Final Exam Flashcards
(57 cards)
Commodification
The process of transformation from something public or non-commercial into something that can be bought and sold; increasing materialism
Within leisure:
most forms of leisure have become increasingly commodified.
Context:
Leisure plays an economic role in stimulating the
economy
Theory related to commodification
- Marx: Capitalism associated with the loss of power and agency for most people
- Weber: Modernity associated with bureaucratization/ social order
- Adorno: Critical of modernity and capitalism as inhibiting creativity and human expression, and encouraging passivity and consumption
Leisure Consumption
The use/necessity of commercial goods as part of a leisure experience; consumption as a necessary element of the leisure experience
Context:
Leisure plays an economic role in stimulating the
economy (Critcher, 2006)
People becoming passive consumers of material goods/leisure
Leisure has always been linked to consumption and commodification
Conspicuous Consumption
Public display of wealth to illustrate social status and prestige
Pecuniary emulation
Consumption/acquisition of material items to equal or
surpass others in appearance of wealth
Comparison with an “other” is key
Closely linked to self-identity
Democratized Consumption
Availability of inexpensive goods and cheap knockoffs has democratized consumption, so that people with less wealth can purchase items that were once symbols of the upper class
Core and balance model of family leisure
Based on the idea that people try to meet two opposing needs through their leisure, seeking “both stability and change, structure and variety, and familiarity and novelty in leisure
- Iso-Ahola,
Core and balance model of family leisure
- Core
- Balance
Common, everyday, low-cost, relatively accessible, often home based activities that many families do frequently
- Zabriskie & McCormick
- promote cohesion, feelings of comfort/closeness & stability, reinforce roles in the family,
Activities that are generally less common, less frequent, more out of the ordinary and usually not home-based thus providing novel experiences
- Zabriskie & McCormick
- characterized by new challenges, unfamiliar environments and circumstances, which help families adapt to new situations
Purposive Leisure
Leisure that is “planned, facilitated, and executed…in order to achieve particular short- and long-term goals
- Shaw & Dawson
Intensive Mothering
Mothers devote much of their energies to children’s needs and well-being
Intensive Fathering
Fathers involved in the everyday care of their children and develop strong bonds with them, often through leisure
Entitlement to leisure
The right to leisure, either real or perceived
Relates to:
Personal perceptions about one’s own right to leisure (i.e.
parents, new Canadians, students)
Societal perceptions about who has the right to leisure
Parents’ entitlement to leisure
Relates to the extent to which parents value their own leisure, and the extent to which others (society) judges parents to taking time/resources for their own leisure
Spillover
Qualities, characteristics, attitudes toward work are reflected in leisure choices
Compensation
Leisure compensates for psychological needs not fulfilled at work
Roberts:
suggests compensation also occurs in response to unstable economy – people choose comfortable, traditional leisure patterns to cope with instability and change in labour market
Career related
Leisure important for career development: golfing,
networking, volunteering
Rojek’s Brazilian Thesis
Rise of casual, part-time, contract work leads to:
Modular leisure: to adapt to changing work patterns and
time availability
Social dislocation within leisure, increasing isolation and feelings of worthlessness
Antagonism/aggression toward society/community, rather than attachment
A pessimistic theory!!
Solution:
Shift in perceptions of the importance of work and leisure
Defining Play
Generally freely chosen, spontaneous, self-directed and fun. Play allows children and youth of all ages to try new things, test boundaries, learn from their mistakes and, perhaps most importantly, enjoy being active
Play characteristics
Defined by the participant, and characterized by: intrinsic motivation free choice suspension of reality positive affect process over product active rather than passive involvement rules that govern play internal locus of control
Early Theory of Play:
Surplus energy theory
Play is a means to expend excess energy
Ex:
Children playing tag
Early Theory of Play:
Recreation/ Relaxation theory
People play to restore their energy for work
Ex:
Taking a study break to play a video game
Early Theory of Play:
Recapitulation theory
Children play to mimic stages of human evolution (to prepare for life in the modern world)
Ex:
Children climbing and hanging from trees
Early Theory of Play:
Preparation/ Practice theory
Play is a means to practice skills needed for adult life
Ex:
Children playing “house” or “doctor”
Contemporary Theory of Play:
Catharsis theory
Play is an acceptable way to expend excess emotional energy
Ex:
Playing pick-up basketball after an argument with a friend
Critique analysis:
An extension of surplus energy theory
