Final Exam Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following organelles is the protein packaging system of a cell?
A
Golgi apparatus
2
Q
A neuron is…
A
- is the basic unit of the nervous system
- is a nerve cell
- generates electrical signals
- communicates with other cells via chemical signals
3
Q
a cell organelle that is the site of synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is….
A
The mitochondrion
4
Q
Which organelle contains the cell’s genetic information?
A
The nucleus
5
Q
The chemical that make up living tissues contain the following elements
A
- hydrogen
- phosphorus
- carbon
- oxygen
6
Q
Which of the following factors is (are) regulated by the body systems?
A
- Blood oxygen levels
- Blood temperature
- Body water content
- Blood electrolyte levels
7
Q
Electrolytes dissolve in water and dissociate into electrically charged _____
A
ions
8
Q
The form of energy that is used by cells is high energy phosphate bonds carried by
A
Adenosine Triphosphate
9
Q
ATP provides the energy for active transport of materials across cell membranes; which of the following is (are) true concerning the process of active transport?
A
- Active transport moves ions against their concentration gradient
- an ion transport protein is involved
- the transport protein is also an enzyme that releases energy from ATP
10
Q
Which of the following organelles is the protein producing system of a cell?
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
11
Q
Which of the following is not part of the Peripheral nervous system
a. Motor neurons
b. Spinal cord
c. Sympathetic nervous system
d. Autonomic nervous system
A
b. Spinal cord
12
Q
Muscle and glands are…
A
Effectors
13
Q
What is the outermost layer of connective tissue (lying just under the skull) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord called? In translation, its name means “tough mother”:
A
Dura mater
14
Q
Name a few forms of Glial Cells
A
- ependymal cells
- microglia
- astrocytes
- schwann cells
15
Q
Which region of the brain controls thirst and body temperature
A
Hypothalamus
16
Q
The vital centres for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood vessels are located in
A
the medulla oblongata
17
Q
Describe Schwann cells
A
- Found in the peripheral nervous system
- they produce myelin
- They are separated by nodes of ranvier
18
Q
What are the neutrons that pick up sensations from receptors and carry them into the brain or spinal cord called?
A
Sensory neurons
19
Q
Saltatory Conduction
A
Is father than conduction along an unmyelinated axon
20
Q
Name the three major parts of the brain stem are
A
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
21
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid:
A
- found in the ventricles of the brain
- found in spaces around the brain where it cushions the brain from damage
- is found in the central canal (cavity) of the spinal cord
22
Q
In a nerve, each axon within a bundle is insulted with a thin layer of connective tissue called….
A
the endoneurium
23
Q
The hypothalamus
A
is the thermostat of the body since it regulates temperature
24
Q
Taste and cell receptors are referred to as
A
chemoreceptors
25
During the initiation of an action potential sodium channels _____ and sodium ions ____ the axon
open
| enter
26
The _____ and _____ are functional subdivisions of the motor nerves
Autonomic
| Somatic
27
Action potentials arriving at the synapse of aleuron trigger .....
the release of neurotransmitter substance
28
Gustatory cells are _____ receptors and are grouped together to form _____
taste
| Taste buds
29
The substance that is released from the axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called
a neurotransmitter
30
The muscle tissue that consists of single, very long multinucleate cells with very obvious striation is
skeletal muscle only
31
The mechanical force of contraction of a skeletal muscle is generated by
the sliding of thin filaments past thick ones
32
In muscle contraction, the role of calcium ions is
to expose myosin binding sites on the actin
33
Neuromuscular junctions
- are a special type of synapse
- they realize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
- they have close association with the cell membrane (sarcolemma) of skeletal muscle cells
34
Muscle tissue that is involuntary:
Cardiac muscle
| Smooth muscle
35
Smooth muscle forms ____
sheets in the walls of most hollow organs
36
a sarcomere is
the area between two Z discs
37
Name the filament that is composed of myosin
Thick filaments
38
Which of the following are the leukocytes that produce and release the chemical histamine that is part of the inflammation response
Basophils
39
Freshly oxygenated blood is first received by the
left atrium
40
Which area of the heart receives blood from the systemic veins
Right atrium
41
erythrocytes, albumin, leukocytes and platelets are all found in the
blood
42
Arteries are
thick walled
43
An ECG is an
electric current passing through body tissues that reaches the skin surface
44
Which ion is essential for blood coagulation?
