Why did the US not apply the neutrality acts to the war between Japan and China?
The US needed to help China; Needed to use trade as a way to stop Japan’s war against China; Used trade to stop Japan from attacking other countries that have supplies Japan needs
What was the US response to Japan taking two Chinese islands in the South China Sea?
The US refused to renew its trade treaty with Japan and would stop selling supplies to Japan in 1940
Japan got ______ of its raw materials from the US
Half
What became of the colonies of France and Holland in Asia after Hitler defeated them?
The colonies were left ripe for a Japanese take over
What actions did Japan take against China in 1940?
Japan increased its military actions against China and in September 1940 Japan took over the northern part of French Indo-China
What did the US do in response to the Japanese take over of French Indo-China?
It cut off sales of aviation gas and the highest grade of scrap iron to japan; later cut off all sales of scrap iron and steel to Japan
Who became president after FDR passed away in 1945?
Truman
What kind of bomb was dropped on Hiroshima?
A-Bomb
What country did russia invade after declaring war on Japan?
Manchuria
After Hiroshima, Japan was warned of a second bombing on which city?
Nagasaki
What events caused friction between the US and Russia?
Russia forced a Communist govt on Romania; Russia failed to allow Poland to set up a broadly based govt; Overuse of the veto in the Security Council; Argument over how much German land should be given to Poland - Russia helped Poland get the land she wanted
Stalin spoke of an irreconcilable tension between __________ and ___________
Communism and Capitalism
What country did Russia refuse to withdraw troops from until pressure and threats from the US and Britain to protect that country?
Iran
Why was Iran occupied by Russia and Britain in late 1941?
It was used to set up a supply route from the West to Russia
What were the grounds of the Treaty signed by Britain Russia, and Iran allowing Britain and Russia to occupy Iran?
Russia and Britain were to withdraw as soon as the war was over, but Russia stayed after the war and continued to send in more troops
What did Russia do before withdrawing from Manchuria in 1946?
Russia helped Communists in Manchuria get Japanese equipment and arms to fight Chiang Kai Shek and the Nationalists
What countries were Russia trying to consolidate control of?
Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Truman’s belief that America’s policy should be to “support” free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure; wanted to provide military aid for Greece and turkey as well as send in military advisers
What was the Marshall Plan (European Recovery Plan)?
The idea was that the US expressed willingness to aid nations which agreed to coordinate their efforts for economic recovery - all of Europe could participate
What was Point Four?
Point Four was a program proposed by Truman during his inaugural address in 1949. The US was to make its scientific advances and industrial programs available to underdeveloped countries of the world such as those in Latin America, India, and Indonesia
What were the provisions of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?
The US and 11 other countries signed a pact pledging each nation to aid each other in case of attack; an attack on one would be an attack on all; Countries would do what they deemed necessary to stop attack including the use of armed forces
Who did the US send to China in a failed attempt to set up a coalition government?
George C Marshall
Who was placed as the head of the Peoples’ Republic of China after the Communists took over?
Mao Tse-Tung
What part of Korea did Russia set up a communist government in?
North Korea
After the US failed to unify Korea and the issue was turned over to the UN, what actions were taken?
The UN appointed a commission to supervise an election for unification, but since Russia would not allow the Commission into the North the election was held only in the South setting up the Republic of Korea
What was the UN reaction to the North Korean declaration of war on South Korea?
The UN passed a resolution calling on its members to give military assistance to South Korea
Who headed the UN forces that were sent to Korea?
Douglas MacArthur
Why was the head of UN troops relieved of command by Truman?
The commander wanted to bomb Manchuria or Red China’s territory
What was the Fair Deal?
It was a continuation and expansion of the New Deal, or in some cases, an updating and improvement of the New Deal
What are the details of the Atomic energy act?
The bill vested complete control in an Atomic Energy Commission composed of five civilians. It also gave the president alone the power to order the use of the atomic bomb
What did the National Security Act of 1947 do?
Overhauled the defense structure by creating a single department, headed by a Secretary of defense with a cabinet rank, called the National Military Establishment; formalized the joint chiefs of staff; created the CIA; created the National Security Council
Who was the first Secretary of Defense?
James V Forrestall
What were the provisions of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947?
It placed the speaker of the house and president pro-tempore of the Senate ahead of Secretary of State and other cabinet members in line of succession after the Vice President
What was the amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act?
Increased minimum wages from 40 to 75 cents
What did the amendment to Social security in 1950 do?
It added self employed, professors, farm workers, and domestic servants as well as increasing the benefits for those already covered
What did the housing act of 1949 do?
