. citizens in poverty

Answer 10

1 out of every 9 people

Question 11

absolute poverty

Answer 11

minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below

Question 12

relative poverty

Answer 12

floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole

Question 13

social mobility

Answer 13

movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another

Question 14

open and closed stratified systems

Answer 14

indicate the amount of social mobility in a society

Question 15

open stratification system

Answer 15

position of each individual influenced by the person’s achieved position

Question 16

closed stratification system

Answer 16

allows little or no possibility of moving up

Question 17

racial group

Answer 17

set apart from others because of obvious physical differences

Question 18

ethnic group

Answer 18

set apart from others because of national origin or cultural patterns

Question 19

minority groups

Answer 19

set apart from others because of less power and/or smaller numbers

Question 20

biological insignificance of race

Answer 20

there are no “pure races”
lots of mixing
we’re all 99.9% same genetically

Question 21

social construction of race

Answer 21

process whereby people define a group as “race” on physical features despite the fact that there is little biological basis

Question 22

ethnicity basis in national origin, culture

Answer 22

• national origin matters but some gray area
• culture can include many things
  (e. g. foods, festivals, religious background, etc.)

Question 23

ethnicity as a category

Answer 23

sometimes ambiguous but less problematic than race, which can more readily lead to mistreatment

Question 24

sterotype

Answer 24

unreliable generalization about all members of group

Question 25

prejudice

Answer 25

negative attitude toward an entire category of people

Question 26

ethnocentrism

Answer 26

tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior

Question 27

racism

Answer 27

belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

Question 28

glass ceiling

Answer 28

inferior barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity

Question 29

sex

Answer 29

the biological characteristics that distinguish male and female

Question 30

gender

Answer 30

the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish men and women

Question 31

sex a little fluid

Answer 31

e.g. intersexuals- people born w/ ambiguous sex organs, sex reassignment surgery

Question 32

gender is more fluid

Answer 32

e.g. transgender, role-changing

Question 33

women earn less money than men

Answer 33

women earn .75 for every $1 men earn

Question 34

the "second shift"

Answer 34

double burden that working women face- work outside the home followed by child care and housework- and which few men share equitably

Question 35

how many hours a week do women spend in leisure time

Answer 35

women spend 15 fewer hours each week in leisure activities than their husbands

Question 36

The functionalist view | expressiveness

Answer 36

concern for maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family

Question 37

The functionalist view | Instrumentality

Answer 37

emphasis on tasks , a focus on more distant goals, and concern for external relationship between one's family and other social institutions

Question 38

The Conflict Response | Relationship between men and women

Answer 38

-The relationship between men and women, traditionally one of unequal power

Question 39

The conflict response | Men

Answer 39

-Men in dominant position over women

Question 40

the conflict response | Gender differences

Answer 40

-Gender differences result of subjugation of women by men

Question 41

The Feminist Perspective | private property

Answer 41

Women's subjugation coincided with rise of private property during industrialization

Question 42

The Feminist Perspective | Male-dominated Societies

Answer 42

oppression of women inevitable in male-dominated societies

Question 43

The Feminist Perspective | U.S. Male Dominance

Answer 43

in U.S. male dominance goes far beyond economic sphere

Question 44

The Interactionist Approach

Answer 44

study micro level of everyday behavior

Question 45

men are more likely than women to

Answer 45

- change topics of conversation - ignore topics chosen by women - minimize the ideas of women - interrupt women

Question 46

power

Answer 46

the ability to exercise will over others

Question 47

Lukes on Power

Answer 47

argues power is also ability to set up rules or even shape someone's wants

Question 48

sources of power in political systems include

Answer 48

force (coercion) | Influence (persuasion)

Question 49

Weber's Types of Authority Traditional Authority

Answer 49

legitimate power is conferred by custom and accepted practice

Question 50

Weber's Types of Authority | Legal-Rational Authority

Answer 50

power is made legitimate by law

Question 51

Weber's Types of Authority Charismatic Authority

Answer 51

power is made legitimate by leader's exceptional personal appeal

Question 52

Power Elite Models Mills' Models

Answer 52

- described a small ruling elite of military, industrial, and governmental leaders - power rested in the hands of a few, inside and outside of government... the power of elite

Question 53

Power Elite Models Domhoff's Model

Answer 53

stresses roles played by elites of corporate community and leaders of policy-formation organizations such as: -chambers of commerce

Question 54

Pluralist Model

Answer 54

many conflicting groups within the community have access to government, and no single group is dominant - A variety of groups play significant role in decision making