Calcium
45
Substances leave the blood stream at the arterial end of the capillary bed because
blood pressure is higher at the end of the arterial end of the capillary
46
Describe Veins and Venules
- they receive blood as it leaves capillary beds
- they are expansible vessels that carry blood toward the heart
- blood pressure in these vessels is low
47
A molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it enters into the body is known as:
an antigen
48
antibodies are
all proteins
| they are produced by b-lymphocytes
49
T-lymphocytes mature in the
thymus
50
The lymph tissues found in the wall of the small intestine are called
peyer's patch
51
What produces antibodies to destroy microorganisms
B-lymphocytes
52
TRUE OR FALSE
Natural killer cells produce antibodies
FALSE
53
Lymphokines are released by activated helper __ cells and they activate cytotoxic killer __ cells
t- cells
| t- cells
54
Sweat and sebum are secreted by
glands in the skin
55
What is the region that warms and moistens incoming air
nasal cavity
56
Carbonic anhydrase are
found in the red blood cells and is involved in the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water
57
gas exchange occurs by
diffusion
58
Alveoli are
the sites of gas exchange in the lungs and the walls of the alveoli are very thin and are surrounded by a network of capillaries so that the air and blood are separated by only a very thin barrier
59
The ____ separates into the respiratory and the digestive systems
larynx
60
When the diaphragm contracts, the size of the _______ increase
thoracic cavity
61
Cellular respiration occurs in ______ and results in the formation of _____
Mitochondria
| ATP
62
If there we no carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells _____
- bicarbonate would not be formed
- carbon dioxide could not be released from lugs
- changes in blood acid base balance at the lungs would not occur
63
What is the primary method by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
as a bicarbonate
64
The kidney is responsible for
- excretion of nitrogenous wastes such as urea and uric acid
- maintenance of water balance
- maintenance of acid base balance
65
TRUE OR FALSE
Glomerular filtrate is a protein free plasma as it enters the bowman's capsule
TRUE
66
The enlarged, closed end of the renal tubule (Nephron) is called
the bowman's capsule
67
The Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- secretes renin in response to sodium loss from the body
- contains both sensory and secretory cells
- is essential for maintenance of body sodium ion levels
68
Extracellular fluid is found everywhere in the body except
within living plasmas
69
TRUE OR FALSE
Urea is typically one of the substances reabsorbed by the nephron tubules
FALSE
70
What percent of nephrons is made up of juxtamedullary nephrons?:
15%
71
Both the bile duct and pancreatic duct release their products into the
Duodenum
72
TRUE OR FALSE
Enzymatic digestion of protein protein and water absorption occur in the stomach
TRUE
73
TRUE OR FALSE
it receives food from the esophagus via the pyloric sphincter
FALSE
74
Characteristics of the stomach are:
- it is a site of mechanical breakdown of food
it is a site of chemical breakdown of food
it has two regions, the cardiac and pyloric regions
75
Transport of digested end products from the digestive tract to the blood or lymph is called
absorption
76
Which of the following do you not depend on for thermoregulation in cold climates
1. shivering thermogenesis
2. Heat generation by the liver
3. insulation by subcutaneous fat
4. Peripheral vasodilation
5. Peripheral vasoconstriction
Peripheral vasodilation
77
Following the absorption of nutrients by the small intestine, which of the following does NOT occur?:
1) glucose is converted to glycogen by liver and skeletal muscle cells
2) droplets of triglycerides are coated in lipoproteins for transport in the blood
3) the liver emulsifies fats
4) cholesterol is transported in the blood in association with lipoproteins
3) the liver emulsifies fats
78
Which of the following physiological adaptations that allow us to cope with hot climates involves moving heat up a thermal gradient?:
1) evaporative cooling (sweating)
2) conduction
3) radiation
4) reduced metabolic rate
5) none of the above can move heat up a thermal gradient
1) evaporative cooling (sweating)
79
Proteins are converted to_____ by proteases
Peptides
80
The hepatic portal system:
1) describes the vascular system that has its origin in the small intestine and ends in the liver
2) is that part of the vascular system that drains blood from the liver
3) contains blood that is rich in nutrients
Correct Response
4) both 1. and 3. are correct
4) both 1. and 3. are correct
81
Which of the following is (are) associated with carbohydrate digestion?:
1) peptidase
2) amylase
3) lactase
4) both b) and c) are correct
4) both b) and c) are correct
82
Inulin causes
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose
83
when blood levels of aldosterone rise, the kidney tubules
reabsorb sodium
84
the _____ produces a hormone that is involved in regulating blood calcium levels
Parathyroid gland
85
Which of the following statements is true of hormones?:
1) they are released from exocrine glands
2) they interact with receptors at target cell sites
3) they are synthesized in the lymph nodes
4) they are all chemically similar
2) they interact with receptors at target cell sites
86
Match the hormone progesterone with its endocrine gland:
1) adrenal cortex
2) liver
3) corpus luteum
4) adrenal medulla
3) corpus luteum
87
Estrogen does all of the following, EXCEPT:
1) stimulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics of women
2) stimulate the growth of facial hair
3) stimulate menstruation
4) prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
2) stimulate the growth of facial hair
88
The alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete ________ which has opposite affects to the hormone produced by the beta cells, __________ :
1) glucagon, insulin
2) melatonin, insulin
3) glucagon, cortisol
4) epinephrine, glucagon
1) glucagon, insulin
89
One of the two hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that helps regulate gonadal function is luteinizing hormone; what is the other?:
1)
androgen
2)
follicle stimulating hormone
3)
epinephrine
4)
prostaglandin
2)
| follicle stimulating hormone
90
The posterior pituitary gland releases:
1) growth hormone and prolactin
2) prolactin and oxytocin
3) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
4) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and prolactin
3) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
91
The pancreas secretes hormones that are important in the control of:
1) blood calcium levels
2) blood sodium levels
3) blood glucose levels
4) blood potassium levels
3) blood glucose levels