It authorized the construction of 810000 units for low income groups during a six year period; urban renewal and low rent apartments
Taft-hartley bill
Designated to regulate labor unions; outlawed certain business practices such as refusal to bargain in good faith, secondary boycotts, and the closed shop; Union shops were permitted were there was not a state law to the contrary
What was the National Health Insurance program?
Prepaid medical, dental, and hospital care for all people financed by payroll tax on employers and employees as well as federal subsidies
Who opposed federal aid for education and why?
The Catholic Church opposed it because it did not favor aid for religious schools
Who opposed federal aid to education and why?
The Catholic Church opposed federal ad to education because it did not favor aid for religious schools
In order to secure civil rights for all people, what was the suggestion of the committee that Truman set up?
Strengthen the civil rights division of the Justice Department; use FBI in cases involving civil rights; anti-lynching and anti-poll tax laws
Why did Truman fail to get the legislation to carry out the recommendations of the committee on civil rights?
The South threatened to filibuster
What actions did Truman take after failure to get legislation to do what the commission on civil rights recommended?
He strengthened the civil rights division; began using the justice department to aid private citizens in civil right; appointed the first black governor of the Virgin Islands; appointed the first back to be a federal judge; began ending segregation in the government and in the armed forces
What did the McCarran-Internal Security Act do?
Required communist organizations to register with the attorney general and provide complete memberships, lists and financial statements and periodic reports; stated that membership was not illegal , but it was illegal to combine, conspire, or agree to perform acts which would establish a totalitarian regime; set up a Subversive Activities Control board
What Groups did the McCarran-Internal Security Act apply to?
Communist and communist-inspired groups
Why was the McCarran-Internal Security Act overturned?
The supreme court ruled that it violated the 5th amendment protection against self incrimination
What was the McCarran-Walter Immigration act to do?
Gave the Justice Department the power to deport immigrants accused of subversion even after they become citizens
Why did Truman try to veto the McCarran-Walter Immigration Act?
He felt it was too sweeping because no standards or definitions were given to provide the operations of the bill; he also felt that it was wrong to punish undefined activitities
Who won the presidency in the election of 1952?
Eisenhower won out over Stevenson
Who was Eisenhower’s Secretary and Treasury?
George Humphrey
What was Eisenhower’s view on power?
He advocated neither expansionism nor withdrawal of federal activity but instead partnership between govt and industry
What was Eisenhower’s view on power?
He advocated neither expansionism nor withdrawal of federal activity but instead partnership between govt and industry
Who opposed federal aid to education and why?
The Catholic Church opposed federal ad to education because it did not favor aid for religious schools
In order to secure civil rights for all people, what was the suggestion of the committee that Truman set up?
Strengthen the civil rights division of the Justice Department; use FBI in cases involving civil rights; anti-lynching and anti-poll tax laws
Why did Truman fail to get the legislation to carry out the recommendations of the committee on civil rights?
The South threatened to filibuster
What actions did Truman take after failure to get legislation to do what the commission on civil rights recommended?
He strengthened the civil rights division; began using the justice department to aid private citizens in civil right; appointed the first black governor of the Virgin Islands; appointed the first back to be a federal judge; began ending segregation in the government and in the armed forces
What did the McCarran-Internal Security Act do?
Required communist organizations to register with the attorney general and provide complete memberships, lists and financial statements and periodic reports; stated that membership was not illegal , but it was illegal to combine, conspire, or agree to perform acts which would establish a totalitarian regime; set up a Subversive Activities Control board
What Groups did the McCarran-Internal Security Act apply to?
Communist and communist-inspired groups
Why was the McCarran-Internal Security Act overturned?
The supreme court ruled that it violated the 5th amendment protection against self incrimination
What was the McCarran-Walter Immigration act to do?
Gave the Justice Department the power to deport immigrants accused of subversion even after they become citizens
Why did Truman try to veto the McCarran-Walter Immigration Act?
He felt it was too sweeping because no standards or definitions were given to provide the operations of the bill; he also felt that it was wrong to punish undefined activitities
Who won the presidency in the election of 1952?
Eisenhower won out over Stevenson
Who was Eisenhower’s Secretary and Treasury?
George Humphrey
What did Eisenhower do to aid credit slumps like that of 1958?
He sped up projects i highway construction, federal aid to housing, college dormitory construction, and the awarding of urban renewal and defense contracts
What was Eisenhower’s view on power?
He advocated neither expansionism nor withdrawal of federal activity but instead partnership between govt and industry
What did the Submerged Land Act do?
It gave states the title to oil out to their historic boundaries, but the federal govt would own anything beyond that limit
What was the goal of the Hell’s Canyon Project?
The democrats wanted the government to build damns but Republicans and Eisenhower prevented it, so a private company was developed
What did the St Lawrence Seaway do?
It connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic
What did the Atomic Energy Act of 1964 do?
This act made atomic materials and production facilities available to private companies under AEC supervision
Who was Eisenhower’s secretary of agriculture and what did he/she advocate?
Ezra Benson; he advocated lower price supports
What did the Agricultural Act of 1954 do?
Lowered price supports
What did the Agricultural Act of 1956 do?
This act set up a Soil Bank to pay farmers to retire part of their land
What did the Agricultural Trade and Developmental Act of 1954 do?
It used surplus for schools and to exchange for strategic materials
What was the name of the first Russian orbital satellite?
Sputnik
What were the provisions of the National Defense Education Act of 1958?
College students could borrow money from the federal govt; had fellowships for graduate students; offered matching grants to public schools for labs, textbooks, and other facilities in the sciences, math, and foreign languages
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 do?
Set up a Civil Rights Commission that had subpoena power as well as the right to investigate alleged violation of voting rights; also set up a new attorney general to prosecute violators of voting rights
What was the main focus of the Civil Rights act of 1960 and what did it do?
voting; federal courts could appoint referees to consider state voting laws if people were denied the right to vote on account of race or color; the state could help people register to vote
What was the ruling of the case of Brown v. Topeka Board of Education?
The case declared that separate public schools for blacks was a violation of the 14th Amendment
What event occurred in Little Rock in 1957 that affected Civil Rights?
The governor of Arkansas attempted to prevent the integration of a Little Rock school, so, Eisenhower sent federal troops to the area to protect the blacks, to help enforce the court order calling for integration, and the students would be enrolled
What was the Federal Aid Highway Act for?
To build the interstate highway system
What did the amendments to the Social Security Act in 1954 and 1956 do?
it extended coverage and benefits to millions not covered
What did the Kerr-Mills Bill do?
Federal govt to grant dollar matching aid to states to help pay for medical needs of needy aged
What was the first federal measure to provide medical aid for the aged people in need?
Kerrs-Mill Bill
What were the provisions of the Landrum-Griffin Act?
Required publication of union finances; set up secret ballot elections; communists could not be union officers
Why was medicare established?
It was set up to pay hospital and doctors’ bills for people over 65. A fee was required for doctor bills to be paid
Why was medicaid created?
it was established to give money to states to help them pay the hospital and doctors’ bills of poor people. Age was not a factor
What did the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 provide?
The gradual elimination of the national origin quota system
What did the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 do and what were the stipulations?
The act gave federal grants to states to improve the quality of education. All the funds went to public schools, but they had to share with private schools materials and staff purchased with the funds
What did the Higher education Act of 1965 do?
Gave money to college to improve library holdings; gave money to colleges to send faculty back to school to earn higher degrees; set up scholarships and grants for students with financial needs; set up a program where the govt insured loans made by private banks; gave money to colleges to help with social issues such as poverty, health, employment, and transportation
What 3 things did the 25th Amendment to the constitution do?
Provides for filling vacancies in the office of the vice-president. the president will choose a new vice president to be approved by congress; whenever the president puts it in writing that he feels he cannot perform his presidential duties, the vice president will take over. Once the president puts in writing that he is ok and can perform his duties, he will resume power, however, if the VP and Cabinet disagree, congress will decide the issue
What measure did the Crime Control Act of 1968 provide for?
Giving large amounts of federal money to the states to improve law enforcement. Money could be used to buy equipment, train police officers, and to establish special law enforcement units
What was Johnson’s declaration in his first state of the union address?
Johnson declared war on poverty and stated that we would defeat it as a foreign enemy
What did the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 do?
It created a Job Corps, work study programs, and the Head Start program
What was the Job Corps for?
It provided vocational training for young men and women between the ages of 16-24
Why was the work study program created?
It provided part time employment to college students
What is the Head Start Program?
A preschool program to prepare children from low income families to start school
What did the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 do?
Provides extra money to the Appalachian region for highway construction, health center construction, and the overall development of industry there
Who was the head of the department of housing and urban development?
Robert Weaver
Who was the first African American Cabinet member in US history?
Robert Weaver
What was the 235 program?
It was a program to help low income families buy homes
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?
Made it illegal to deny a person use of a public place based on race, color, religion, or national origin; made it illegal to discriminate in any program receiving federal aid or federal money; made it illegal to discriminate in hiring, pay, promotion, or employment privileges because of race or sex
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1965 do?
It suspended voting tests in states and counties where less than half of the adults were registered to vote
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1968 do?
Made it illegal to discriminate in renting or selling houses because of race; made it illegal to travel in interstate commerce, use mail, radio, tv, or telephone to incite, organize, or encourage riots
What did the 24th amendment to the constitution do?
This amendment made it illegal to charge a poll tax as a requirement for voting in federal elections
What was the Alliance for Progress?
Similar to a Marshall plan for Latin America; All Latin American countries but Cuba signed; 10 year program for economic and social improvement in Latin America
Peace Corps?
Created to train volunteers for educational and technical service abroad
Drug Industry Act
Increased powers of Food and Drug administration to investigate drug companies; companies to print generic name on containers; doctors to inform patients before giving them experimental drugs
_________ through social security defeated
Health insurance/medicare
Federal Aid to Education
JFK wanted to give grants to the states for teacher salaries and construction; parochial schools demanded aid on equal basis with public school, but JFK refused
Who did Kennedy appoint to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals?
Thurgood Marshall
Why did JFK send federal marshals to Montgomery in 1961?
To protect freedom riders who were protesting separate public facilities
JFK got ________________ to desegregate all facilities in interstate travel
Interstate commerce commission
James Meredith case
JFK sent federal marshals to help him enroll in the University of Mississippi; sent federal troops to stop rioting on campus; federalized the national guard
University of Alabama and Wallace
Wallace blocked the door to two blacks; JFK federalized part of the Alabama national guard and the two were admitted
What legislation did JFK request to help with civil rights?
Continue Civil Rights commission; authorize federal assistance in desegregation; stronger enforcement of equal voting rights
Who broke up MLK Jr’s anti-discrimination demonstration using dogs and hoses?
Eugene “Bull” Connor
Civil Rights Proposal of 1963
Contained all earlier demands and more; govt permitted to file suits to desegregate schools; federal govt to cut off funds to programs practicing discrimination; Establishment of the community Relation Service to help local committee with social problems; guarantee of equal access to public accommodations; March on congress came as the bill was being debated; Kennedy was killed before Congress could enact the law
Who was Eisenhower’s Secretary of State and what were some of his views?
John Foster Dulles; he believed that containment was too negative and passive; US should encourage those who had fallen to communism to rise up and overthrow it and we would help; Massive retaliation was another of his ideas, which meant that we would use our atomic weapons at times and places of our own choosing
What was Eisenhower’s threat to end the Korean War?
Eisenhower let it be known that if the communist side didn’t agree to an armistice ending the Korean War, we might use our atomic weapons on them
What was America’s promise to Nationalist China?
We made a defense treaty with Nationalist China in which we promised to defend them if they were attacked
After Stalin died, what was the goal of the new Russian leaders?
They wished to improve relations with the US and the rest of the non-communist world
Geneva Conference
First summit meeting since the end of WW2; Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” policy in which the US would allow Russia to fly over and photograph if Russia would allow the US to do the same, but Russia refused; The US and Russia would agree to a cultural exchange program that allowed Russians to visit America and Americans to visit Russia
What was Krushchev’s announcement concerning Berlin in 1958?
He announce that he was going to give control of access routes to Berlin to the East Germany govt and that the US should withdraw troops from West Germany
Paris Summit Conference
Two weeks before the summit, Russians shot down a U-2 plane over their country. It was a spy plane sent by the US. US claimed it was an offcourse weather plane but Russia called BS stating that they had film proof from the plane that it had been spying
Who was piloting the spy plane discussed at the Paris Summit Conference?
Francis Gray Powers
How did Krushchev exploit the issue and what was the response?
Krushchev said that before the conference could proceed Eisenhower should apologize for the flight and promise that it wouldn’t happen again; Eisenhower refused to apologize, but did promise no more flights. Krushchev now said the conference was over and withdrew his invitation for Eisenhower to visit russia
Who did Eisenhower seek friendship with in order to win the friendship of the Arab world? (The most popular leader in the Arab world)
Nasser, the leader of Egypt
What was the US offer to win the friendship of the Arab world?
Eisenhower offered to help finance the Aswan Dam on the Nile River
Why did the US withdraw their offer to the popular Arab leader?
The US felt that Nasser was becoming too friendly with the Communist world
What did Egypt take to cause Britain, France, and Israel to invade them?
The Suez Canal
Why did Britain, France, and Israel withdraw and agree to a cease fire?
They faced US opposition, UN disapproval, and a Russian nuclear threat
What did the Eisenhower Doctrine do?
It authorized the president to use armed force to assist any Middle Eastern nation that requests our help in “resisting attack from any country controlled by international communism”
What did Eisenhower do to stop the spread of communism in Guatemala?
He had the CIA train a group of anti-communist Guatemalan rebels to invade Guatemala and overthrow the pro-communist president succesfully
Who came to power in Cuba with the promise of democratic reforms that were supposed to help the Cuban people as well as free elections?
Fidel Castro
What did the new Cuban leader do to Russia?
He concluded the trade pact with Russia
What did Eisenhower do in response to the Cuban leader giving diplomatic recognition to Red China?
Eisenhower has the CIA train a group of anti-Castro rebels to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro in a failed attempt called the Bay of Pigs Affair
Who was Kennedy’s named Secretary of State?
Dean Rusk
What would occur concerning the US military under Kennedy?
All aspects of the military would be built up: conventional forces, nuclear forces, and special forces like the Green Berets
Vienna Conference of 1961
JFK met with Krushchev and the Russian leader again threatened to force the US out of West Berlin; JFK reiterated that we would fight before we were forced out
Berlin Wall
The Berlin wall was constructed by East Berlin backed by Russia across the border between East and West Berlin to stop people from fleeing communism by way of West Berlin
Cuban Missile Crisis
The US discovered that the Russians were bringing missiles into Cuba, so to stop this progress, they declared a blockade. A deal would be worked out in which Russia promised to remove their offensive weapons from Cuba in exchange for a US promise not to invade Cuba and Overthrow Castro
Test Ban Treaty of 1963
This treaty banned the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, and in outer space, but allowed testing underground
Who continued as Secretary of State under Johnson?
Dean Rusk
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Each country promised that it would not help a non-nuclear country obtain nuclear weapons
What country did Russia send troops into, slowing down Russian US relations and why?
It sent troops into Czechoslovakia to stop the liberal movement there
What were treaty talks between Panama and the US over?
Treaty talks were over giving greater rights to Panama in the Canal Zone and the Canal, but there was no progress in the talks under Johnson
What was the US response to Cuba cutting off the water supply at Guantanamo Bay?
The US built a plant to convert sea water into drinking water
What was Johnson’s response to the outbreak of civil war in the Dominican Republic?
Johnson sent the Marines in to protect American lives and property as well as to keep the communists from coming to power
What did the OAS do to replace the American troops?
The OAS created an Inter-American Police force
What was special about the US sending troops into the Dominican Republic at the time?
It was the first time that the US had landed troops in Latin America since 1925
What two years did Nixon win the presidency?
He beat Humphrey in 1968 and McGovern 1972
What was so special about Nixon’s victory in the elections?
It was the first time a Republican had the White House since 1961
__________ was on the rise when Nixon took over the White House
Inflation
What did Nixon do to curtail the issue when he too over?
He cut govt spending and froze rices and wages for 90 days and afterward used guidelines to keep wages and prices from rising too much
What were some of the reforms Nixon proposed during his presidency?
He proposed a family assistance program to guarantee welfare families with 4 members a certain amount in checks and food stamps each year; Revenue sharing: a program of returning federal funds to state and local govts to use as they wish; Ended the military draft and started an all voluntary armed forces
Who would control the houses of congress during the Nixon years as president?
The Democrats
What did Nixon carry out that he didn’t necessarily favor?
Nixon didn’t favor the forced busing of students for the purpose of bringing about racial balance in schools
What was the Philadelphia Plan?
Under this plan, contractors who had federally financed construction contracts were to attempt to hire minorities to their work force until the number of minorities employed reflected the population of the area
What did the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration do?
Channeled money to local law enforcement units to help combat crime
Which chief justice was appointed to the Supreme Court under Nixon?
Chief Justice Warren Burger
What did the court order Nixon to do that led to his resignation?
They ordered him to give up tapes of himself talking with his key adviser about a scandalous event
Who was arrested among the five men in the Watergate Building who was employed as a security person for the committee to Re-elect the President?
James McCord
Who was the General Counsel for the Committee for Re-electing of the President who was also arrested?
G. Gordon Liddy
What was Nixon’s response to the Watergate Scandal?
He stated that nobody in the White House was involved
What were the contents of the tape that forced Nixon to resign?
The tape held a recording of President Nixon telling his aide Haldeman to have the CIA obstruct the FBI’s investigation of watergate
